To configure your own DataSource, define a @Bean of that type in your configuration. Spring Boot reuses your DataSource anywhere one is required, including database initialization. If you need to externalize some settings, you can bind your DataSource to the environment (see “Section 24.8.1, “Third-party Configuration””).

The following example shows how to define a data source in a bean:

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="app.datasource")
public DataSource dataSource() {
	return new FancyDataSource();
}

The following example shows how to define a data source by setting properties:

app.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb
app.datasource.username=sa
app.datasource.pool-size=30

Assuming that your FancyDataSource has regular JavaBean properties for the URL, the username, and the pool size, these settings are bound automatically before the DataSource is made available to other components. The regular database initialization also happens (so the relevant sub-set of spring.datasource.* can still be used with your custom configuration).

Spring Boot also provides a utility builder class, called DataSourceBuilder, that can be used to create one of the standard data sources (if it is on the classpath). The builder can detect the one to use based on what’s available on the classpath. It also auto-detects the driver based on the JDBC URL.

The following example shows how to create a data source by using a DataSourceBuilder:

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
public DataSource dataSource() {
	return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
}

To run an app with that DataSource, all you need is the connection information. Pool-specific settings can also be provided. Check the implementation that is going to be used at runtime for more details.

The following example shows how to define a JDBC data source by setting properties:

app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.pool-size=30

However, there is a catch. Because the actual type of the connection pool is not exposed, no keys are generated in the metadata for your custom DataSource and no completion is available in your IDE (because the DataSource interface exposes no properties). Also, if you happen to have Hikari on the classpath, this basic setup does not work, because Hikari has no url property (but does have a jdbcUrl property). In that case, you must rewrite your configuration as follows:

app.datasource.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.maximum-pool-size=30

You can fix that by forcing the connection pool to use and return a dedicated implementation rather than DataSource. You cannot change the implementation at runtime, but the list of options will be explicit.

The following example shows how create a HikariDataSource with DataSourceBuilder:

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
public HikariDataSource dataSource() {
	return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
}

You can even go further by leveraging what DataSourceProperties does for you — that is, by providing a default embedded database with a sensible username and password if no URL is provided. You can easily initialize a DataSourceBuilder from the state of any DataSourceProperties object, so you could also inject the DataSource that Spring Boot creates automatically. However, that would split your configuration into two namespaces: url, username, password, type, and driver on spring.datasource and the rest on your custom namespace (app.datasource). To avoid that, you can redefine a custom DataSourceProperties on your custom namespace, as shown in the following example:

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
public DataSourceProperties dataSourceProperties() {
	return new DataSourceProperties();
}

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.configuration")
public HikariDataSource dataSource(DataSourceProperties properties) {
	return properties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
}

This setup puts you in sync with what Spring Boot does for you by default, except that a dedicated connection pool is chosen (in code) and its settings are exposed in the app.datasource.configuration sub namespace. Because DataSourceProperties is taking care of the url/jdbcUrl translation for you, you can configure it as follows:

app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.configuration.maximum-pool-size=30

	Tip
	Spring Boot will expose Hikari-specific settings to spring.datasource.hikari. This example uses a more generic configuration sub namespace as the example does not support multiple datasource implementations.

	Note
	Because your custom configuration chooses to go with Hikari, app.datasource.type has no effect. In practice, the builder is initialized with whatever value you might set there and then overridden by the call to .type().

See “Section 31.1, “Configure a DataSource”” in the “Spring Boot features” section and the DataSourceAutoConfiguration class for more details.

If you need to configure multiple data sources, you can apply the same tricks that are described in the previous section. You must, however, mark one of the DataSource instances as @Primary, because various auto-configurations down the road expect to be able to get one by type.

If you create your own DataSource, the auto-configuration backs off. In the following example, we provide the exact same feature set as the auto-configuration provides on the primary data source:

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.first")
public DataSourceProperties firstDataSourceProperties() {
	return new DataSourceProperties();
}

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.first.configuration")
public HikariDataSource firstDataSource() {
	return firstDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
}

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.second")
public BasicDataSource secondDataSource() {
	return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(BasicDataSource.class).build();
}

	Tip
	firstDataSourceProperties has to be flagged as @Primary so that the database initializer feature uses your copy (if you use the initializer).

Both data sources are also bound for advanced customizations. For instance, you could configure them as follows:

app.datasource.first.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/first
app.datasource.first.username=dbuser
app.datasource.first.password=dbpass
app.datasource.first.configuration.maximum-pool-size=30

app.datasource.second.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/second
app.datasource.second.username=dbuser
app.datasource.second.password=dbpass
app.datasource.second.max-total=30

You can apply the same concept to the secondary DataSource as well, as shown in the following example:

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.first")
public DataSourceProperties firstDataSourceProperties() {
	return new DataSourceProperties();
}

@Bean
@Primary
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.first.configuration")
public HikariDataSource firstDataSource() {
	return firstDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
}

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.second")
public DataSourceProperties secondDataSourceProperties() {
	return new DataSourceProperties();
}

@Bean
@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.second.configuration")
public BasicDataSource secondDataSource() {
	return secondDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(BasicDataSource.class).build();
}

The preceding example configures two data sources on custom namespaces with the same logic as Spring Boot would use in auto-configuration. Note that each configuration sub namespace provides advanced settings based on the chosen implementation.

