Core Features

The “Liveness” state of an application tells whether its internal state allows it to work correctly, or recover by itself if it is currently failing. A broken “Liveness” state means that the application is in a state that it cannot recover from, and the infrastructure should restart the application.

The internal state of Spring Boot applications is mostly represented by the Spring ApplicationContext. If the application context has started successfully, Spring Boot assumes that the application is in a valid state. An application is considered live as soon as the context has been refreshed, see Spring Boot application lifecycle and related Application Events.

The “Readiness” state of an application tells whether the application is ready to handle traffic. A failing “Readiness” state tells the platform that it should not route traffic to the application for now. This typically happens during startup, while CommandLineRunner and ApplicationRunner components are being processed, or at any time if the application decides that it is too busy for additional traffic.

An application is considered ready as soon as application and command-line runners have been called, see Spring Boot application lifecycle and related Application Events.

Application components can retrieve the current availability state at any time, by injecting the ApplicationAvailability interface and calling methods on it. More often, applications will want to listen to state updates or update the state of the application.

For example, we can export the "Readiness" state of the application to a file so that a Kubernetes "exec Probe" can look at this file:

We can also update the state of the application, when the application breaks and cannot recover:

Spring Boot provides Kubernetes HTTP probes for "Liveness" and "Readiness" with Actuator Health Endpoints. You can get more guidance about deploying Spring Boot applications on Kubernetes in the dedicated section.

By default, when a specified config data location does not exist, Spring Boot will throw a ConfigDataLocationNotFoundException and your application will not start.

If you want to specify a location, but you do not mind if it does not always exist, you can use the optional: prefix. You can use this prefix with the spring.config.location and spring.config.additional-location properties, as well as with spring.config.import declarations.

For example, a spring.config.import value of optional:file:./myconfig.properties allows your application to start, even if the myconfig.properties file is missing.

If you want to ignore all ConfigDataLocationNotFoundExceptions and always continue to start your application, you can use the spring.config.on-not-found property. Set the value to ignore using SpringApplication.setDefaultProperties(…​) or with a system/environment variable.

If a config file location includes the * character for the last path segment, it is considered a wildcard location. Wildcards are expanded when the config is loaded so that immediate subdirectories are also checked. Wildcard locations are particularly useful in an environment such as Kubernetes when there are multiple sources of config properties.

For example, if you have some Redis configuration and some MySQL configuration, you might want to keep those two pieces of configuration separate, while requiring that both those are present in an application.properties file. This might result in two separate application.properties files mounted at different locations such as /config/redis/application.properties and /config/mysql/application.properties. In such a case, having a wildcard location of config/*/, will result in both files being processed.

By default, Spring Boot includes config/*/ in the default search locations. It means that all subdirectories of the /config directory outside of your jar will be searched.

You can use wildcard locations yourself with the spring.config.location and spring.config.additional-location properties.

As well as application property files, Spring Boot will also attempt to load profile-specific files using the naming convention application-{profile}. For example, if your application activates a profile named prod and uses YAML files, then both application.yaml and application-prod.yaml will be considered.

Profile-specific properties are loaded from the same locations as standard application.properties, with profile-specific files always overriding the non-specific ones. If several profiles are specified, a last-wins strategy applies. For example, if profiles prod,live are specified by the spring.profiles.active property, values in application-prod.properties can be overridden by those in application-live.properties.

The Environment has a set of default profiles (by default, [default]) that are used if no active profiles are set. In other words, if no profiles are explicitly activated, then properties from application-default are considered.

Application properties may import further config data from other locations using the spring.config.import property. Imports are processed as they are discovered, and are treated as additional documents inserted immediately below the one that declares the import.

For example, you might have the following in your classpath application.properties file:

This will trigger the import of a dev.properties file in current directory (if such a file exists). Values from the imported dev.properties will take precedence over the file that triggered the import. In the above example, the dev.properties could redefine spring.application.name to a different value.

An import will only be imported once no matter how many times it is declared. The order an import is defined inside a single document within the properties/yaml file does not matter. For instance, the two examples below produce the same result:

In both of the above examples, the values from the my.properties file will take precedence over the file that triggered its import.

Several locations can be specified under a single spring.config.import key. Locations will be processed in the order that they are defined, with later imports taking precedence.

Some cloud platforms cannot add a file extension to volume mounted files. To import these extensionless files, you need to give Spring Boot a hint so that it knows how to load them. You can do this by putting an extension hint in square brackets.

For example, suppose you have a /etc/config/myconfig file that you wish to import as yaml. You can import it from your application.properties using the following:

When running applications on a cloud platform (such as Kubernetes) you often need to read config values that the platform supplies. It is not uncommon to use environment variables for such purposes, but this can have drawbacks, especially if the value is supposed to be kept secret.

