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Table of Contents

Preface

The Spring Data Cassandra project applies core Spring concepts to the development of solutions using the Cassandra Columnar data store. We provide a "template" as a high-level abstraction for storing and querying documents. You will notice similarities to the JDBC support in the Spring Framework.

1. Project Metadata

Introduction

This document is the reference guide for Spring Data - Cassandra Support. It explains Cassandra module concepts and semantics and the syntax for various stores namespaces.

This section provides some basic introduction to Spring and the Cassandra database. The rest of the document refers only to Spring Data Cassandra features and assumes the user is familiar with Cassandra as well as Spring concepts.

Knowing Spring

Spring Data uses Spring framework’s core functionality, such as the IoC container, type conversion system, expression language, JMX integration, and portable DAO exception hierarchy. While it is not important to know the Spring APIs, understanding the concepts behind them is. At a minimum, the idea behind IoC should be familiar for whatever IoC container you choose to use.

The core functionality of the Cassandra support can be used directly, with no need to invoke the IoC services of the Spring Container. This is much like JdbcTemplate which can be used 'standalone' without any other services of the Spring container. To leverage all the features of Spring Data Cassandra, such as the repository support, you will need to configure some parts of the library using Spring.

To learn more about Spring, you can refer to the comprehensive (and sometimes disarming) documentation that explains in detail the Spring Framework. There are a lot of articles, blog entries and books on the matter - take a look at the Spring framework home page for more information.

Knowing NoSQL and Cassandra

NoSQL stores have taken the storage world by storm. It is a vast domain with a plethora of solutions, terms and patterns (to make things worth even the term itself has multiple meanings). While some of the principles are common, it is crucial that the user is familiar to some degree with the Cassandra Columnar NoSQL Datastore supported by DATACASS. The best way to get acquainted to this solutions is to read their documentation and follow their examples - it usually doesn’t take more then 5-10 minutes to go through them and if you are coming from an RDMBS-only background many times these exercises can be an eye opener.

The jumping off ground for learning about Cassandra is cassandra.apache.org/. Here is a list of other useful resources.

  • The Planet Cassandra site has many valuable resources for Cassandra best practices.

The DataStax site offers commercial support and many resources.

2. Requirements

Spring Data Cassandra 1.x binaries requires JDK level 6.0 and above, and Spring Framework 3.2.x and above.

Currently we support Cassandra 2.X using the DataStax Java Driver (2.0.X)

3. Additional Help Resources

Learning a new framework is not always straight forward. In this section, we try to provide what we think is an easy to follow guide for starting with Spring Data Cassandra module. However, if you encounter issues or you are just looking for an advice, feel free to use one of the links below:

3.1. Support

There are a few support options available:

3.1.1. Questions & Answers

Developers post questions and answers on Stack Overflow. The two key tags to search for related answers to this project are:

3.1.2. Professional Support

Professional, from-the-source support, with guaranteed response time, is available from Pivotal Support.

3.2. Following Development

For information on the Spring Data Cassandra source code repository, nightly builds and snapshot artifacts please see the Spring Data Cassandra homepage.

To follow developer activity look for the mailing list information on the Spring Data Cassandra homepage.

If you encounter a bug or want to suggest an improvement, please create a ticket on the Spring Data issue tracker.

4. Working with Spring Data Repositories

The goal of Spring Data repository abstraction is to significantly reduce the amount of boilerplate code required to implement data access layers for various persistence stores.

Spring Data repository documentation and your module

This chapter explains the core concepts and interfaces of Spring Data repositories. The information in this chapter is pulled from the Spring Data Commons module. It uses the configuration and code samples for the Java Persistence API (JPA) module. Adapt the XML namespace declaration and the types to be extended to the equivalents of the particular module that you are using. Namespace reference covers XML configuration which is supported across all Spring Data modules supporting the repository API, Repository query keywords covers the query method keywords supported by the repository abstraction in general. For detailed information on the specific features of your module, consult the chapter on that module of this document.

4.1. Core concepts

The central interface in Spring Data repository abstraction is Repository (probably not that much of a surprise). It takes the domain class to manage as well as the id type of the domain class as type arguments. This interface acts primarily as a marker interface to capture the types to work with and to help you to discover interfaces that extend this one. The CrudRepository provides sophisticated CRUD functionality for the entity class that is being managed.

Example 1. CrudRepository interface
public interface CrudRepository<T, ID extends Serializable>
    extends Repository<T, ID> {

    <S extends T> S save(S entity); (1)

    T findOne(ID primaryKey);       (2)

    Iterable<T> findAll();          (3)

    Long count();                   (4)

    void delete(T entity);          (5)

    boolean exists(ID primaryKey);  (6)

    // … more functionality omitted.
}
1 Saves the given entity.
2 Returns the entity identified by the given id.
3 Returns all entities.
4 Returns the number of entities.
5 Deletes the given entity.
6 Indicates whether an entity with the given id exists.
We also provide persistence technology-specific abstractions like e.g. JpaRepository or MongoRepository. Those interfaces extend CrudRepository and expose the capabilities of the underlying persistence technology in addition to the rather generic persistence technology-agnostic interfaces like e.g. CrudRepository.

On top of the CrudRepository there is a PagingAndSortingRepository abstraction that adds additional methods to ease paginated access to entities:

Example 2. PagingAndSortingRepository
public interface PagingAndSortingRepository<T, ID extends Serializable>
  extends CrudRepository<T, ID> {

  Iterable<T> findAll(Sort sort);

  Page<T> findAll(Pageable pageable);
}

Accessing the second page of User by a page size of 20 you could simply do something like this:

PagingAndSortingRepository<User, Long> repository = // … get access to a bean
Page<User> users = repository.findAll(new PageRequest(1, 20));

In addition to query methods, query derivation for both count and delete queries, is available.

Example 3. Derived Count Query
public interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {

  Long countByLastname(String lastname);
}
Example 4. Derived Delete Query
public interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {

  Long deleteByLastname(String lastname);

  List<User> removeByLastname(String lastname);

}

4.2. Query methods

Standard CRUD functionality repositories usually have queries on the underlying datastore. With Spring Data, declaring those queries becomes a four-step process:

  1. Declare an interface extending Repository or one of its subinterfaces and type it to the domain class and ID type that it will handle.

    interface PersonRepository extends Repository<User, Long> { … }

  2. Declare query methods on the interface.

    interface PersonRepository extends Repository<User, Long> {
  List<Person> findByLastname(String lastname);
}

  3. Set up Spring to create proxy instances for those interfaces. Either via JavaConfig:

    import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;

@EnableJpaRepositories
class Config {}

    or via XML configuration:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
   xmlns:jpa="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa"
   xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
     http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
     http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa
     http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa.xsd">

   <jpa:repositories base-package="com.acme.repositories"/>

</beans>

    The JPA namespace is used in this example. If you are using the repository abstraction for any other store, you need to change this to the appropriate namespace declaration of your store module which should be exchanging jpa in favor of, for example, mongodb. Also, note that the JavaConfig variant doesn’t configure a package explictly as the package of the annotated class is used by default. To customize the package to scan

  4. Get the repository instance injected and use it.

    public class SomeClient {

  @Autowired
  private PersonRepository repository;

  public void doSomething() {
    List<Person> persons = repository.findByLastname("Matthews");
  }
}

The sections that follow explain each step in detail.

4.3. Defining repository interfaces

As a first step you define a domain class-specific repository interface. The interface must extend Repository and be typed to the domain class and an ID type. If you want to expose CRUD methods for that domain type, extend CrudRepository instead of Repository.

4.3.1. Fine-tuning repository definition

Typically, your repository interface will extend Repository, CrudRepository or PagingAndSortingRepository. Alternatively, if you do not want to extend Spring Data interfaces, you can also annotate your repository interface with @RepositoryDefinition. Extending CrudRepository exposes a complete set of methods to manipulate your entities. If you prefer to be selective about the methods being exposed, simply copy the ones you want to expose from CrudRepository into your domain repository.