Spring Data can create implementations of @Repository interfaces of various flavors. Spring Boot handles all of that for you, as long as those @Repositories are included in the same package (or a sub-package) of your @EnableAutoConfiguration class.

For many applications, all you need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on your classpath and create some repository interfaces to handle your @Entity objects. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-jpa for JPA, spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb` for Mongodb, etc. Examples are in the JPA sample and the Mongodb sample.

Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Repository definitions, based on the @EnableAutoConfiguration it finds. To get more control, use the @EnableJpaRepositories annotation (from Spring Data JPA).

For more about Spring Data, see the Spring Data project page.

Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Entity definitions, based on the @EnableAutoConfiguration it finds. To get more control, you can use the @EntityScan annotation, as shown in the following example:

@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EntityScan(basePackageClasses=City.class)
public class Application {

	//...

}

Spring Data JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (such as those for SQL logging), and Spring Boot exposes those options and a few more for Hibernate as external configuration properties. Some of them are automatically detected according to the context so you should not have to set them.

The spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto is a special case, because, depending on runtime conditions, it has different defaults. If an embedded database is used and no schema manager (such as Liquibase or Flyway) is handling the DataSource, it defaults to create-drop. In all other cases, it defaults to none.

The dialect to use is also automatically detected based on the current DataSource, but you can set spring.jpa.database yourself if you want to be explicit and bypass that check on startup.

	Note
	Specifying a database leads to the configuration of a well-defined Hibernate dialect. Several databases have more than one Dialect, and this may not suit your needs. In that case, you can either set spring.jpa.database to default to let Hibernate figure things out or set the dialect by setting the spring.jpa.database-platform property.

The most common options to set are shown in the following example:

spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=com.example.MyPhysicalNamingStrategy
spring.jpa.show-sql=true

In addition, all properties in spring.jpa.properties.* are passed through as normal JPA properties (with the prefix stripped) when the local EntityManagerFactory is created.

Warning

You need to ensure that names defined under spring.jpa.properties.* exactly match those expected by your JPA provider. Spring Boot will not attempt any kind of relaxed binding for these entries. For example, if you want to configure Hibernate’s batch size you must use spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.batch_size. If you use other forms, such as batchSize or batch-size, Hibernate will not apply the setting.

	Tip
	If you need to apply advanced customization to Hibernate properties, consider registering a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer bean that will be invoked prior to creating the EntityManagerFactory. This takes precedence to anything that is applied by the auto-configuration.

Hibernate uses two different naming strategies to map names from the object model to the corresponding database names. The fully qualified class name of the physical and the implicit strategy implementations can be configured by setting the spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy and spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.implicit-strategy properties, respectively. Alternatively, if ImplicitNamingStrategy or PhysicalNamingStrategy beans are available in the application context, Hibernate will be automatically configured to use them.

By default, Spring Boot configures the physical naming strategy with SpringPhysicalNamingStrategy. This implementation provides the same table structure as Hibernate 4: all dots are replaced by underscores and camel casing is replaced by underscores as well. By default, all table names are generated in lower case, but it is possible to override that flag if your schema requires it.

For example, a TelephoneNumber entity is mapped to the telephone_number table.

If you prefer to use Hibernate 5’s default instead, set the following property:

spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl

Alternatively, you can configure the following bean:

@Bean
public PhysicalNamingStrategy physicalNamingStrategy() {
	return new PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl();
}

See HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration and JpaBaseConfiguration for more details.

Hibernate second-level cache can be configured for a range of cache providers. Rather than configuring Hibernate to lookup the cache provider again, it is better to provide the one that is available in the context whenever possible.

If you’re using JCache, this is pretty easy. First, make sure that org.hibernate:hibernate-jcache is available on the classpath. Then, add a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer bean as shown in the following example:

@Configuration
public class HibernateSecondLevelCacheExample {

	@Bean
	public HibernatePropertiesCustomizer hibernateSecondLevelCacheCustomizer(JCacheCacheManager cacheManager) {
		return (properties) -> properties.put(ConfigSettings.CACHE_MANAGER, cacheManager.getCacheManager());

	}

}

This customizer will configure Hibernate to use the same CacheManager as the one that the application uses. It is also possible to use separate CacheManager instances. For details, refer to the Hibernate user guide.

By default, Spring Boot registers a BeanContainer implementation that uses the BeanFactory so that converters and entity listeners can use regular dependency injection.

You can disable or tune this behaviour by registering a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer that removes or changes the hibernate.resource.beans.container property.