As an alternative to environment variables, many cloud platforms now allow you to map configuration into mounted data volumes. For example, Kubernetes can volume mount both ConfigMaps and Secrets.

There are two common volume mount patterns that can be used:

For the first case, you can import the YAML or Properties file directly using spring.config.import as described above. For the second case, you need to use the configtree: prefix so that Spring Boot knows it needs to expose all the files as properties.

As an example, let’s imagine that Kubernetes has mounted the following volume:

The contents of the username file would be a config value, and the contents of password would be a secret.

To import these properties, you can add the following to your application.properties or application.yaml file:

You can then access or inject myapp.username and myapp.password properties from the Environment in the usual way.

If you have multiple config trees to import from the same parent folder you can use a wildcard shortcut. Any configtree: location that ends with /*/ will import all immediate children as config trees. As with a non-wildcard import, the names of the folders and files under each config tree form the property name.

For example, given the following volume:

You can use configtree:/etc/config/*/ as the import location:

This will add db.username, db.password, mq.username and mq.password properties.

Configuration trees can also be used for Docker secrets. When a Docker swarm service is granted access to a secret, the secret gets mounted into the container. For example, if a secret named db.password is mounted at location /run/secrets/, you can make db.password available to the Spring environment using the following:

The values in application.properties and application.yaml are filtered through the existing Environment when they are used, so you can refer back to previously defined values (for example, from System properties or environment variables). The standard ${name} property-placeholder syntax can be used anywhere within a value. Property placeholders can also specify a default value using a : to separate the default value from the property name, for example ${name:default}.

The use of placeholders with and without defaults is shown in the following example:

Assuming that the username property has not been set elsewhere, app.description will have the value MyApp is a Spring Boot application written by Unknown.

Spring Boot allows you to split a single physical file into multiple logical documents which are each added independently. Documents are processed in order, from top to bottom. Later documents can override the properties defined in earlier ones.

For application.yaml files, the standard YAML multi-document syntax is used. Three consecutive hyphens represent the end of one document, and the start of the next.

For example, the following file has two logical documents:

For application.properties files a special #--- or !--- comment is used to mark the document splits:

It is sometimes useful to only activate a given set of properties when certain conditions are met. For example, you might have properties that are only relevant when a specific profile is active.

You can conditionally activate a properties document using spring.config.activate.*.

The following activation properties are available:

For example, the following specifies that the second document is only active when running on Kubernetes, and only when either the “prod” or “staging” profiles are active:

YAML documents need to be converted from their hierarchical format to a flat structure that can be used with the Spring Environment. For example, consider the following YAML document:

In order to access these properties from the Environment, they would be flattened as follows:

Likewise, YAML lists also need to be flattened. They are represented as property keys with [index] dereferencers. For example, consider the following YAML:

The preceding example would be transformed into these properties:

Spring Framework provides two convenient classes that can be used to load YAML documents. The YamlPropertiesFactoryBean loads YAML as Properties and the YamlMapFactoryBean loads YAML as a Map.

You can also use the YamlPropertySourceLoader class if you want to load YAML as a Spring PropertySource.

It is possible to bind a bean declaring standard JavaBean properties as shown in the following example:

The preceding POJO defines the following properties:

The example in the previous section can be rewritten in an immutable fashion as shown in the following example:

In this setup, the presence of a single parameterized constructor implies that constructor binding should be used. This means that the binder will find a constructor with the parameters that you wish to have bound. If your class has multiple constructors, the @ConstructorBinding annotation can be used to specify which constructor to use for constructor binding. To opt out of constructor binding for a class with a single parameterized constructor, the constructor must be annotated with @Autowired. Constructor binding can be used with records. Unless your record has multiple constructors, there is no need to use @ConstructorBinding.

Nested members of a constructor bound class (such as Security in the example above) will also be bound through their constructor.

Default values can be specified using @DefaultValue on constructor parameters and record components. The conversion service will be applied to coerce the annotation’s String value to the target type of a missing property.

Referring to the previous example, if no properties are bound to Security, the MyProperties instance will contain a null value for security. To make it contain a non-null instance of Security even when no properties are bound to it (when using Kotlin, this will require the username and password parameters of Security to be declared as nullable as they do not have default values), use an empty @DefaultValue annotation:

Spring Boot provides infrastructure to bind @ConfigurationProperties types and register them as beans. You can either enable configuration properties on a class-by-class basis or enable configuration property scanning that works in a similar manner to component scanning.