This allows you to define your own abstractions on top of the provided Spring Data Repositories functionality.
Example 5. Selectively exposing CRUD methods
@NoRepositoryBean
interface MyBaseRepository<T, ID extends Serializable> extends Repository<T, ID> {

  T findOne(ID id);

  T save(T entity);
}

interface UserRepository extends MyBaseRepository<User, Long> {
  User findByEmailAddress(EmailAddress emailAddress);
}

In this first step you defined a common base interface for all your domain repositories and exposed findOne(…) as well as save(…).These methods will be routed into the base repository implementation of the store of your choice provided by Spring Data ,e.g. in the case if JPA SimpleJpaRepository, because they are matching the method signatures in CrudRepository. So the UserRepository will now be able to save users, and find single ones by id, as well as triggering a query to find Users by their email address.

Note, that the intermediate repository interface is annotated with @NoRepositoryBean. Make sure you add that annotation to all repository interfaces that Spring Data should not create instances for at runtime.

4.4. Defining query methods

The repository proxy has two ways to derive a store-specific query from the method name. It can derive the query from the method name directly, or by using an manually defined query. Available options depend on the actual store. However, there’s got to be an strategy that decides what actual query is created. Let’s have a look at the available options.

4.4.1. Query lookup strategies

The following strategies are available for the repository infrastructure to resolve the query. You can configure the strategy at the namespace through the query-lookup-strategy attribute in case of XML configuration or via the queryLookupStrategy attribute of the Enable${store}Repositories annotation in case of Java config. Some strategies may not be supported for particular datastores.

  • CREATE attempts to construct a store-specific query from the query method name. The general approach is to remove a given set of well-known prefixes from the method name and parse the rest of the method. Read more about query construction in Query creation.

  • USE_DECLARED_QUERY tries to find a declared query and will throw an exception in case it can’t find one. The query can be defined by an annotation somewhere or declared by other means. Consult the documentation of the specific store to find available options for that store. If the repository infrastructure does not find a declared query for the method at bootstrap time, it fails.

  • CREATE_IF_NOT_FOUND (default) combines CREATE and USE_DECLARED_QUERY. It looks up a declared query first, and if no declared query is found, it creates a custom method name-based query. This is the default lookup strategy and thus will be used if you do not configure anything explicitly. It allows quick query definition by method names but also custom-tuning of these queries by introducing declared queries as needed.

4.4.2. Query creation

The query builder mechanism built into Spring Data repository infrastructure is useful for building constraining queries over entities of the repository. The mechanism strips the prefixes find…By, read…By, query…By, count…By, and get…By from the method and starts parsing the rest of it. The introducing clause can contain further expressions such as a Distinct to set a distinct flag on the query to be created. However, the first By acts as delimiter to indicate the start of the actual criteria. At a very basic level you can define conditions on entity properties and concatenate them with And and Or.

Example 6. Query creation from method names
public interface PersonRepository extends Repository<User, Long> {

  List<Person> findByEmailAddressAndLastname(EmailAddress emailAddress, String lastname);

  // Enables the distinct flag for the query
  List<Person> findDistinctPeopleByLastnameOrFirstname(String lastname, String firstname);
  List<Person> findPeopleDistinctByLastnameOrFirstname(String lastname, String firstname);

  // Enabling ignoring case for an individual property
  List<Person> findByLastnameIgnoreCase(String lastname);
  // Enabling ignoring case for all suitable properties
  List<Person> findByLastnameAndFirstnameAllIgnoreCase(String lastname, String firstname);

  // Enabling static ORDER BY for a query
  List<Person> findByLastnameOrderByFirstnameAsc(String lastname);
  List<Person> findByLastnameOrderByFirstnameDesc(String lastname);
}

The actual result of parsing the method depends on the persistence store for which you create the query. However, there are some general things to notice.

  • The expressions are usually property traversals combined with operators that can be concatenated. You can combine property expressions with AND and OR. You also get support for operators such as Between, LessThan, GreaterThan, Like for the property expressions. The supported operators can vary by datastore, so consult the appropriate part of your reference documentation.

  • The method parser supports setting an IgnoreCase flag for individual properties (for example, findByLastnameIgnoreCase(…)) or for all properties of a type that support ignoring case (usually String instances, for example, findByLastnameAndFirstnameAllIgnoreCase(…)). Whether ignoring cases is supported may vary by store, so consult the relevant sections in the reference documentation for the store-specific query method.

  • You can apply static ordering by appending an OrderBy clause to the query method that references a property and by providing a sorting direction (Asc or Desc). To create a query method that supports dynamic sorting, see Special parameter handling.

4.4.3. Property expressions

Property expressions can refer only to a direct property of the managed entity, as shown in the preceding example. At query creation time you already make sure that the parsed property is a property of the managed domain class. However, you can also define constraints by traversing nested properties. Assume a Person has an Address with a ZipCode. In that case a method name of

List<Person> findByAddressZipCode(ZipCode zipCode);

creates the property traversal x.address.zipCode. The resolution algorithm starts with interpreting the entire part (AddressZipCode) as the property and checks the domain class for a property with that name (uncapitalized). If the algorithm succeeds it uses that property. If not, the algorithm splits up the source at the camel case parts from the right side into a head and a tail and tries to find the corresponding property, in our example, AddressZip and Code. If the algorithm finds a property with that head it takes the tail and continue building the tree down from there, splitting the tail up in the way just described. If the first split does not match, the algorithm move the split point to the left (Address, ZipCode) and continues.

Although this should work for most cases, it is possible for the algorithm to select the wrong property. Suppose the Person class has an addressZip property as well. The algorithm would match in the first split round already and essentially choose the wrong property and finally fail (as the type of addressZip probably has no code property).

To resolve this ambiguity you can use _ inside your method name to manually define traversal points. So our method name would end up like so:

List<Person> findByAddress_ZipCode(ZipCode zipCode);

If your property names contain underscores (e.g. first_name) you can escape the underscore in the method name with a second underscore. For a first_name property the query method would have to be named findByFirst__name(…).

4.4.4. Special parameter handling

To handle parameters in your query you simply define method parameters as already seen in the examples above. Besides that the infrastructure will recognize certain specific types like Pageable and Sort to apply pagination and sorting to your queries dynamically.

Example 7. Using Pageable, Slice and Sort in query methods
Page<User> findByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);

Slice<User> findByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);

List<User> findByLastname(String lastname, Sort sort);

List<User> findByLastname(String lastname, Pageable pageable);

The first method allows you to pass an org.springframework.data.domain.Pageable instance to the query method to dynamically add paging to your statically defined query. A Page knows about the total number of elements and pages available. It does so by the infrastructure triggering a count query to calculate the overall number. As this might be expensive depending on the store used, Slice can be used as return instead. A Slice only knows about whether there’s a next Slice available which might be just sufficient when walking thought a larger resut set.

Sorting options are handled through the Pageable instance too. If you only need sorting, simply add an org.springframework.data.domain.Sort parameter to your method. As you also can see, simply returning a List is possible as well. In this case the additional metadata required to build the actual Page instance will not be created (which in turn means that the additional count query that would have been necessary not being issued) but rather simply restricts the query to look up only the given range of entities.

To find out how many pages you get for a query entirely you have to trigger an additional count query. By default this query will be derived from the query you actually trigger.

4.5. Creating repository instances

In this section you create instances and bean definitions for the repository interfaces defined. One way to do so is using the Spring namespace that is shipped with each Spring Data module that supports the repository mechanism although we generally recommend to use the Java-Config style configuration.

4.5.1. XML configuration

Each Spring Data module includes a repositories element that allows you to simply define a base package that Spring scans for you.

Example 8. Enabling Spring Data repositories via XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans:beans xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa.xsd">

  <repositories base-package="com.acme.repositories" />

</beans:beans>

In the preceding example, Spring is instructed to scan com.acme.repositories and all its sub-packages for interfaces extending Repository or one of its sub-interfaces. For each interface found, the infrastructure registers the persistence technology-specific FactoryBean to create the appropriate proxies that handle invocations of the query methods. Each bean is registered under a bean name that is derived from the interface name, so an interface of UserRepository would be registered under userRepository. The base-package attribute allows wildcards, so that you can define a pattern of scanned packages.

