Spring Boot Reference Guide
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Spring Boot Reference Guide

Authors

Phillip Webb, Dave Syer, Josh Long, Stéphane Nicoll, Rob Winch, Andy Wilkinson, Marcel Overdijk, Christian Dupuis, Sébastien Deleuze

1.4.0.RC1

Copyright © 2013-2016

Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that you do not charge any fee for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.

Table of Contents

I. Spring Boot Documentation
1. About the documentation
2. Getting help
3. First steps
4. Working with Spring Boot
5. Learning about Spring Boot features
6. Moving to production
7. Advanced topics
II. Getting started
8. Introducing Spring Boot
9. System Requirements
9.1. Servlet containers
10. Installing Spring Boot
10.1. Installation instructions for the Java developer
10.1.1. Maven installation
10.1.2. Gradle installation
10.2. Installing the Spring Boot CLI
10.2.1. Manual installation
10.2.2. Installation with SDKMAN!
10.2.3. OSX Homebrew installation
10.2.4. MacPorts installation
10.2.5. Command-line completion
10.2.6. Quick start Spring CLI example
10.3. Upgrading from an earlier version of Spring Boot
11. Developing your first Spring Boot application
11.1. Creating the POM
11.2. Adding classpath dependencies
11.3. Writing the code
11.3.1. The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations
11.3.2. The @EnableAutoConfiguration annotation
11.3.3. The “main” method
11.4. Running the example
11.5. Creating an executable jar
12. What to read next
III. Using Spring Boot
13. Build systems
13.1. Dependency management
13.2. Maven
13.2.1. Inheriting the starter parent
13.2.2. Using Spring Boot without the parent POM
13.2.3. Changing the Java version
13.2.4. Using the Spring Boot Maven plugin
13.3. Gradle
13.4. Ant
13.5. Starters
14. Structuring your code
14.1. Using the “default” package
14.2. Locating the main application class
15. Configuration classes
15.1. Importing additional configuration classes
15.2. Importing XML configuration
16. Auto-configuration
16.1. Gradually replacing auto-configuration
16.2. Disabling specific auto-configuration
17. Spring Beans and dependency injection
18. Using the @SpringBootApplication annotation
19. Running your application
19.1. Running from an IDE
19.2. Running as a packaged application
19.3. Using the Maven plugin
19.4. Using the Gradle plugin
19.5. Hot swapping
20. Developer tools
20.1. Property defaults
20.2. Automatic restart
20.2.1. Excluding resources
20.2.2. Watching additional paths
20.2.3. Disabling restart
20.2.4. Using a trigger file
20.2.5. Customizing the restart classloader
20.2.6. Known limitations
20.3. LiveReload
20.4. Global settings
20.5. Remote applications
20.5.1. Running the remote client application
20.5.2. Remote update
20.5.3. Remote debug tunnel
21. Packaging your application for production
22. What to read next
IV. Spring Boot features
23. SpringApplication
23.1. Customizing the Banner
23.2. Customizing SpringApplication
23.3. Fluent builder API
23.4. Application events and listeners
23.5. Web environment
23.6. Accessing application arguments
23.7. Using the ApplicationRunner or CommandLineRunner
23.8. Application exit
23.9. Admin features
24. Externalized Configuration
24.1. Configuring random values
24.2. Accessing command line properties
24.3. Application property files
24.4. Profile-specific properties
24.5. Placeholders in properties
24.6. Using YAML instead of Properties
24.6.1. Loading YAML
24.6.2. Exposing YAML as properties in the Spring Environment
24.6.3. Multi-profile YAML documents
24.6.4. YAML shortcomings
24.7. Type-safe Configuration Properties
24.7.1. Third-party configuration
24.7.2. Relaxed binding
24.7.3. Properties conversion
24.7.4. @ConfigurationProperties Validation
25. Profiles
25.1. Adding active profiles