Sometimes, classes annotated with @ConfigurationProperties might not be suitable for scanning, for example, if you’re developing your own auto-configuration or you want to enable them conditionally. In these cases, specify the list of types to process using the @EnableConfigurationProperties annotation. This can be done on any @Configuration class, as shown in the following example:

To use configuration property scanning, add the @ConfigurationPropertiesScan annotation to your application. Typically, it is added to the main application class that is annotated with @SpringBootApplication but it can be added to any @Configuration class. By default, scanning will occur from the package of the class that declares the annotation. If you want to define specific packages to scan, you can do so as shown in the following example:

We recommend that @ConfigurationProperties only deal with the environment and, in particular, does not inject other beans from the context. For corner cases, setter injection can be used or any of the *Aware interfaces provided by the framework (such as EnvironmentAware if you need access to the Environment). If you still want to inject other beans using the constructor, the configuration properties bean must be annotated with @Component and use JavaBean-based property binding.

This style of configuration works particularly well with the SpringApplication external YAML configuration, as shown in the following example:

To work with @ConfigurationProperties beans, you can inject them in the same way as any other bean, as shown in the following example:

As well as using @ConfigurationProperties to annotate a class, you can also use it on public @Bean methods. Doing so can be particularly useful when you want to bind properties to third-party components that are outside of your control.

To configure a bean from the Environment properties, add @ConfigurationProperties to its bean registration, as shown in the following example:

Any JavaBean property defined with the another prefix is mapped onto that AnotherComponent bean in manner similar to the preceding SomeProperties example.

Spring Boot uses some relaxed rules for binding Environment properties to @ConfigurationProperties beans, so there does not need to be an exact match between the Environment property name and the bean property name. Common examples where this is useful include dash-separated environment properties (for example, context-path binds to contextPath), and capitalized environment properties (for example, PORT binds to port).

As an example, consider the following @ConfigurationProperties class:

With the preceding code, the following properties names can all be used:

When lists are configured in more than one place, overriding works by replacing the entire list.

For example, assume a MyPojo object with name and description attributes that are null by default. The following example exposes a list of MyPojo objects from MyProperties:

Consider the following configuration:

If the dev profile is not active, MyProperties.list contains one MyPojo entry, as previously defined. If the dev profile is enabled, however, the list still contains only one entry (with a name of my another name and a description of null). This configuration does not add a second MyPojo instance to the list, and it does not merge the items.

When a List is specified in multiple profiles, the one with the highest priority (and only that one) is used. Consider the following example:

In the preceding example, if the dev profile is active, MyProperties.list contains one MyPojo entry (with a name of my another name and a description of null). For YAML, both comma-separated lists and YAML lists can be used for completely overriding the contents of the list.

For Map properties, you can bind with property values drawn from multiple sources. However, for the same property in multiple sources, the one with the highest priority is used. The following example exposes a Map<String, MyPojo> from MyProperties:

Consider the following configuration:

If the dev profile is not active, MyProperties.map contains one entry with key key1 (with a name of my name 1 and a description of my description 1). If the dev profile is enabled, however, map contains two entries with keys key1 (with a name of dev name 1 and a description of my description 1) and key2 (with a name of dev name 2 and a description of dev description 2).

Spring Boot attempts to coerce the external application properties to the right type when it binds to the @ConfigurationProperties beans. If you need custom type conversion, you can provide a ConversionService bean (with a bean named conversionService) or custom property editors (through a CustomEditorConfigurer bean) or custom Converters (with bean definitions annotated as @ConfigurationPropertiesBinding).

Spring Boot attempts to validate @ConfigurationProperties classes whenever they are annotated with Spring’s @Validated annotation. You can use JSR-303 jakarta.validation constraint annotations directly on your configuration class. To do so, ensure that a compliant JSR-303 implementation is on your classpath and then add constraint annotations to your fields, as shown in the following example:

To ensure that validation is always triggered for nested properties, even when no properties are found, the associated field must be annotated with @Valid. The following example builds on the preceding MyProperties example:

You can also add a custom Spring Validator by creating a bean definition called configurationPropertiesValidator. The @Bean method should be declared static. The configuration properties validator is created very early in the application’s lifecycle, and declaring the @Bean method as static lets the bean be created without having to instantiate the @Configuration class. Doing so avoids any problems that may be caused by early instantiation.

The @Value annotation is a core container feature, and it does not provide the same features as type-safe configuration properties. The following table summarizes the features that are supported by @ConfigurationProperties and @Value:

If you define a set of configuration keys for your own components, we recommend you group them in a POJO annotated with @ConfigurationProperties. Doing so will provide you with structured, type-safe object that you can inject into your own beans.

SpEL expressions from application property files are not processed at time of parsing these files and populating the environment. However, it is possible to write a SpEL expression in @Value. If the value of a property from an application property file is a SpEL expression, it will be evaluated when consumed through @Value.

If your terminal supports ANSI, color output is used to aid readability. You can set spring.output.ansi.enabled to a supported value to override the auto-detection.