Using filters

By default the infrastructure picks up every interface extending the persistence technology-specific Repository sub-interface located under the configured base package and creates a bean instance for it. However, you might want more fine-grained control over which interfaces bean instances get created for. To do this you use <include-filter /> and <exclude-filter /> elements inside <repositories />. The semantics are exactly equivalent to the elements in Spring’s context namespace. For details, see Spring reference documentation on these elements.

For example, to exclude certain interfaces from instantiation as repository, you could use the following configuration:

Example 9. Using exclude-filter element
<repositories base-package="com.acme.repositories">
  <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression=".*SomeRepository" />
</repositories>

This example excludes all interfaces ending in SomeRepository from being instantiated.

4.5.2. JavaConfig

The repository infrastructure can also be triggered using a store-specific @Enable${store}Repositories annotation on a JavaConfig class. For an introduction into Java-based configuration of the Spring container, see the reference documentation.[1]

A sample configuration to enable Spring Data repositories looks something like this.

Example 10. Sample annotation based repository configuration
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories("com.acme.repositories")
class ApplicationConfiguration {

  @Bean
  public EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory() {
    // …
  }
}
The sample uses the JPA-specific annotation, which you would change according to the store module you actually use. The same applies to the definition of the EntityManagerFactory bean. Consult the sections covering the store-specific configuration.

4.5.3. Standalone usage

You can also use the repository infrastructure outside of a Spring container, e.g. in CDI environments. You still need some Spring libraries in your classpath, but generally you can set up repositories programmatically as well. The Spring Data modules that provide repository support ship a persistence technology-specific RepositoryFactory that you can use as follows.

Example 11. Standalone usage of repository factory
RepositoryFactorySupport factory = … // Instantiate factory here
UserRepository repository = factory.getRepository(UserRepository.class);

4.6. Custom implementations for Spring Data repositories

Often it is necessary to provide a custom implementation for a few repository methods. Spring Data repositories easily allow you to provide custom repository code and integrate it with generic CRUD abstraction and query method functionality.

4.6.1. Adding custom behavior to single repositories

To enrich a repository with custom functionality you first define an interface and an implementation for the custom functionality. Use the repository interface you provided to extend the custom interface.

Example 12. Interface for custom repository functionality
interface UserRepositoryCustom {
  public void someCustomMethod(User user);
}
Example 13. Implementation of custom repository functionality
class UserRepositoryImpl implements UserRepositoryCustom {

  public void someCustomMethod(User user) {
    // Your custom implementation
  }
}
The most important bit for the class to be found is the Impl postfix of the name on it compared to the core repository interface (see below).

The implementation itself does not depend on Spring Data and can be a regular Spring bean. So you can use standard dependency injection behavior to inject references to other beans like a JdbTemplate, take part in aspects, and so on.

Example 14. Changes to the your basic repository interface
interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long>, UserRepositoryCustom {

  // Declare query methods here
}

Let your standard repository interface extend the custom one. Doing so combines the CRUD and custom functionality and makes it available to clients.

Configuration

If you use namespace configuration, the repository infrastructure tries to autodetect custom implementations by scanning for classes below the package we found a repository in. These classes need to follow the naming convention of appending the namespace element’s attribute repository-impl-postfix to the found repository interface name. This postfix defaults to Impl.

Example 15. Configuration example
<repositories base-package="com.acme.repository" />

<repositories base-package="com.acme.repository" repository-impl-postfix="FooBar" />

The first configuration example will try to look up a class com.acme.repository.UserRepositoryImpl to act as custom repository implementation, whereas the second example will try to lookup com.acme.repository.UserRepositoryFooBar.

Manual wiring

The approach just shown works well if your custom implementation uses annotation-based configuration and autowiring only, as it will be treated as any other Spring bean. If your custom implementation bean needs special wiring, you simply declare the bean and name it after the conventions just described. The infrastructure will then refer to the manually defined bean definition by name instead of creating one itself.

Example 16. Manual wiring of custom implementations
<repositories base-package="com.acme.repository" />

<beans:bean id="userRepositoryImpl" class="…">
  <!-- further configuration -->
</beans:bean>

4.6.2. Adding custom behavior to all repositories

The preceding approach is not feasible when you want to add a single method to all your repository interfaces.

  1. To add custom behavior to all repositories, you first add an intermediate interface to declare the shared behavior.

    Example 17. An interface declaring custom shared behavior
    public interface MyRepository<T, ID extends Serializable>
  extends JpaRepository<T, ID> {

  void sharedCustomMethod(ID id);
}

  2. Now your individual repository interfaces will extend this intermediate interface instead of the Repository interface to include the functionality declared.

  3. Next, create an implementation of the intermediate interface that extends the persistence technology-specific repository base class. This class will then act as a custom base class for the repository proxies.

    Example 18. Custom repository base class
    public class MyRepositoryImpl<T, ID extends Serializable>
  extends SimpleJpaRepository<T, ID> implements MyRepository<T, ID> {

  private EntityManager entityManager;

  // There are two constructors to choose from, either can be used.
  public MyRepositoryImpl(Class<T> domainClass, EntityManager entityManager) {
    super(domainClass, entityManager);

    // This is the recommended method for accessing inherited class dependencies.
    this.entityManager = entityManager;
  }

  public void sharedCustomMethod(ID id) {
    // implementation goes here
  }
}

    The default behavior of the Spring <repositories /> namespace is to provide an implementation for all interfaces that fall under the base-package. This means that if left in its current state, an implementation instance of MyRepository will be created by Spring. This is of course not desired as it is just supposed to act as an intermediary between Repository and the actual repository interfaces you want to define for each entity. To exclude an interface that extends Repository from being instantiated as a repository instance, you can either annotate it with @NoRepositoryBean or move it outside of the configured base-package.

  4. Then create a custom repository factory to replace the default RepositoryFactoryBean that will in turn produce a custom RepositoryFactory. The new repository factory will then provide your MyRepositoryImpl as the implementation of any interfaces that extend the Repository interface, replacing the SimpleJpaRepository implementation you just extended.

    Example 19. Custom repository factory bean
    public class MyRepositoryFactoryBean<R extends JpaRepository<T, I>, T, I extends Serializable>
  extends JpaRepositoryFactoryBean<R, T, I> {

  protected RepositoryFactorySupport createRepositoryFactory(EntityManager entityManager) {

    return new MyRepositoryFactory(entityManager);
  }

  private static class MyRepositoryFactory<T, I extends Serializable> extends JpaRepositoryFactory {

    private EntityManager entityManager;

    public MyRepositoryFactory(EntityManager entityManager) {
      super(entityManager);

      this.entityManager = entityManager;
    }

    protected Object getTargetRepository(RepositoryMetadata metadata) {

      return new MyRepositoryImpl<T, I>((Class<T>) metadata.getDomainClass(), entityManager);
    }

    protected Class<?> getRepositoryBaseClass(RepositoryMetadata metadata) {

      // The RepositoryMetadata can be safely ignored, it is used by the JpaRepositoryFactory
      //to check for QueryDslJpaRepository's which is out of scope.
      return MyRepository.class;
    }
  }
}

  5. Finally, either declare beans of the custom factory directly or use the factory-class attribute of the Spring namespace to tell the repository infrastructure to use your custom factory implementation.

    Example 20. Using the custom factory with the namespace
    <repositories base-package="com.acme.repository"
  factory-class="com.acme.MyRepositoryFactoryBean" />

4.7. Spring Data extensions

This section documents a set of Spring Data extensions that enable Spring Data usage in a variety of contexts. Currently most of the integration is targeted towards Spring MVC.

4.7.1. Web support

This section contains the documentation for the Spring Data web support as it is implemented as of Spring Data Commons in the 1.6 range. As it the newly introduced support changes quite a lot of things we kept the documentation of the former behavior in Legacy web support.

Spring Data modules ships with a variety of web support if the module supports the repository programming model. The web related stuff requires Spring MVC JARs on the classpath, some of them even provide integration with Spring HATEOAS [2]. In general, the integration support is enabled by using the @EnableSpringDataWebSupport annotation in your JavaConfig configuration class.

Example 21. Enabling Spring Data web support
@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@EnableSpringDataWebSupport
class WebConfiguration { }

The @EnableSpringDataWebSupport annotation registers a few components we will discuss in a bit. It will also detect Spring HATEOAS on the classpath and register integration components for it as well if present.