25.2. Programmatically setting profiles
25.3. Profile-specific configuration files
26. Logging
26.1. Log format
26.2. Console output
26.2.1. Color-coded output
26.3. File output
26.4. Log Levels
26.5. Custom log configuration
26.6. Logback extensions
26.6.1. Profile-specific configuration
26.6.2. Environment properties
27. Developing web applications
27.1. The ‘Spring Web MVC framework’
27.1.1. Spring MVC auto-configuration
27.1.2. HttpMessageConverters
27.1.3. Custom JSON Serializers and Deserializers
27.1.4. MessageCodesResolver
27.1.5. Static Content
27.1.6. ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer
27.1.7. Template engines
27.1.8. Error Handling
Custom error pages
Mapping error pages outside of Spring MVC
Error Handling on WebSphere Application Server
27.1.9. Spring HATEOAS
27.1.10. CORS support
27.2. JAX-RS and Jersey
27.3. Embedded servlet container support
27.3.1. Servlets, Filters, and listeners
Registering Servlets, Filters, and listeners as Spring beans
27.3.2. Servlet Context Initialization
Scanning for Servlets, Filters, and listeners
27.3.3. The EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
27.3.4. Customizing embedded servlet containers
Programmatic customization
Customizing ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer directly
27.3.5. JSP limitations
28. Security
28.1. OAuth2
28.1.1. Authorization Server
28.1.2. Resource Server
28.2. Token Type in User Info
28.3. Customizing the User Info RestTemplate
28.3.1. Client
28.3.2. Single Sign On
28.4. Actuator Security
29. Working with SQL databases
29.1. Configure a DataSource
29.1.1. Embedded Database Support
29.1.2. Connection to a production database
29.1.3. Connection to a JNDI DataSource
29.2. Using JdbcTemplate
29.3. JPA and ‘Spring Data’
29.3.1. Entity Classes
29.3.2. Spring Data JPA Repositories
29.3.3. Creating and dropping JPA databases
29.4. Using H2’s web console
29.4.1. Changing the H2 console’s path
29.4.2. Securing the H2 console
30. Using jOOQ
30.1. Code Generation
30.2. Using DSLContext
30.3. Customizing jOOQ
31. Working with NoSQL technologies
31.1. Redis
31.1.1. Connecting to Redis
31.2. MongoDB
31.2.1. Connecting to a MongoDB database
31.2.2. MongoTemplate
31.2.3. Spring Data MongoDB repositories
31.2.4. Embedded Mongo
31.3. Neo4j
31.3.1. Connecting to a Neo4j database
31.3.2. Using the embedded mode
31.3.3. Neo4jSession
31.3.4. Spring Data Neo4j repositories
31.3.5. Repository example
31.4. Gemfire
31.5. Solr
31.5.1. Connecting to Solr
31.5.2. Spring Data Solr repositories
31.6. Elasticsearch
31.6.1. Connecting to Elasticsearch using Jest
31.6.2. Connecting to Elasticsearch using Spring Data
31.6.3. Spring Data Elasticsearch repositories
31.7. Cassandra
31.7.1. Connecting to Cassandra
31.7.2. Spring Data Cassandra repositories
31.8. Couchbase
31.8.1. Connecting to Couchbase
31.8.2. Spring Data Couchbase repositories
32. Caching
32.1. Supported cache providers
32.1.1. Generic
32.1.2. JCache
32.1.3. EhCache 2.x
32.1.4. Hazelcast
32.1.5. Infinispan
32.1.6. Couchbase
32.1.7. Redis
32.1.8. Caffeine
32.1.9. Guava
32.1.10. Simple
32.1.11. None
33. Messaging
33.1. JMS
33.1.1. ActiveMQ support
33.1.2. Artemis support
33.1.3. HornetQ support
33.1.4. Using a JNDI ConnectionFactory
33.1.5. Sending a message
33.1.6. Receiving a message
33.2. AMQP
33.2.1. RabbitMQ support
33.2.2. Sending a message
33.2.3. Receiving a message
34. Calling REST services
35. Sending email
36. Distributed Transactions with JTA
36.1. Using an Atomikos transaction manager
36.2. Using a Bitronix transaction manager
36.3. Using a Narayana transaction manager
36.4. Using a Java EE managed transaction manager
36.5. Mixing XA and non-XA JMS connections
36.6. Supporting an alternative embedded transaction manager
37. Hazelcast
38. Spring Integration
39. Spring Session
40. Monitoring and management over JMX