Color coding is configured by using the %clr conversion word. In its simplest form, the converter colors the output according to the log level, as shown in the following example:

The following table describes the mapping of log levels to colors:

Alternatively, you can specify the color or style that should be used by providing it as an option to the conversion. For example, to make the text yellow, use the following setting:

The following colors and styles are supported:

The <springProfile> tag lets you optionally include or exclude sections of configuration based on the active Spring profiles. Profile sections are supported anywhere within the <configuration> element. Use the name attribute to specify which profile accepts the configuration. The <springProfile> tag can contain a profile name (for example staging) or a profile expression. A profile expression allows for more complicated profile logic to be expressed, for example production & (eu-central | eu-west). Check the Spring Framework reference guide for more details. The following listing shows three sample profiles:

The <springProperty> tag lets you expose properties from the Spring Environment for use within Logback. Doing so can be useful if you want to access values from your application.properties file in your Logback configuration. The tag works in a similar way to Logback’s standard <property> tag. However, rather than specifying a direct value, you specify the source of the property (from the Environment). If you need to store the property somewhere other than in local scope, you can use the scope attribute. If you need a fallback value (in case the property is not set in the Environment), you can use the defaultValue attribute. The following example shows how to expose properties for use within Logback:

The <SpringProfile> tag lets you optionally include or exclude sections of configuration based on the active Spring profiles. Profile sections are supported anywhere within the <Configuration> element. Use the name attribute to specify which profile accepts the configuration. The <SpringProfile> tag can contain a profile name (for example staging) or a profile expression. A profile expression allows for more complicated profile logic to be expressed, for example production & (eu-central | eu-west). Check the Spring Framework reference guide for more details. The following listing shows three sample profiles:

If you want to refer to properties from your Spring Environment within your Log4j2 configuration you can use spring: prefixed lookups. Doing so can be useful if you want to access values from your application.properties file in your Log4j2 configuration.

The following example shows how to set a Log4j2 property named applicationName that reads spring.application.name from the Spring Environment:

Log4j2 supports a number of System Properties that can be used to configure various items. For example, the log4j2.skipJansi system property can be used to configure if the ConsoleAppender will try to use a Jansi output stream on Windows.

All system properties that are loaded after the Log4j2 initialization can be obtained from the Spring Environment. For example, you could add log4j2.skipJansi=false to your application.properties file to have the ConsoleAppender use Jansi on Windows.

If you use Jackson to serialize and deserialize JSON data, you might want to write your own JsonSerializer and JsonDeserializer classes. Custom serializers are usually registered with Jackson through a module, but Spring Boot provides an alternative @JsonComponent annotation that makes it easier to directly register Spring Beans.

You can use the @JsonComponent annotation directly on JsonSerializer, JsonDeserializer or KeyDeserializer implementations. You can also use it on classes that contain serializers/deserializers as inner classes, as shown in the following example:

All @JsonComponent beans in the ApplicationContext are automatically registered with Jackson. Because @JsonComponent is meta-annotated with @Component, the usual component-scanning rules apply.

Spring Boot also provides JsonObjectSerializer and JsonObjectDeserializer base classes that provide useful alternatives to the standard Jackson versions when serializing objects. See JsonObjectSerializer and JsonObjectDeserializer in the Javadoc for details.

The example above can be rewritten to use JsonObjectSerializer/JsonObjectDeserializer as follows:

Jackson has support for mixins that can be used to mix additional annotations into those already declared on a target class. Spring Boot’s Jackson auto-configuration will scan your application’s packages for classes annotated with @JsonMixin and register them with the auto-configured ObjectMapper. The registration is performed by Spring Boot’s JsonMixinModule.

If Spring MVC is available, a regular MVC-based application context is configured. If you have only Spring WebFlux, we will detect that and configure a WebFlux-based application context instead.

If both are present, Spring MVC takes precedence. If you want to test a reactive web application in this scenario, you must set the spring.main.web-application-type property:

If you are familiar with the Spring Test Framework, you may be used to using @ContextConfiguration(classes=…​) in order to specify which Spring @Configuration to load. Alternatively, you might have often used nested @Configuration classes within your test.

When testing Spring Boot applications, this is often not required. Spring Boot’s @*Test annotations search for your primary configuration automatically whenever you do not explicitly define one.

The search algorithm works up from the package that contains the test until it finds a class annotated with @SpringBootApplication or @SpringBootConfiguration. As long as you structured your code in a sensible way, your main configuration is usually found.

If you want to customize the primary configuration, you can use a nested @TestConfiguration class. Unlike a nested @Configuration class, which would be used instead of your application’s primary configuration, a nested @TestConfiguration class is used in addition to your application’s primary configuration.

Typically the test configuration discovered by @SpringBootTest will be your main @SpringBootApplication. In most well structured applications, this configuration class will also include the main method used to launch the application.

For example, the following is a very common code pattern for a typical Spring Boot application:

In the example above, the main method doesn’t do anything other than delegate to SpringApplication.run. It is, however, possible to have a more complex main method that applies customizations before calling SpringApplication.run.