Alternatively, if you are using XML configuration, register either SpringDataWebSupport or HateoasAwareSpringDataWebSupport as Spring beans:

Example 22. Enabling Spring Data web support in XML
<bean class="org.springframework.data.web.config.SpringDataWebConfiguration" />

<!-- If you're using Spring HATEOAS as well register this one *instead* of the former -->
<bean class="org.springframework.data.web.config.HateoasAwareSpringDataWebConfiguration" />
Basic web support

The configuration setup shown above will register a few basic components:

  • A DomainClassConverter to enable Spring MVC to resolve instances of repository managed domain classes from request parameters or path variables.

  • HandlerMethodArgumentResolver implementations to let Spring MVC resolve Pageable and Sort instances from request parameters.

DomainClassConverter

The DomainClassConverter allows you to use domain types in your Spring MVC controller method signatures directly, so that you don’t have to manually lookup the instances via the repository:

Example 23. A Spring MVC controller using domain types in method signatures
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  @RequestMapping("/{id}")
  public String showUserForm(@PathVariable("id") User user, Model model) {

    model.addAttribute("user", user);
    return "userForm";
  }
}

As you can see the method receives a User instance directly and no further lookup is necessary. The instance can be resolved by letting Spring MVC convert the path variable into the id type of the domain class first and eventually access the instance through calling findOne(…) on the repository instance registered for the domain type.

Currently the repository has to implement CrudRepository to be eligible to be discovered for conversion.
HandlerMethodArgumentResolvers for Pageable and Sort

The configuration snippet above also registers a PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver as well as an instance of SortHandlerMethodArgumentResolver. The registration enables Pageable and Sort being valid controller method arguments

Example 24. Using Pageable as controller method argument
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  @Autowired UserRepository repository;

  @RequestMapping
  public String showUsers(Model model, Pageable pageable) {

    model.addAttribute("users", repository.findAll(pageable));
    return "users";
  }
}

This method signature will cause Spring MVC try to derive a Pageable instance from the request parameters using the following default configuration:

Table 1. Request parameters evaluated for Pageable instances

page

Page you want to retrieve.

size

Size of the page you want to retrieve.

sort

Properties that should be sorted by in the format property,property(,ASC|DESC). Default sort direction is ascending. Use multiple sort parameters if you want to switch directions, e.g. ?sort=firstname&sort=lastname,asc.

To customize this behavior extend either SpringDataWebConfiguration or the HATEOAS-enabled equivalent and override the pageableResolver() or sortResolver() methods and import your customized configuration file instead of using the @Enable-annotation.

In case you need multiple Pageable or Sort instances to be resolved from the request (for multiple tables, for example) you can use Spring’s @Qualifier annotation to distinguish one from another. The request parameters then have to be prefixed with ${qualifier}_. So for a method signature like this:

public String showUsers(Model model,
      @Qualifier("foo") Pageable first,
      @Qualifier("bar") Pageable second) { … }

you have to populate foo_page and bar_page etc.

The default Pageable handed into the method is equivalent to a new PageRequest(0, 20) but can be customized using the @PageableDefaults annotation on the Pageable parameter.

Hypermedia support for Pageables

Spring HATEOAS ships with a representation model class PagedResources that allows enrichting the content of a Page instance with the necessary Page metadata as well as links to let the clients easily navigate the pages. The conversion of a Page to a PagedResources is done by an implementation of the Spring HATEOAS ResourceAssembler interface, the PagedResourcesAssembler.

Example 25. Using a PagedResourcesAssembler as controller method argument
@Controller
class PersonController {

  @Autowired PersonRepository repository;

  @RequestMapping(value = "/persons", method = RequestMethod.GET)
  HttpEntity<PagedResources<Person>> persons(Pageable pageable,
    PagedResourcesAssembler assembler) {

    Page<Person> persons = repository.findAll(pageable);
    return new ResponseEntity<>(assembler.toResources(persons), HttpStatus.OK);
  }
}

Enabling the configuration as shown above allows the PagedResourcesAssembler to be used as controller method argument. Calling toResources(…) on it will cause the following:

  • The content of the Page will become the content of the PagedResources instance.

  • The PagedResources will get a PageMetadata instance attached populated with information form the Page and the underlying PageRequest.

  • The PagedResources gets prev and next links attached depending on the page’s state. The links will point to the URI the method invoked is mapped to. The pagination parameters added to the method will match the setup of the PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver to make sure the links can be resolved later on.

Assume we have 30 Person instances in the database. You can now trigger a request GET http://localhost:8080/persons and you’ll see something similar to this:

{ "links" : [ { "rel" : "next",
                "href" : "http://localhost:8080/persons?page=1&size=20 }
  ],
  "content" : [
     … // 20 Person instances rendered here
  ],
  "pageMetadata" : {
    "size" : 20,
    "totalElements" : 30,
    "totalPages" : 2,
    "number" : 0
  }
}

You see that the assembler produced the correct URI and also picks up the default configuration present to resolve the parameters into a Pageable for an upcoming request. This means, if you change that configuration, the links will automatically adhere to the change. By default the assembler points to the controller method it was invoked in but that can be customized by handing in a custom Link to be used as base to build the pagination links to overloads of the PagedResourcesAssembler.toResource(…) method.

4.7.2. Repository populators

If you work with the Spring JDBC module, you probably are familiar with the support to populate a DataSource using SQL scripts. A similar abstraction is available on the repositories level, although it does not use SQL as the data definition language because it must be store-independent. Thus the populators support XML (through Spring’s OXM abstraction) and JSON (through Jackson) to define data with which to populate the repositories.

Assume you have a file data.json with the following content:

Example 26. Data defined in JSON
[ { "_class" : "com.acme.Person",
 "firstname" : "Dave",
  "lastname" : "Matthews" },
  { "_class" : "com.acme.Person",
 "firstname" : "Carter",
  "lastname" : "Beauford" } ]

You can easily populate your repositories by using the populator elements of the repository namespace provided in Spring Data Commons. To populate the preceding data to your PersonRepository , do the following:

Example 27. Declaring a Jackson repository populator
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xmlns:repository="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository/spring-repository.xsd">

  <repository:jackson-populator locations="classpath:data.json" />

</beans>

This declaration causes the data.json file to be read and deserialized via a Jackson ObjectMapper.

The type to which the JSON object will be unmarshalled to will be determined by inspecting the _class attribute of the JSON document. The infrastructure will eventually select the appropriate repository to handle the object just deserialized.

To rather use XML to define the data the repositories shall be populated with, you can use the unmarshaller-populator element. You configure it to use one of the XML marshaller options Spring OXM provides you with. See the Spring reference documentation for details.

Example 28. Declaring an unmarshalling repository populator (using JAXB)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xmlns:repository="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository"
  xmlns:oxm="http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/repository/spring-repository.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm/spring-oxm.xsd">

  <repository:unmarshaller-populator locations="classpath:data.json"
    unmarshaller-ref="unmarshaller" />

  <oxm:jaxb2-marshaller contextPath="com.acme" />

</beans>

4.7.3. Legacy web support

Domain class web binding for Spring MVC

Given you are developing a Spring MVC web application you typically have to resolve domain class ids from URLs. By default your task is to transform that request parameter or URL part into the domain class to hand it to layers below then or execute business logic on the entities directly. This would look something like this:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  private final UserRepository userRepository;

  @Autowired
  public UserController(UserRepository userRepository) {
    Assert.notNull(repository, "Repository must not be null!");
    this.userRepository = userRepository;
  }

  @RequestMapping("/{id}")
  public String showUserForm(@PathVariable("id") Long id, Model model) {

    // Do null check for id
    User user = userRepository.findOne(id);
    // Do null check for user

    model.addAttribute("user", user);
    return "user";
  }
}

First you declare a repository dependency for each controller to look up the entity managed by the controller or repository respectively. Looking up the entity is boilerplate as well, as it’s always a findOne(…) call. Fortunately Spring provides means to register custom components that allow conversion between a String value to an arbitrary type.