41. Testing
41.1. Test scope dependencies
41.2. Testing Spring applications
41.3. Testing Spring Boot applications
41.3.1. Detecting test configuration
41.3.2. Excluding test configuration
41.3.3. Working with random ports
41.3.4. Mocking and spying beans
41.3.5. Auto-configured tests
41.3.6. Auto-configured JSON tests
41.3.7. Auto-configured Spring MVC tests
41.3.8. Auto-configured Data JPA tests
41.3.9. Auto-configured REST clients
41.3.10. Auto-configured Spring REST Docs tests
41.3.11. Using Spock to test Spring Boot applications
41.4. Test utilities
41.4.1. ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer
41.4.2. EnvironmentTestUtils
41.4.3. OutputCapture
41.4.4. TestRestTemplate
42. WebSockets
43. Web Services
44. Creating your own auto-configuration
44.1. Understanding auto-configured beans
44.2. Locating auto-configuration candidates
44.3. Condition annotations
44.3.1. Class conditions
44.3.2. Bean conditions
44.3.3. Property conditions
44.3.4. Resource conditions
44.3.5. Web application conditions
44.3.6. SpEL expression conditions
44.4. Creating your own starter
44.4.1. Naming
44.4.2. Autoconfigure module
44.4.3. Starter module
45. What to read next
V. Spring Boot Actuator: Production-ready features
46. Enabling production-ready features
47. Endpoints
47.1. Customizing endpoints
47.2. Hypermedia for actuator MVC endpoints
47.3. CORS support
47.4. Adding custom endpoints
47.5. Health information
47.6. Security with HealthIndicators
47.6.1. Auto-configured HealthIndicators
47.6.2. Writing custom HealthIndicators
47.7. Application information
47.7.1. Auto-configured InfoContributors
47.7.2. Custom application info information
47.7.3. Git commit information
47.7.4. Build information
47.7.5. Writing custom InfoContributors
48. Monitoring and management over HTTP
48.1. Securing sensitive endpoints
48.2. Customizing the management endpoint paths
48.3. Customizing the management server port
48.4. Configuring management-specific SSL
48.5. Customizing the management server address
48.6. Disabling HTTP endpoints
48.7. HTTP health endpoint access restrictions
49. Monitoring and management over JMX
49.1. Customizing MBean names
49.2. Disabling JMX endpoints
49.3. Using Jolokia for JMX over HTTP
49.3.1. Customizing Jolokia
49.3.2. Disabling Jolokia
50. Monitoring and management using a remote shell
50.1. Connecting to the remote shell
50.1.1. Remote shell credentials
50.2. Extending the remote shell
50.2.1. Remote shell commands
50.2.2. Remote shell plugins
51. Metrics
51.1. System metrics
51.2. DataSource metrics
51.3. Cache metrics
51.4. Tomcat session metrics
51.5. Recording your own metrics
51.6. Adding your own public metrics
51.7. Special features with Java 8
51.8. Metric writers, exporters and aggregation
51.8.1. Example: Export to Redis
51.8.2. Example: Export to Open TSDB
51.8.3. Example: Export to Statsd
51.8.4. Example: Export to JMX
51.9. Aggregating metrics from multiple sources
51.10. Dropwizard Metrics
51.11. Message channel integration
52. Auditing
53. Tracing
53.1. Custom tracing
54. Process monitoring
54.1. Extend configuration
54.2. Programmatically
55. What to read next
VI. Deploying Spring Boot applications
56. Deploying to the cloud
56.1. Cloud Foundry
56.1.1. Binding to services
56.2. Heroku
56.3. OpenShift
56.4. Boxfuse and Amazon Web Services
56.5. Google App Engine
57. Installing Spring Boot applications
57.1. Unix/Linux services
57.1.1. Installation as an init.d service (System V)
Securing an init.d service
57.1.2. Installation as a systemd service
57.1.3. Customizing the startup script
57.1.4. Customizing the startup script with a conf file
58. Microsoft Windows services
59. What to read next
VII. Spring Boot CLI
60. Installing the CLI
61. Using the CLI
61.1. Running applications using the CLI
61.1.1. Deduced “grab” dependencies