To take full control of the configuration of the EntityManagerFactory, you need to add a @Bean named ‘entityManagerFactory’. Spring Boot auto-configuration switches off its entity manager in the presence of a bean of that type.

Even if the default EntityManagerFactory works fine, you need to define a new one. Otherwise, the presence of the second bean of that type switches off the default. To make it easy to do, you can use the convenient EntityManagerBuilder provided by Spring Boot. Alternatively, you can just the LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean directly from Spring ORM, as shown in the following example:

// add two data sources configured as above

@Bean
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean customerEntityManagerFactory(
		EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
	return builder
			.dataSource(customerDataSource())
			.packages(Customer.class)
			.persistenceUnit("customers")
			.build();
}

@Bean
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean orderEntityManagerFactory(
		EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) {
	return builder
			.dataSource(orderDataSource())
			.packages(Order.class)
			.persistenceUnit("orders")
			.build();
}

Note

When you create a bean for LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean yourself, any customization that was applied during the creation of the auto-configured LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean is lost. For example, in case of Hibernate, any properties under the spring.jpa.hibernate prefix will not be automatically applied to your LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean. If you were relying on these properties for configuring things like the naming strategy or the DDL mode, you will need to explicitly configure that when creating the LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean bean. On the other hand, properties that get applied to the auto-configured EntityManagerFactoryBuilder, which are specified via spring.jpa.properties, will automatically be applied, provided you use the auto-configured EntityManagerFactoryBuilder to build the LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean bean.

The configuration above almost works on its own. To complete the picture, you need to configure TransactionManagers for the two EntityManagers as well. If you mark one of them as @Primary, it could be picked up by the default JpaTransactionManager in Spring Boot. The other would have to be explicitly injected into a new instance. Alternatively, you might be able to use a JTA transaction manager that spans both.

If you use Spring Data, you need to configure @EnableJpaRepositories accordingly, as shown in the following example:

@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Customer.class,
		entityManagerFactoryRef = "customerEntityManagerFactory")
public class CustomerConfiguration {
	...
}

@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Order.class,
		entityManagerFactoryRef = "orderEntityManagerFactory")
public class OrderConfiguration {
	...
}

Spring Boot will not search for or use a META-INF/persistence.xml by default. If you prefer to use a traditional persistence.xml, you need to define your own @Bean of type LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean (with an ID of ‘entityManagerFactory’) and set the persistence unit name there.

See JpaBaseConfiguration for the default settings.

Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Mongo can both automatically create Repository implementations for you. If they are both present on the classpath, you might have to do some extra configuration to tell Spring Boot which repositories to create. The most explicit way to do that is to use the standard Spring Data @EnableJpaRepositories and @EnableMongoRepositories annotations and provide the location of your Repository interfaces.

There are also flags (spring.data.*.repositories.enabled and spring.data.*.repositories.type) that you can use to switch the auto-configured repositories on and off in external configuration. Doing so is useful, for instance, in case you want to switch off the Mongo repositories and still use the auto-configured MongoTemplate.

The same obstacle and the same features exist for other auto-configured Spring Data repository types (Elasticsearch, Solr, and others). To work with them, change the names of the annotations and flags accordingly.

Spring Data provides web support that simplifies the use of Spring Data repositories in a web application. Spring Boot provides properties in the spring.data.web namespace for customizing its configuration. Note that if you are using Spring Data REST, you must use the properties in the spring.data.rest namespace instead.

Spring Data REST can expose the Repository implementations as REST endpoints for you, provided Spring MVC has been enabled for the application.

Spring Boot exposes a set of useful properties (from the spring.data.rest namespace) that customize the RepositoryRestConfiguration. If you need to provide additional customization, you should use a RepositoryRestConfigurer bean.

	Note
	If you do not specify any order on your custom RepositoryRestConfigurer, it runs after the one Spring Boot uses internally. If you need to specify an order, make sure it is higher than 0.

If you want to configure a component that JPA uses, then you need to ensure that the component is initialized before JPA. When the component is auto-configured, Spring Boot takes care of this for you. For example, when Flyway is auto-configured, Hibernate is configured to depend upon Flyway so that Flyway has a chance to initialize the database before Hibernate tries to use it.

If you are configuring a component yourself, you can use an EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor subclass as a convenient way of setting up the necessary dependencies. For example, if you use Hibernate Search with Elasticsearch as its index manager, any EntityManagerFactory beans must be configured to depend on the elasticsearchClient bean, as shown in the following example:

/**
 * {@link EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor} that ensures that
 * {@link EntityManagerFactory} beans depend on the {@code elasticsearchClient} bean.
 */
@Configuration
static class ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration extends EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor {

	ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration() {
		super("elasticsearchClient");
	}

}

If you need to use jOOQ with multiple data sources, you should create your own DSLContext for each one. Refer to JooqAutoConfiguration for more details.

	Tip
	In particular, JooqExceptionTranslator and SpringTransactionProvider can be reused to provide similar features to what the auto-configuration does with a single DataSource.