PropertyEditors

For Spring versions before 3.0 simple Java PropertyEditors had to be used. To integrate with that, Spring Data offers a DomainClassPropertyEditorRegistrar, which looks up all Spring Data repositories registered in the ApplicationContext and registers a custom PropertyEditor for the managed domain class.

<bean class="….web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter">
  <property name="webBindingInitializer">
    <bean class="….web.bind.support.ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer">
      <property name="propertyEditorRegistrars">
        <bean class="org.springframework.data.repository.support.DomainClassPropertyEditorRegistrar" />
      </property>
    </bean>
  </property>
</bean>

If you have configured Spring MVC as in the preceding example, you can configure your controller as follows, which reduces a lot of the clutter and boilerplate.

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  @RequestMapping("/{id}")
  public String showUserForm(@PathVariable("id") User user, Model model) {

    model.addAttribute("user", user);
    return "userForm";
  }
}

ConversionServiceIn Spring 3.0 and later the PropertyEditor support is superseded by a new conversion infrastructure that eliminates the drawbacks of PropertyEditors and uses a stateless X to Y conversion approach. Spring Data now ships with a DomainClassConverter that mimics the behavior of DomainClassPropertyEditorRegistrar. To configure, simply declare a bean instance and pipe the ConversionService being used into its constructor:

<mvc:annotation-driven conversion-service="conversionService" />

<bean class="org.springframework.data.repository.support.DomainClassConverter">
  <constructor-arg ref="conversionService" />
</bean>

If you are using JavaConfig, you can simply extend Spring MVC’s WebMvcConfigurationSupport and hand the FormatingConversionService that the configuration superclass provides into the DomainClassConverter instance you create.

class WebConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {

  // Other configuration omitted

  @Bean
  public DomainClassConverter<?> domainClassConverter() {
    return new DomainClassConverter<FormattingConversionService>(mvcConversionService());
  }
}
Web pagination

When working with pagination in the web layer you usually have to write a lot of boilerplate code yourself to extract the necessary metadata from the request. The less desirable approach shown in the example below requires the method to contain an HttpServletRequest parameter that has to be parsed manually. This example also omits appropriate failure handling, which would make the code even more verbose.

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  // DI code omitted

  @RequestMapping
  public String showUsers(Model model, HttpServletRequest request) {

    int page = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("page"));
    int pageSize = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("pageSize"));

    Pageable pageable = new PageRequest(page, pageSize);

    model.addAttribute("users", userService.getUsers(pageable));
    return "users";
  }
}

The bottom line is that the controller should not have to handle the functionality of extracting pagination information from the request. So Spring Data ships with a PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver that will do the work for you. The Spring MVC JavaConfig support exposes a WebMvcConfigurationSupport helper class to customize the configuration as follows:

@Configuration
public class WebConfig extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {

  @Override
  protected void addArgumentResolvers(List<HandlerMethodArgumentResolver> argumentResolvers) {
    argumentResolvers.add(new PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver());
  }
}

If you’re stuck with XML configuration you can register the resolver as follows:

<bean class="….web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter">
  <property name="customArgumentResolvers">
    <list>
      <bean class="org.springframework.data.web.PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver" />
    </list>
  </property>
</bean>

Once you’ve configured the resolver with Spring MVC it allows you to simplify controllers down to something like this:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {

  @RequestMapping
  public String showUsers(Model model, Pageable pageable) {

    model.addAttribute("users", userRepository.findAll(pageable));
    return "users";
  }
}

The PageableArgumentResolver automatically resolves request parameters to build a PageRequest instance. By default it expects the following structure for the request parameters.

Table 2. Request parameters evaluated by PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver

page

Page you want to retrieve, 0 indexed and defaults to 0.

size

Size of the page you want to retrieve, defaults to 20.

sort

A collection of sort directives in the format ($propertyname,)[asc|desc]?.
Pagination URL parameter examples

To retrieve the third page with a maximum page size of 100 with the data sorted by the email property in ascending order use the following url parameter:

?page=2&size=100&sort=email,asc

To sort the data by multiple properties in different sort order use the following URL parameter:

?sort=foo,asc&sort=bar,desc

In case you need multiple Pageable instances to be resolved from the request (for multiple tables, for example) you can use Spring’s @Qualifier annotation to distinguish one from another. The request parameters then have to be prefixed with ${qualifier}_. So for a method signature like this:

public String showUsers(Model model,
  @Qualifier("foo") Pageable first,
  @Qualifier("bar") Pageable second) { … }

you have to populate foo_page and bar_page and the related subproperties.

Configuring a global default on bean declaration the PageableArgumentResolver will use a PageRequest with the first page and a page size of 10 by default. It will use that value if it cannot resolve a PageRequest from the request (because of missing parameters, for example). You can configure a global default on the bean declaration directly. If you might need controller method specific defaults for the Pageable, annotate the method parameter with @PageableDefaults and specify page (through pageNumber), page size (through value), sort (list of properties to sort by), and sortDir (the direction to sort by) as annotation attributes:

public String showUsers(Model model,
  @PageableDefaults(pageNumber = 0, value = 30) Pageable pageable) { … }

Reference Documentation

Document Structure

This part of the reference documentation explains the core functionality offered by Spring Data Cassandra.

Cassandra support introduces the Cassandra module feature set.

Cassandra repositories introduces the repository support for Cassandra.

5. Cassandra support

The Cassandra support contains a wide range of features which are summarized below.

  • Spring configuration support using Java based @Configuration classes or an XML namespace for a Cassandra driver instance and replica sets

  • CassandraTemplate helper class that increases productivity performing common Cassandra operations. Includes integrated object mapping between CQL Tables and POJOs.

  • Exception translation into Spring’s portable Data Access Exception hierarchy

  • Feature Rich Object Mapping integrated with Spring’s Conversion Service

  • Annotation based mapping metadata but extensible to support other metadata formats

  • Persistence and mapping lifecycle events

  • Java based Query, Criteria, and Update DSLs

  • Automatic implementation of Repository interfaces including support for custom finder methods.

For most tasks you will find yourself using CassandraTemplate or the Repository support that both leverage the rich mapping functionality. CassandraTemplate is the place to look for accessing functionality such as incrementing counters or ad-hoc CRUD operations. CassandraTemplate also provides callback methods so that it is easy for you to get a hold of the low level API artifacts such as com.datastax.driver.core.Session to communicate directly with Cassandra. The goal with naming conventions on various API artifacts is to copy those in the base DataStax Java driver so you can easily map your existing knowledge onto the Spring APIs.

5.1. Getting Started

Spring Data Cassandra uses the DataStax Java Driver version 2.X, which supports DataStax Enterprise 4/Cassandra 2.0, and Java SE 6 or higher. The latest commercial release (2.X as of this writing) is recommended. An easy way to bootstrap setting up a working environment is to create a Spring based project in STS.

First you need to set up a running Cassandra server.

To create a Spring project in STS go to File → New → Spring Template Project → Simple Spring Utility Project → press Yes when prompted. Then enter a project and a package name such as org.spring.cassandra.example.

Then add the following to pom.xml dependencies section.

<dependencies>

  <!-- other dependency elements omitted -->

  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-data-cassandra</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0.RELEASE</version>
  </dependency>

</dependencies>

Also change the version of Spring in the pom.xml to be

<spring.framework.version>3.2.8.RELEASE</spring.framework.version>

You will also need to add the location of the Spring Milestone repository for maven to your pom.xml which is at the same level of your <dependencies/> element

<repositories>
  <repository>
    <id>spring-milestone</id>
    <name>Spring Maven MILESTONE Repository</name>
    <url>http://repo.spring.io/libs-milestone</url>
  </repository>
</repositories>

The repository is also browseable here.