61.1.2. Deduced “grab” coordinates
61.1.3. Default import statements
61.1.4. Automatic main method
61.1.5. Custom dependency management
61.2. Testing your code
61.3. Applications with multiple source files
61.4. Packaging your application
61.5. Initialize a new project
61.6. Using the embedded shell
61.7. Adding extensions to the CLI
62. Developing application with the Groovy beans DSL
63. Configuring the CLI with settings.xml
64. What to read next
VIII. Build tool plugins
65. Spring Boot Maven plugin
65.1. Including the plugin
65.2. Packaging executable jar and war files
66. Spring Boot Gradle plugin
66.1. Including the plugin
66.2. Gradle dependency management
66.3. Packaging executable jar and war files
66.4. Running a project in-place
66.5. Spring Boot plugin configuration
66.6. Repackage configuration
66.7. Repackage with custom Gradle configuration
66.7.1. Configuration options
66.7.2. Available layouts
66.8. Understanding how the Gradle plugin works
66.9. Publishing artifacts to a Maven repository using Gradle
66.9.1. Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that inherits dependency management
66.9.2. Configuring Gradle to produce a pom that imports dependency management
67. Spring Boot AntLib module
67.1. Spring Boot Ant tasks
67.1.1. spring-boot:exejar
67.1.2. Examples
67.2. spring-boot:findmainclass
67.2.1. Examples
68. Supporting other build systems
68.1. Repackaging archives
68.2. Nested libraries
68.3. Finding a main class
68.4. Example repackage implementation
69. What to read next
IX. ‘How-to’ guides
70. Spring Boot application
70.1. Troubleshoot auto-configuration
70.2. Customize the Environment or ApplicationContext before it starts
70.3. Build an ApplicationContext hierarchy (adding a parent or root context)
70.4. Create a non-web application
71. Properties & configuration
71.1. Automatically expand properties at build time
71.1.1. Automatic property expansion using Maven
71.1.2. Automatic property expansion using Gradle
71.2. Externalize the configuration of SpringApplication
71.3. Change the location of external properties of an application
71.4. Use ‘short’ command line arguments
71.5. Use YAML for external properties
71.6. Set the active Spring profiles
71.7. Change configuration depending on the environment
71.8. Discover built-in options for external properties
72. Embedded servlet containers
72.1. Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener to an application
72.1.1. Add a Servlet, Filter or Listener using a Spring bean
Disable registration of a Servlet or Filter
72.1.2. Add Servlets, Filters, and Listeners using classpath scanning
72.2. Change the HTTP port
72.3. Use a random unassigned HTTP port
72.4. Discover the HTTP port at runtime
72.5. Configure SSL
72.6. Configure Access Logging
72.7. Use behind a front-end proxy server
72.7.1. Customize Tomcat’s proxy configuration
72.8. Configure Tomcat
72.9. Enable Multiple Connectors with Tomcat
72.10. Use Jetty instead of Tomcat
72.11. Configure Jetty
72.12. Use Undertow instead of Tomcat
72.13. Configure Undertow
72.14. Enable Multiple Listeners with Undertow
72.15. Use Tomcat 7
72.15.1. Use Tomcat 7 with Maven
72.15.2. Use Tomcat 7 with Gradle
72.16. Use Jetty 9.2
72.16.1. Use Jetty 9.2 with Maven
72.16.2. Use Jetty 9.2 with Gradle
72.17. Use Jetty 8
72.17.1. Use Jetty 8 with Maven
72.17.2. Use Jetty 8 with Gradle
72.18. Create WebSocket endpoints using @ServerEndpoint
72.19. Enable HTTP response compression
73. Spring MVC
73.1. Write a JSON REST service
73.2. Write an XML REST service
73.3. Customize the Jackson ObjectMapper
73.4. Customize the @ResponseBody rendering
73.5. Handling Multipart File Uploads
73.6. Switch off the Spring MVC DispatcherServlet
73.7. Switch off the Default MVC configuration
73.8. Customize ViewResolvers
73.9. Velocity
74. Logging
