47. Kotlin support

Kotlin is a statically-typed language targeting the JVM (and other platforms) which allows writing concise and elegant code while providing interoperability with existing libraries written in Java.

Spring Boot provides Kotlin support by leveraging the support in other Spring projects such as Spring Framework, Spring Data, and Reactor. See the Spring Framework Kotlin support documentation for more information.

The easiest way to start with Spring Boot and Kotlin is to create a project via start.spring.io. Feel free to join the #spring channel of Kotlin Slack or ask a question with spring and kotlin tags on Stack Overflow if you need support.

47.1 Requirements

Spring Boot supports Kotlin 1.2.x. To use Kotlin, org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib and org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect must be present on the classpath. The kotlin-stdlib variants kotlin-stdlib-jdk7 and kotlin-stdlib-jdk8 can also be used.

Since Kotlin classes are final by default, you are likely to want to configure kotlin-spring plugin in order to automatically open Spring-annotated classes so that they can be proxied.

Jackson’s Kotlin module is required for serializing / deserializing JSON data in Kotlin. It is automatically registered when found on the classpath. A warning message is logged if Jackson and Kotlin are present but the Jackson Kotlin module is not.

[Tip]Tip

These dependencies and plugins are provided by default if one bootstraps a Kotlin project on start.spring.io.

47.2 Null-safety

One of Kotlin’s key features is null-safety. It deals with null values at compile time rather than deferring the problem to runtime and encountering a NullPointerException. This helps to eliminate a common source of bugs without paying the cost of wrappers like Optional. Kotlin also allows using functional constructs with nullable values as described in this comprehensive guide to null-safety in Kotlin.

Although Java does not allow one to express null-safety in its type system, Spring Framework, Spring Data, and Reactor now provide null-safety of their API via tooling-friendly annotations. By default, types from Java APIs used in Kotlin are recognized as platform types for which null-checks are relaxed. Kotlin’s support for JSR 305 annotations combined with nullability annotations provide null-safety for the related Spring API in Kotlin.

The JSR 305 checks can be configured by adding the -Xjsr305 compiler flag with the following options: -Xjsr305={strict|warn|ignore}. The default behavior is the same as -Xjsr305=warn. The strict value is required to have null-safety taken in account in Kotlin types inferred from Spring API but should be used with the knowledge that Spring API nullability declaration could evolve even between minor releases and more checks may be added in the future).

WARN: Generic type arguments, varargs and array elements nullability are not yet supported. See SPR-15942 for up-to-date information. Also be aware that Spring Boot’s own API is not yet annotated.

47.3 Kotlin API

47.3.1 runApplication

Spring Boot provides an idiomatic way to run an application with runApplication<FooApplication>(*args) as shown in the following example:

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.boot.runApplication

@SpringBootApplication
class FooApplication

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
	runApplication<FooApplication>(*args)
}

This is a drop-in replacement for SpringApplication.run(FooApplication::class.java, *args). It also allows customization of the application as shown in the following example:

runApplication<FooApplication>(*args) {
	setBannerMode(OFF)
}

47.3.2 Extensions

Kotlin extensions provide the ability to extend existing classes with additional functionality. The Spring Boot Kotlin API makes use of these extensions to add new Kotlin specific conveniences to existing APIs.

TestRestTemplate extensions, similar to those provided by Spring Framework for RestOperations in Spring Framework, are provided. Among other things, the extensions make it possible to take advantage of Kotlin reified type parameters.

47.4 Dependency management

In order to avoid mixing different version of Kotlin dependencies on the classpath, dependency management of the following Kotlin dependencies is provided:

  • kotlin-reflect
  • kotlin-runtime
  • kotlin-stdlib
  • kotlin-stdlib-jdk7
  • kotlin-stdlib-jdk8
  • kotlin-stdlib-jre7
  • kotlin-stdlib-jre8

With Maven, the Kotlin version can be customized via the kotlin.version property and plugin management is provided for kotlin-maven-plugin. With Gradle, the Spring Boot plugin automatically aligns the kotlin.version with the version of the Kotlin plugin.

47.5 @ConfigurationProperties

@ConfigurationProperties currently only works with lateinit or nullable var properties (the former is recommended), since immutable classes initialized by constructors are not yet supported.

@ConfigurationProperties("example.kotlin")
class KotlinExampleProperties {

	lateinit var foo1: String

	lateinit var foo2: String

	lateinit val bar = Bar()

	class Bar {

		lateinit var bar1: String

		lateinit var bar2: String

	}

}

47.6 Testing

While it is possible to use JUnit 4 (the default provided by spring-boot-starter-test) to test Kotlin code, JUnit 5 is recommended. JUnit 5 enables a test class to be instantiated once and reused for all of the class’s tests. This makes it possible to use @BeforeAll and @AfterAll annotations on non-static methods, which is a good fit for Kotlin.

To use JUnit 5, exclude junit:junit dependency from spring-boot-starter-test, add JUnit 5 dependencies, and configure the Maven or Gradle plugin accordingly. See the JUnit 5 documentation for more details. You also need to switch test instance lifecycle to "per-class".

47.7 Resources

47.7.2 Examples