Create a simple Employee class to persist.

package org.spring.cassandra.example;

import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKey;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.Table;

@Table
public class Person {

 @PrimaryKey
 private String id;

 private String name;
 private int age;

 public Person(String id, String name, int age) {
  this.id = id;
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
 }

 public String getId() {
  return id;
 }

 public String getName() {
  return name;
 }

 public int getAge() {
  return age;
 }

 @Override
 public String toString() {
  return "Person [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
 }

}

And a main application to run

package org.spring.cassandra.example;

import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.core.CassandraOperations;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.core.CassandraTemplate;

import com.datastax.driver.core.Cluster;
import com.datastax.driver.core.Session;
import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder;
import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select;

public class CassandraApp {

 private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CassandraApp.class);

 private static Cluster cluster;
 private static Session session;

 public static void main(String[] args) {

  try {

   cluster = Cluster.builder().addContactPoints(InetAddress.getLocalHost()).build();

   session = cluster.connect("mykeyspace");

   CassandraOperations cassandraOps = new CassandraTemplate(session);

   cassandraOps.insert(new Person("1234567890", "David", 40));

   Select s = QueryBuilder.select().from("person");
   s.where(QueryBuilder.eq("id", "1234567890"));

   LOG.info(cassandraOps.queryForObject(s, Person.class).getId());

   cassandraOps.truncate("person");

  } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
   e.printStackTrace();
  }

 }
}

Even in this simple example, there are a few things to observe.

  • You can create an instance of CassandraTemplate with a Cassandra Session, derived from the Cluster.

  • You must annotate your POJO as a Cassandra @Table, and also annotate the @PrimaryKey. Optionally you can override these mapping names to match your Cassandra database table and column names.

  • You can use CQL String, or the DataStax QueryBuilder to construct you queries.

5.2. Examples Repository

After the initial release of Spring Data Cassandra 1.0.0, we will start working on a showcase repository with full examples.

5.3. Connecting to Cassandra with Spring

5.3.1. Externalize Connection Properties

Create a properties file with the information you need to connect to Cassandra. The contact points are keyspace are the minimal required fields, but port is added here for clarity.

We will call this cassandra.properties

cassandra.contactpoints=10.1.55.80,10.1.55.81
cassandra.port=9042
cassandra.keyspace=showcase

We will use spring to load these properties into the Spring Context in the next two examples.

5.3.2. XML Configuration

The XML Configuration elements for a basic Cassandra configuration are shown below. These elements all use default bean names to keep the configuration code clean and readable.

While this example show how easy it is to configure Spring to connect to Cassandra, there are many other options. Basically, any option available with the DataStax Java Driver is also available in the Spring Data Cassandra configuration. This is including, but not limited to Authentication, Load Balancing Policies, Retry Policies and Pooling Options. All of the Spring Data Cassandra method names and XML elements are named exactly (or as close as possible) like the configuration options on the driver so mapping any existing driver configuration should be straight forward.

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:cassandra="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/cassandra"
  xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/cql http://www.springframework.org/schema/cql/spring-cql-1.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/cassandra http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/cassandra/spring-cassandra-1.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd">

  <!-- Loads the properties into the Spring Context and uses them to fill
    in placeholders in the bean definitions -->
  <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:cassandra.properties" />

  <!-- REQUIRED: The Cassandra Cluster -->
  <cassandra:cluster contact-points="${cassandra.contactpoints}"
    port="${cassandra.port}" />

  <!-- REQUIRED: The Cassandra Session, built from the Cluster, and attaching
    to a keyspace -->
  <cassandra:session keyspace-name="${cassandra.keyspace}" />

  <!-- REQUIRED: The Default Cassandra Mapping Context used by CassandraConverter -->
  <cassandra:mapping />

  <!-- REQUIRED: The Default Cassandra Converter used by CassandraTemplate -->
  <cassandra:converter />

  <!-- REQUIRED: The Cassandra Template is the building block of all Spring
    Data Cassandra -->
  <cassandra:template id="cassandraTemplate" />

  <!-- OPTIONAL: If you are using Spring Data Cassandra Repositories, add
    your base packages to scan here -->
  <cassandra:repositories base-package="org.spring.cassandra.example.repo" />

</beans>

5.3.3. Java Configuration

The following class show a basic and minimal Cassandra configuration using the AnnotationConfigApplicationContext (aka JavaConfig).

package org.spring.cassandra.example.config;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.config.CassandraClusterFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.config.CassandraSessionFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.config.SchemaAction;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.convert.CassandraConverter;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.convert.MappingCassandraConverter;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.core.CassandraOperations;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.core.CassandraTemplate;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.BasicCassandraMappingContext;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.CassandraMappingContext;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.repository.config.EnableCassandraRepositories;

@Configuration
@PropertySource(value = { "classpath:cassandra.properties" })
@EnableCassandraRepositories(basePackages = { "org.spring.cassandra.example.repo" })
public class CassandraConfig {

  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CassandraConfig.class);

  @Autowired
  private Environment env;

  @Bean
  public CassandraClusterFactoryBean cluster() {

    CassandraClusterFactoryBean cluster = new CassandraClusterFactoryBean();
    cluster.setContactPoints(env.getProperty("cassandra.contactpoints"));
    cluster.setPort(Integer.parseInt(env.getProperty("cassandra.port")));

    return cluster;
  }

  @Bean
  public CassandraMappingContext mappingContext() {
    return new BasicCassandraMappingContext();
  }

  @Bean
  public CassandraConverter converter() {
    return new MappingCassandraConverter(mappingContext());
  }

  @Bean
  public CassandraSessionFactoryBean session() throws Exception {

    CassandraSessionFactoryBean session = new CassandraSessionFactoryBean();
    session.setCluster(cluster().getObject());
    session.setKeyspaceName(env.getProperty("cassandra.keyspace"));
    session.setConverter(converter());
    session.setSchemaAction(SchemaAction.NONE);

    return session;
  }

  @Bean
  public CassandraOperations cassandraTemplate() throws Exception {
    return new CassandraTemplate(session().getObject());
  }
}

5.4. General auditing configuration

Auditing support is not available in the current version.

5.5. Introduction to CassandraTemplate

5.5.1. Instantiating CassandraTemplate

CassandraTemplate should always be configured as a Spring Bean, although we show an example above where you can instantiate it directly. But for the purposes of this being a Spring module, lets assume we are using the Spring Container.

CassandraTemplate is an implementation of CassandraOperations. You should always assign your CassandraTemplate to its interface definition, CassandraOperations.

There are 2 easy ways to get a CassandraTemplate, depending on how you load you Spring Application Context.

AutoWiring
@Autowired
private CassandraOperations cassandraOperations;

Like all Spring Autowiring, this assumes there is only one bean of type CassandraOperations in the ApplicationContext. If you have multiple CassandraTemplate beans (which will be the case if you are working with multiple keyspaces in the same project), use the `@Qualifier`annotation to designate which bean you want to Autowire.

@Autowired
@Qualifier("myTemplateBeanId")
private CassandraOperations cassandraOperations;
Bean Lookup with ApplicationContext

You can also just lookup the CassandraTemplate bean from the ApplicationContext.

CassandraOperations cassandraOperations = applicationContext.getBean("cassandraTemplate", CassandraOperations.class);

5.6. Saving, Updating, and Removing Rows

CassandraTemplate provides a simple way for you to save, update, and delete your domain objects and map those objects to documents stored in Cassandra.

5.6.1. How the Composite Primary Key fields are handled in the mapping layer

Cassandra requires that you have at least 1 Partition Key field for a CQL Table. Alternately, you can have one or more Clustering Key fields. When your CQL Table has a composite Primary Key field you must create a @PrimaryKeyClass to define the structure of the composite PK. In this context, composite PK means one or more partition columns, or 1 partition column plus one or more clustering columns.

Simplest Composite Key

The simplest for of a Composite key is a key with one partition key and one clustering key. Here is an example of a CQL Table, and the corresponding POJOs that represent the table and it’s composite key.

CQL Table defined in Cassandra

create table login_event(
  person_id text,
  event_time timestamp,
  event_code int,
  ip_address text,
  primary key (person_id, event_time))
  with CLUSTERING ORDER BY (event_time DESC)
;

Class defining the Composite Primary Key.