For example, here is an application that changes the banner mode and sets additional profiles:

Since customizations in the main method can affect the resulting ApplicationContext, it’s possible that you might also want to use the main method to create the ApplicationContext used in your tests. By default, @SpringBootTest will not call your main method, and instead the class itself is used directly to create the ApplicationContext

If you want to change this behavior, you can change the useMainMethod attribute of @SpringBootTest to UseMainMethod.ALWAYS or UseMainMethod.WHEN_AVAILABLE. When set to ALWAYS, the test will fail if no main method can be found. When set to WHEN_AVAILABLE the main method will be used if it is available, otherwise the standard loading mechanism will be used.

For example, the following test will invoke the main method of MyApplication in order to create the ApplicationContext. If the main method sets additional profiles then those will be active when the ApplicationContext starts.

If your application uses component scanning (for example, if you use @SpringBootApplication or @ComponentScan), you may find top-level configuration classes that you created only for specific tests accidentally get picked up everywhere.

As we have seen earlier, @TestConfiguration can be used on an inner class of a test to customize the primary configuration. @TestConfiguration can also be used on a top-level class. Doing so indicates that the class should not be picked up by scanning. You can then import the class explicitly where it is required, as shown in the following example:

If your application expects arguments, you can have @SpringBootTest inject them using the args attribute.

By default, @SpringBootTest does not start the server but instead sets up a mock environment for testing web endpoints.

With Spring MVC, we can query our web endpoints using MockMvc or WebTestClient, as shown in the following example:

With Spring WebFlux endpoints, you can use WebTestClient as shown in the following example:

If you need to start a full running server, we recommend that you use random ports. If you use @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT), an available port is picked at random each time your test runs.

The @LocalServerPort annotation can be used to inject the actual port used into your test. For convenience, tests that need to make REST calls to the started server can additionally @Autowire a WebTestClient, which resolves relative links to the running server and comes with a dedicated API for verifying responses, as shown in the following example:

This setup requires spring-webflux on the classpath. If you can not or will not add webflux, Spring Boot also provides a TestRestTemplate facility:

To customize the WebTestClient bean, configure a WebTestClientBuilderCustomizer bean. Any such beans are called with the WebTestClient.Builder that is used to create the WebTestClient.

As the test context framework caches context, JMX is disabled by default to prevent identical components to register on the same domain. If such test needs access to an MBeanServer, consider marking it dirty as well:

Regardless of your classpath, meter registries, except the in-memory backed, are not auto-configured when using @SpringBootTest.

If you need to export metrics to a different backend as part of an integration test, annotate it with @AutoConfigureObservability.

Regardless of your classpath, tracing components which are reporting data are not auto-configured when using @SpringBootTest.

If you need those components as part of an integration test, annotate the test with @AutoConfigureObservability.

If you have created your own reporting components (e.g. a custom SpanExporter or SpanHandler) and you don’t want them to be active in tests, you can use the @ConditionalOnEnabledTracing annotation to disable them.

When running tests, it is sometimes necessary to mock certain components within your application context. For example, you may have a facade over some remote service that is unavailable during development. Mocking can also be useful when you want to simulate failures that might be hard to trigger in a real environment.

Spring Boot includes a @MockBean annotation that can be used to define a Mockito mock for a bean inside your ApplicationContext. You can use the annotation to add new beans or replace a single existing bean definition. The annotation can be used directly on test classes, on fields within your test, or on @Configuration classes and fields. When used on a field, the instance of the created mock is also injected. Mock beans are automatically reset after each test method.

The following example replaces an existing RemoteService bean with a mock implementation:

Additionally, you can use @SpyBean to wrap any existing bean with a Mockito spy. See the Javadoc for full details.

Spring Boot’s auto-configuration system works well for applications but can sometimes be a little too much for tests. It often helps to load only the parts of the configuration that are required to test a “slice” of your application. For example, you might want to test that Spring MVC controllers are mapping URLs correctly, and you do not want to involve database calls in those tests, or you might want to test JPA entities, and you are not interested in the web layer when those tests run.

The spring-boot-test-autoconfigure module includes a number of annotations that can be used to automatically configure such “slices”. Each of them works in a similar way, providing a @…​Test annotation that loads the ApplicationContext and one or more @AutoConfigure…​ annotations that can be used to customize auto-configuration settings.

To test that object JSON serialization and deserialization is working as expected, you can use the @JsonTest annotation. @JsonTest auto-configures the available supported JSON mapper, which can be one of the following libraries:

If you need to configure elements of the auto-configuration, you can use the @AutoConfigureJsonTesters annotation.