74.1. Configure Logback for logging
74.1.1. Configure logback for file only output
74.2. Configure Log4j for logging
74.2.1. Use YAML or JSON to configure Log4j 2
75. Data Access
75.1. Configure a DataSource
75.2. Configure Two DataSources
75.3. Use Spring Data repositories
75.4. Separate @Entity definitions from Spring configuration
75.5. Configure JPA properties
75.6. Use a custom EntityManagerFactory
75.7. Use Two EntityManagers
75.8. Use a traditional persistence.xml
75.9. Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo repositories
75.10. Expose Spring Data repositories as REST endpoint
76. Database initialization
76.1. Initialize a database using JPA
76.2. Initialize a database using Hibernate
76.3. Initialize a database using Spring JDBC
76.4. Initialize a Spring Batch database
76.5. Use a higher-level database migration tool
76.5.1. Execute Flyway database migrations on startup
76.5.2. Execute Liquibase database migrations on startup
77. Batch applications
77.1. Execute Spring Batch jobs on startup
78. Actuator
78.1. Change the HTTP port or address of the actuator endpoints
78.2. Customize the ‘whitelabel’ error page
78.3. Actuator and Jersey
79. Security
79.1. Switch off the Spring Boot security configuration
79.2. Change the AuthenticationManager and add user accounts
79.3. Enable HTTPS when running behind a proxy server
80. Hot swapping
80.1. Reload static content
80.2. Reload templates without restarting the container
80.2.1. Thymeleaf templates
80.2.2. FreeMarker templates
80.2.3. Groovy templates
80.2.4. Velocity templates
80.3. Fast application restarts
80.4. Reload Java classes without restarting the container
80.4.1. Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Maven
80.4.2. Configuring Spring Loaded for use with Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA
81. Build
81.1. Generate build information
81.2. Generate git information
81.3. Customize dependency versions
81.4. Create an executable JAR with Maven
81.5. Create an additional executable JAR
81.6. Extract specific libraries when an executable jar runs
81.7. Create a non-executable JAR with exclusions
81.8. Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Maven
81.9. Remote debug a Spring Boot application started with Gradle
81.10. Build an executable archive from Ant without using spring-boot-antlib
81.11. How to use Java 6
81.11.1. Embedded servlet container compatibility
81.11.2. JTA API compatibility
82. Traditional deployment
82.1. Create a deployable war file
82.2. Create a deployable war file for older servlet containers
82.3. Convert an existing application to Spring Boot
82.4. Deploying a WAR to WebLogic
82.5. Deploying a WAR in an Old (Servlet 2.5) Container
X. Appendices
A. Common application properties
B. Configuration meta-data
B.1. Meta-data format
B.1.1. Group Attributes
B.1.2. Property Attributes
B.1.3. Hint Attributes
B.1.4. Repeated meta-data items
B.2. Providing manual hints
B.2.1. Value hint
B.2.2. Value provider
Any
Class reference
Handle As
Logger name
Spring bean reference
Spring profile name
B.3. Generating your own meta-data using the annotation processor
B.3.1. Nested properties
B.3.2. Adding additional meta-data
C. Auto-configuration classes
C.1. From the “spring-boot-autoconfigure” module
C.2. From the “spring-boot-actuator” module
D. The executable jar format
D.1. Nested JARs
D.1.1. The executable jar file structure
D.1.2. The executable war file structure
D.2. Spring Boot’s “JarFile” class
D.2.1. Compatibility with the standard Java “JarFile”
D.3. Launching executable jars
D.3.1. Launcher manifest
D.3.2. Exploded archives
D.4. PropertiesLauncher Features
D.5. Executable jar restrictions
D.5.1. Zip entry compression
D.5.2. System ClassLoader
D.6. Alternative single jar solutions
E. Dependency versions
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