PrimaryKeyClass must implement Serializable and provide implementation of hashCode() and equals() just like the example. 
package org.spring.cassandra.example;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;

import org.springframework.cassandra.core.Ordering;
import org.springframework.cassandra.core.PrimaryKeyType;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKeyClass;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKeyColumn;

@PrimaryKeyClass
public class LoginEventKey implements Serializable {

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "person_id", ordinal = 0, type = PrimaryKeyType.PARTITIONED)
  private String personId;

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "event_time", ordinal = 1, type = PrimaryKeyType.CLUSTERED, ordering = Ordering.DESCENDING)
  private Date eventTime;

  public String getPersonId() {
    return personId;
  }

  public void setPersonId(String personId) {
    this.personId = personId;
  }

  public Date getEventTime() {
    return eventTime;
  }

  public void setEventTime(Date eventTime) {
    this.eventTime = eventTime;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    final int prime = 31;
    int result = 1;
    result = prime * result + ((eventTime == null) ? 0 : eventTime.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + ((personId == null) ? 0 : personId.hashCode());
    return result;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if (this == obj)
      return true;
    if (obj == null)
      return false;
    if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
      return false;
    LoginEventKey other = (LoginEventKey) obj;
    if (eventTime == null) {
      if (other.eventTime != null)
        return false;
    } else if (!eventTime.equals(other.eventTime))
      return false;
    if (personId == null) {
      if (other.personId != null)
        return false;
    } else if (!personId.equals(other.personId))
      return false;
    return true;
  }
}

Class defining the CQL Table, having the Composite Primary Key as an attribute and annotated as the PrimaryKey.

package org.spring.cassandra.example;

import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.Column;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKey;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.Table;

@Table(value = "login_event")
public class LoginEvent {

  @PrimaryKey
  private LoginEventKey pk;

  @Column(value = "event_code")
  private int eventCode;

  @Column(value = "ip_address")
  private String ipAddress;

  public LoginEventKey getPk() {
    return pk;
  }

  public void setPk(LoginEventKey pk) {
    this.pk = pk;
  }

  public int getEventCode() {
    return eventCode;
  }

  public void setEventCode(int eventCode) {
    this.eventCode = eventCode;
  }

  public String getIpAddress() {
    return ipAddress;
  }

  public void setIpAddress(String ipAddress) {
    this.ipAddress = ipAddress;
  }

}
Complex Composite Primary Key

The annotations provided with Spring Data Cassandra can handle any key combination available in Cassandra. Here is one more example of a Composite Primary Key with 5 columns, 2 of which are a composite partition key, and the remaining 3 are ordered clustering keys. The getters/setters, hashCode and equals are omitted for brevity.

package org.spring.cassandra.example;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;

import org.springframework.cassandra.core.Ordering;
import org.springframework.cassandra.core.PrimaryKeyType;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKeyClass;
import org.springframework.data.cassandra.mapping.PrimaryKeyColumn;

@PrimaryKeyClass
public class DetailedLoginEventKey implements Serializable {

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "person_id", ordinal = 0, type = PrimaryKeyType.PARTITIONED)
  private String personId;

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "wks_id", ordinal = 1, type = PrimaryKeyType.PARTITIONED)
  private String workstationId;

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(ordinal = 2, type = PrimaryKeyType.CLUSTERED, ordering = Ordering.ASCENDING)
  private Date application;

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "event_code", ordinal = 3, type = PrimaryKeyType.CLUSTERED, ordering = Ordering.ASCENDING)
  private Date eventCode;

  @PrimaryKeyColumn(name = "event_time", ordinal = 4, type = PrimaryKeyType.CLUSTERED, ordering = Ordering.DESCENDING)
  private Date eventTime;

  ...

}

5.6.2. Type mapping

Spring Data Cassandra relies on the DataStax Java Driver type mapping component. This approach ensures that as types are added or changed, the Spring Data Cassandra module will continue to function without requiring changes. For more information on the DataStax CQL3 to Java Type mappings, please see their Documentation here.

5.6.3. Methods for saving and inserting rows

Single records inserts

To insert one row at a time, there are many options. At this point you should already have a cassandraTemplate available to you so we will just how the relevant code for each section, omitting the template setup.

Insert a record with an annotated POJO.

cassandraOperations.insert(new Person("123123123", "Alison", 39));

Insert a row using the QueryBuilder.Insert object that is part of the DataStax Java Driver.

Insert insert = QueryBuilder.insertInto("person");
insert.setConsistencyLevel(ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
insert.value("id", "123123123");
insert.value("name", "Alison");
insert.value("age", 39);

cassandraOperations.execute(insert);

Then there is always the old fashioned way. You can write your own CQL statements.

String cql = "insert into person (id, name, age) values ('123123123', 'Alison', 39)";

cassandraOperations.execute(cql);
Multiple inserts for high speed ingestion

CQLOperations, which is extended by CassandraOperations is a lower level Template that you can use for just about anything you need to accomplish with Cassandra. CqlOperations includes several overloaded methods named ingest().

Use these methods to pass a CQL String with Bind Markers, and your preferred flavor of data set (Object[][] and List<List<T>>).

The ingest method takes advantage of static PreparedStatements that are only prepared once for performance. Each record in your data list is bound to the same PreparedStatement, then executed asynchronously for high performance.

String cqlIngest = "insert into person (id, name, age) values (?, ?, ?)";

List<Object> person1 = new ArrayList<Object>();
person1.add("10000");
person1.add("David");
person1.add(40);

List<Object> person2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
person2.add("10001");
person2.add("Roger");
person2.add(65);

List<List<?>> people = new ArrayList<List<?>>();
people.add(person1);
people.add(person2);

cassandraOperations.ingest(cqlIngest, people);

5.6.4. Updating rows in a CQL table

Much like inserting, there are several flavors of update from which you can choose.

Update a record with an annotated POJO.

cassandraOperations.update(new Person("123123123", "Alison", 35));

Update a row using the QueryBuilder.Update object that is part of the DataStax Java Driver.

Update update = QueryBuilder.update("person");
update.setConsistencyLevel(ConsistencyLevel.ONE);
update.with(QueryBuilder.set("age", 35));
update.where(QueryBuilder.eq("id", "123123123"));

cassandraOperations.execute(update);

Then there is always the old fashioned way. You can write your own CQL statements.

String cql = "update person set age = 35 where id = '123123123'";

cassandraOperations.execute(cql);

5.6.5. Methods for removing rows

Much like inserting, there are several flavors of delete from which you can choose.

Delete a record with an annotated POJO.

cassandraOperations.delete(new Person("123123123", null, 0));

Delete a row using the QueryBuilder.Delete object that is part of the DataStax Java Driver.

Delete delete = QueryBuilder.delete().from("person");
delete.where(QueryBuilder.eq("id", "123123123"));

cassandraOperations.execute(delete);

Then there is always the old fashioned way. You can write your own CQL statements.

String cql = "delete from person where id = '123123123'";

cassandraOperations.execute(cql);

5.6.6. Methods for truncating tables

Much like inserting, there are several flavors of truncate from which you can choose.

Truncate a table using the truncate() method.

cassandraOperations.truncate("person");

Truncate a table using the QueryBuilder.Truncate object that is part of the DataStax Java Driver.

Truncate truncate = QueryBuilder.truncate("person");

cassandraOperations.execute(truncate);

Then there is always the old fashioned way. You can write your own CQL statements.

String cql = "truncate person";

cassandraOperations.execute(cql);

5.7. Querying CQL Tables

Tthere are several flavors of select and query from which you can choose. Please see the CassandraTemplate API documentation for all overloads available.

Query a table for multiple rows and map the results to a POJO.

String cqlAll = "select * from person";

List<Person> results = cassandraOperations.select(cqlAll, Person.class);
for (Person p : results) {
	LOG.info(String.format("Found People with Name [%s] for id [%s]", p.getName(), p.getId()));
}

Query a table for a single row and map the result to a POJO.

String cqlOne = "select * from person where id = '123123123'";

Person p = cassandraOperations.selectOne(cqlOne, Person.class);
LOG.info(String.format("Found Person with Name [%s] for id [%s]", p.getName(), p.getId()));

Query a table using the QueryBuilder.Select object that is part of the DataStax Java Driver.

Select select = QueryBuilder.select().from("person");
select.where(QueryBuilder.eq("id", "123123123"));

Person p = cassandraOperations.selectOne(select, Person.class);
LOG.info(String.format("Found Person with Name [%s] for id [%s]", p.getName(), p.getId()));

Then there is always the old fashioned way. You can write your own CQL statements, and there are several callback handlers for mapping the results. The example uses the RowMapper interface.