Spring Boot includes AssertJ-based helpers that work with the JSONAssert and JsonPath libraries to check that JSON appears as expected. The JacksonTester, GsonTester, JsonbTester, and BasicJsonTester classes can be used for Jackson, Gson, Jsonb, and Strings respectively. Any helper fields on the test class can be @Autowired when using @JsonTest. The following example shows a test class for Jackson:

If you use Spring Boot’s AssertJ-based helpers to assert on a number value at a given JSON path, you might not be able to use isEqualTo depending on the type. Instead, you can use AssertJ’s satisfies to assert that the value matches the given condition. For instance, the following example asserts that the actual number is a float value close to 0.15 within an offset of 0.01.

To test whether Spring MVC controllers are working as expected, use the @WebMvcTest annotation. @WebMvcTest auto-configures the Spring MVC infrastructure and limits scanned beans to @Controller, @ControllerAdvice, @JsonComponent, Converter, GenericConverter, Filter, HandlerInterceptor, WebMvcConfigurer, WebMvcRegistrations, and HandlerMethodArgumentResolver. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @WebMvcTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

Often, @WebMvcTest is limited to a single controller and is used in combination with @MockBean to provide mock implementations for required collaborators.

@WebMvcTest also auto-configures MockMvc. Mock MVC offers a powerful way to quickly test MVC controllers without needing to start a full HTTP server.

If you use HtmlUnit and Selenium, auto-configuration also provides an HtmlUnit WebClient bean and/or a Selenium WebDriver bean. The following example uses HtmlUnit:

If you have Spring Security on the classpath, @WebMvcTest will also scan WebSecurityConfigurer beans. Instead of disabling security completely for such tests, you can use Spring Security’s test support. More details on how to use Spring Security’s MockMvc support can be found in this howto.html how-to section.

To test that Spring WebFlux controllers are working as expected, you can use the @WebFluxTest annotation. @WebFluxTest auto-configures the Spring WebFlux infrastructure and limits scanned beans to @Controller, @ControllerAdvice, @JsonComponent, Converter, GenericConverter, WebFilter, and WebFluxConfigurer. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @WebFluxTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

Often, @WebFluxTest is limited to a single controller and used in combination with the @MockBean annotation to provide mock implementations for required collaborators.

@WebFluxTest also auto-configures WebTestClient, which offers a powerful way to quickly test WebFlux controllers without needing to start a full HTTP server.

Spring GraphQL offers a dedicated testing support module; you’ll need to add it to your project:

This testing module ships the GraphQlTester. The tester is heavily used in test, so be sure to become familiar with using it. There are GraphQlTester variants and Spring Boot will auto-configure them depending on the type of tests:

Spring Boot helps you to test your Spring GraphQL Controllers with the @GraphQlTest annotation. @GraphQlTest auto-configures the Spring GraphQL infrastructure, without any transport nor server being involved. This limits scanned beans to @Controller, RuntimeWiringConfigurer, JsonComponent, Converter, GenericConverter, DataFetcherExceptionResolver, Instrumentation and GraphQlSourceBuilderCustomizer. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @GraphQlTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

Often, @GraphQlTest is limited to a set of controllers and used in combination with the @MockBean annotation to provide mock implementations for required collaborators.

@SpringBootTest tests are full integration tests and involve the entire application. When using a random or defined port, a live server is configured and an HttpGraphQlTester bean is contributed automatically so you can use it to test your server. When a MOCK environment is configured, you can also request an HttpGraphQlTester bean by annotating your test class with @AutoConfigureHttpGraphQlTester:

You can use @DataCassandraTest to test Cassandra applications. By default, it configures a CassandraTemplate, scans for @Table classes, and configures Spring Data Cassandra repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataCassandraTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using Cassandra with Spring Boot, see "data.html".)

The following example shows a typical setup for using Cassandra tests in Spring Boot:

You can use @DataCouchbaseTest to test Couchbase applications. By default, it configures a CouchbaseTemplate or ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate, scans for @Document classes, and configures Spring Data Couchbase repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataCouchbaseTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using Couchbase with Spring Boot, see "data.html", earlier in this chapter.)

The following example shows a typical setup for using Couchbase tests in Spring Boot:

You can use @DataElasticsearchTest to test Elasticsearch applications. By default, it configures an ElasticsearchRestTemplate, scans for @Document classes, and configures Spring Data Elasticsearch repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataElasticsearchTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using Elasticsearch with Spring Boot, see "data.html", earlier in this chapter.)

The following example shows a typical setup for using Elasticsearch tests in Spring Boot:

You can use the @DataJpaTest annotation to test JPA applications. By default, it scans for @Entity classes and configures Spring Data JPA repositories. If an embedded database is available on the classpath, it configures one as well. SQL queries are logged by default by setting the spring.jpa.show-sql property to true. This can be disabled using the showSql attribute of the annotation.

Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataJpaTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

By default, data JPA tests are transactional and roll back at the end of each test. See the relevant section in the Spring Framework Reference Documentation for more details. If that is not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class as follows:

Data JPA tests may also inject a TestEntityManager bean, which provides an alternative to the standard JPA EntityManager that is specifically designed for tests.

A JdbcTemplate is also available if you need that. The following example shows the @DataJpaTest annotation in use:

In-memory embedded databases generally work well for tests, since they are fast and do not require any installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real database you can use the @AutoConfigureTestDatabase annotation, as shown in the following example:

@JdbcTest is similar to @DataJpaTest but is for tests that only require a DataSource and do not use Spring Data JDBC. By default, it configures an in-memory embedded database and a JdbcTemplate. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @JdbcTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

By default, JDBC tests are transactional and roll back at the end of each test. See the relevant section in the Spring Framework Reference Documentation for more details. If that is not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class, as follows:

If you prefer your test to run against a real database, you can use the @AutoConfigureTestDatabase annotation in the same way as for @DataJpaTest. (See "Auto-configured Data JPA Tests".)

@DataJdbcTest is similar to @JdbcTest but is for tests that use Spring Data JDBC repositories. By default, it configures an in-memory embedded database, a JdbcTemplate, and Spring Data JDBC repositories. Only AbstractJdbcConfiguration subclasses are scanned when the @DataJdbcTest annotation is used, regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

By default, Data JDBC tests are transactional and roll back at the end of each test. See the relevant section in the Spring Framework Reference Documentation for more details. If that is not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole test class as shown in the JDBC example.

If you prefer your test to run against a real database, you can use the @AutoConfigureTestDatabase annotation in the same way as for @DataJpaTest. (See "Auto-configured Data JPA Tests".)

@DataR2dbcTest is similar to @DataJdbcTest but is for tests that use Spring Data R2DBC repositories. By default, it configures an in-memory embedded database, an R2dbcEntityTemplate, and Spring Data R2DBC repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataR2dbcTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

By default, Data R2DBC tests are not transactional.

If you prefer your test to run against a real database, you can use the @AutoConfigureTestDatabase annotation in the same way as for @DataJpaTest. (See "Auto-configured Data JPA Tests".)

You can use @JooqTest in a similar fashion as @JdbcTest but for jOOQ-related tests. As jOOQ relies heavily on a Java-based schema that corresponds with the database schema, the existing DataSource is used. If you want to replace it with an in-memory database, you can use @AutoConfigureTestDatabase to override those settings. (For more about using jOOQ with Spring Boot, see "data.html".) Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @JooqTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

@JooqTest configures a DSLContext. The following example shows the @JooqTest annotation in use:

JOOQ tests are transactional and roll back at the end of each test by default. If that is not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole test class as shown in the JDBC example.

You can use @DataMongoTest to test MongoDB applications. By default, it configures a MongoTemplate, scans for @Document classes, and configures Spring Data MongoDB repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataMongoTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using MongoDB with Spring Boot, see "data.html".)

The following class shows the @DataMongoTest annotation in use:

You can use @DataNeo4jTest to test Neo4j applications. By default, it scans for @Node classes, and configures Spring Data Neo4j repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataNeo4jTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using Neo4J with Spring Boot, see "data.html".)

The following example shows a typical setup for using Neo4J tests in Spring Boot:

By default, Data Neo4j tests are transactional and roll back at the end of each test. See the relevant section in the Spring Framework Reference Documentation for more details. If that is not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class, as follows:

You can use @DataRedisTest to test Redis applications. By default, it scans for @RedisHash classes and configures Spring Data Redis repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataRedisTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using Redis with Spring Boot, see "data.html".)

The following example shows the @DataRedisTest annotation in use:

You can use @DataLdapTest to test LDAP applications. By default, it configures an in-memory embedded LDAP (if available), configures an LdapTemplate, scans for @Entry classes, and configures Spring Data LDAP repositories. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @DataLdapTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans. (For more about using LDAP with Spring Boot, see "data.html".)

The following example shows the @DataLdapTest annotation in use:

In-memory embedded LDAP generally works well for tests, since it is fast and does not require any developer installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real LDAP server, you should exclude the embedded LDAP auto-configuration, as shown in the following example:

You can use the @RestClientTest annotation to test REST clients. By default, it auto-configures Jackson, GSON, and Jsonb support, configures a RestTemplateBuilder and a RestClient.Builder, and adds support for MockRestServiceServer. Regular @Component and @ConfigurationProperties beans are not scanned when the @RestClientTest annotation is used. @EnableConfigurationProperties can be used to include @ConfigurationProperties beans.

The specific beans that you want to test should be specified by using the value or components attribute of @RestClientTest.