String cqlAll = "select * from person";
List<Person> results = cassandraOperations.query(cqlAll, new RowMapper<Person>() {

	public Person mapRow(Row row, int rowNum) throws DriverException {
		Person p = new Person(row.getString("id"), row.getString("name"), row.getInt("age"));
		return p;
	}
});

for (Person p : results) {
	LOG.info(String.format("Found People with Name [%s] for id [%s]", p.getName(), p.getId()));
}

5.8. Overriding default mapping with custom converters

In order to have more fine grained control over the mapping process you can register Spring converters with the CassandraConverter implementations such as the MappingCassandraConverter.

The MappingCassandraConverter checks to see if there are any Spring converters that can handle a specific class before attempting to map the object itself. To 'hijack' the normal mapping strategies of the MappingCassandraConverter, perhaps for increased performance or other custom mapping needs, you first need to create an implementation of the Spring Converter interface and then register it with the MappingConverter.

For more information on the Spring type conversion service see the reference docs here.

5.8.1. Saving using a registered Spring Converter

Coming Soon!

5.8.2. Reading using a Spring Converter

Coming Soon!

5.8.3. Registering Spring Converters with the CassandraConverter

Coming Soon!

5.8.4. Converter disambiguation

Coming Soon!

5.9. Executing Commands

5.9.1. Methods for executing commands

The CassandraTemplate has many overloads for execute() and executeAsync(). Pass in the CQL command you wish to be executed, and handle the appropriate response.

This example uses the basic AsynchronousQueryListener that comes with Spring Data Cassandra. Please see the API documentation for all the options. There should be nothing you cannot perform in Cassandra with the execute() and executeAsync() methods.

cassandraOperations.executeAsynchronously("delete from person where id = '123123123'",
		new AsynchronousQueryListener() {

			public void onQueryComplete(ResultSetFuture rsf) {
				LOG.info("Async Query Completed");
			}
		});

This example shows how to create and drop a table, using different API objects, all passed to the execute() methods.

cassandraOperations.execute("create table test_table (id uuid primary key, event text)");

DropTableSpecification dropper = DropTableSpecification.dropTable("test_table");
cassandraOperations.execute(dropper);

5.10. Exception Translation

The Spring framework provides exception translation for a wide variety of database and mapping technologies. This has traditionally been for JDBC and JPA. The Spring support for Cassandra extends this feature to the Cassandra Database by providing an implementation of the org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslator interface.

The motivation behind mapping to Spring’s consistent data access exception hierarchy is that you are then able to write portable and descriptive exception handling code without resorting to coding against Cassandra Exceptions. All of Spring’s data access exceptions are inherited from the root DataAccessException class so you can be sure that you will be able to catch all database related exception within a single try-catch block.

6. Cassandra repositories

6.1. Introduction

This chapter will point out the specialties for repository support for Cassandra. This builds on the core repository support explained in Working with Spring Data Repositories. So make sure you’ve got a sound understanding of the basic concepts explained there.

6.2. Usage

To access domain entities stored in a Cassandra you can leverage our sophisticated repository support that eases implementing those quite significantly. To do so, simply create an interface for your repository:

TODO

6.3. Query methods

6.3.1. Repository delete queries

6.4. Miscellaneous

6.4.1. CDI Integration

The Spring Data Cassandra CDI extension will pick up the CassandraTemplate available as CDI bean and create a proxy for a Spring Data repository whenever an bean of a repository type is requested by the container. Thus obtaining an instance of a Spring Data repository is a matter of declaring an @Inject-ed property:

class RepositoryClient {

  @Inject
  PersonRepository repository;

  public void businessMethod() {

    List<Person> people = repository.findAll();
  }
}

7. Mapping

Rich mapping support is provided by the CassandraMappingConverter . CassandraMappingConverter has a rich metadata model that provides a full feature set of functionality to map domain objects to CQL Tables. The mapping metadata model is populated using annotations on your domain objects. However, the infrastructure is not limited to using annotations as the only source of metadata information. The CassandraMappingConverter also allows you to map objects to documents without providing any additional metadata, by following a set of conventions.

In this section we will describe the features of the CassandraMappingConverter. How to use conventions for mapping objects to documents and how to override those conventions with annotation based mapping metadata.

7.1. Convention based Mapping

CassandraMappingConverter has a few conventions for mapping objects to CQL Tables when no additional mapping metadata is provided. The conventions are:

  • The short Java class name is mapped to the table name in the following manner. The class com.bigbank.SavingsAccount maps to savings_account table name.

  • The converter will use any Spring Converters registered with it to override the default mapping of object properties to document field/values.

  • The fields of an object are used to convert to and from fields in the document. Public JavaBean properties are not used.

7.1.1. How the CQL Composite Primary Key fields are handled in the mapping layer

TODO

7.1.2. Mapping Configuration

Unless explicitly configured, an instance of CassandraMappingConverter is created by default when creating a CassandraTemplate . You can create your own instance of the MappingCassandraConverter so as to tell it where to scan the classpath at startup your domain classes in order to extract metadata and construct indexes. Also, by creating your own instance you can register Spring converters to use for mapping specific classes to and from the database.

You can configure the CassandraMappingConverter and CassandraTemplate either using Java or XML based metadata. Here is an example using Spring’s Java based configuration

Example 29. @Configuration class to configure Cassandra mapping support

TODO

Example 30. XML schema to configure Cassandra mapping support

TODO

Appendix

Appendix A: Namespace reference

The <repositories /> element

The <repositories /> element triggers the setup of the Spring Data repository infrastructure. The most important attribute is base-package which defines the package to scan for Spring Data repository interfaces.[3]

Table 3. Attributes
Name Description

base-package

Defines the package to be used to be scanned for repository interfaces extending *Repository (actual interface is determined by specific Spring Data module) in auto detection mode. All packages below the configured package will be scanned, too. Wildcards are allowed.

repository-impl-postfix

Defines the postfix to autodetect custom repository implementations. Classes whose names end with the configured postfix will be considered as candidates. Defaults to Impl.

query-lookup-strategy

Determines the strategy to be used to create finder queries. See Query lookup strategies for details. Defaults to create-if-not-found.

named-queries-location

Defines the location to look for a Properties file containing externally defined queries.

consider-nested-repositories

Controls whether nested repository interface definitions should be considered. Defaults to false.

Appendix B: Populators namespace reference

The <populator /> element

The <populator /> element allows to populate the a data store via the Spring Data repository infrastructure.[4]

Table 4. Attributes
Name Description

locations

Where to find the files to read the objects from the repository shall be populated with.

Appendix C: Repository query keywords

Supported query keywords

The following table lists the keywords generally supported by the Spring Data repository query derivation mechanism. However, consult the store-specific documentation for the exact list of supported keywords, because some listed here might not be supported in a particular store.

Table 5. Query keywords
Logical keyword Keyword expressions

AND

And

OR

Or

AFTER

After, IsAfter

BEFORE

Before, IsBefore

CONTAINING

Containing, IsContaining, Contains

BETWEEN

Between, IsBetween

ENDING_WITH

EndingWith, IsEndingWith, EndsWith

EXISTS

Exists

FALSE

False, IsFalse

GREATER_THAN

GreaterThan, IsGreaterThan

GREATER_THAN_EQUALS

GreaterThanEqual, IsGreaterThanEqual

IN

In, IsIn

IS

Is, Equals, (or no keyword)

IS_NOT_NULL

NotNull, IsNotNull

IS_NULL

Null, IsNull

LESS_THAN

LessThan, IsLessThan

LESS_THAN_EQUAL

LessThanEqual, IsLessThanEqual

LIKE

Like, IsLike

NEAR

Near, IsNear

NOT

Not, IsNot

NOT_IN

NotIn, IsNotIn

NOT_LIKE

NotLike, IsNotLike

REGEX

Regex, MatchesRegex, Matches

STARTING_WITH

StartingWith, IsStartingWith, StartsWith

TRUE

True, IsTrue

WITHIN

Within, IsWithin
1. JavaConfig in the Spring reference documentation
2. Spring HATEOAS - https://github.com/SpringSource/spring-hateoas
3. see XML configuration
4. see XML configuration