When using a RestTemplateBuilder in the beans under test and RestTemplateBuilder.rootUri(String rootUri) has been called when building the RestTemplate, then the root URI should be omitted from the MockRestServiceServer expectations as shown in the following example:

When using a RestClient.Builder in the beans under test, or when using a RestTemplateBuilder without calling rootUri(String rootURI), the full URI must be used in the MockRestServiceServer expectations as shown in the following example:

You can use the @AutoConfigureRestDocs annotation to use Spring REST Docs in your tests with Mock MVC, REST Assured, or WebTestClient. It removes the need for the JUnit extension in Spring REST Docs.

@AutoConfigureRestDocs can be used to override the default output directory (target/generated-snippets if you are using Maven or build/generated-snippets if you are using Gradle). It can also be used to configure the host, scheme, and port that appears in any documented URIs.

Each slice provides one or more @AutoConfigure…​ annotations that namely defines the auto-configurations that should be included as part of a slice. Additional auto-configurations can be added on a test-by-test basis by creating a custom @AutoConfigure…​ annotation or by adding @ImportAutoConfiguration to the test as shown in the following example:

Alternatively, additional auto-configurations can be added for any use of a slice annotation by registering them in a file stored in META-INF/spring as shown in the following example:

In this example, the com.example.IntegrationAutoConfiguration is enabled on every test annotated with @JdbcTest.

If you structure your code in a sensible way, your @SpringBootApplication class is used by default as the configuration of your tests.

It then becomes important not to litter the application’s main class with configuration settings that are specific to a particular area of its functionality.

Assume that you are using Spring Data MongoDB, you rely on the auto-configuration for it, and you have enabled auditing. You could define your @SpringBootApplication as follows:

Because this class is the source configuration for the test, any slice test actually tries to enable Mongo auditing, which is definitely not what you want to do. A recommended approach is to move that area-specific configuration to a separate @Configuration class at the same level as your application, as shown in the following example:

Test slices exclude @Configuration classes from scanning. For example, for a @WebMvcTest, the following configuration will not include the given WebMvcConfigurer bean in the application context loaded by the test slice:

The configuration below will, however, cause the custom WebMvcConfigurer to be loaded by the test slice.

Another source of confusion is classpath scanning. Assume that, while you structured your code in a sensible way, you need to scan an additional package. Your application may resemble the following code:

Doing so effectively overrides the default component scan directive with the side effect of scanning those two packages regardless of the slice that you chose. For instance, a @DataJpaTest seems to suddenly scan components and user configurations of your application. Again, moving the custom directive to a separate class is a good way to fix this issue.

Spock 2.2 or later can be used to test a Spring Boot application. To do so, add a dependency on a -groovy-4.0 version of Spock’s spock-spring module to your application’s build. spock-spring integrates Spring’s test framework into Spock. See the documentation for Spock’s Spring module for further details.

A service connection is a connection to any remote service. Spring Boot’s auto-configuration can consume the details of a service connection and use them to establish a connection to a remote service. When doing so, the connection details take precedence over any connection-related configuration properties.

When using Testcontainers, connection details can be automatically created for a service running in a container by annotating the container field in the test class.

Thanks to @ServiceConnection, the above configuration allows Neo4j-related beans in the application to communicate with Neo4j running inside the Testcontainers-managed Docker container. This is done by automatically defining a Neo4jConnectionDetails bean which is then used by the Neo4j auto-configuration, overriding any connection-related configuration properties.

Service connection annotations are processed by ContainerConnectionDetailsFactory classes registered with spring.factories. A ContainerConnectionDetailsFactory can create a ConnectionDetails bean based on a specific Container subclass, or the Docker image name.

The following service connection factories are provided in the spring-boot-testcontainers jar:

By default Container.getDockerImageName() is used to obtain the name used to find connection details. This works as long as Spring Boot is able to get the instance of the Container, which is the case when using a static field like in the example above.

If you’re using a @Bean method, Spring Boot won’t call the bean method to get the Docker image name, because this would cause eager initialization issues. Instead, the return type of the bean method is used to find out which connection detail should be used. This works as long as you’re using typed containers, e.g. Neo4jContainer or RabbitMQContainer. This stops working if you’re using GenericContainer, e.g. with Redis, as shown in the following example:

Spring Boot can’t tell from GenericContainer which container image is used, so the name attribute from @ServiceConnection must be used to provide that hint.

You can also can use the name attribute of @ServiceConnection to override which connection detail will be used, for example when using custom images. If you are using the Docker image registry.mycompany.com/mirror/myredis, you’d use @ServiceConnection(name="redis") to ensure RedisConnectionDetails are created.

A slightly more verbose but also more flexible alternative to service connections is @DynamicPropertySource. A static @DynamicPropertySource method allows adding dynamic property values to the Spring Environment.

The above configuration allows Neo4j-related beans in the application to communicate with Neo4j running inside the Testcontainers-managed Docker container.

ConfigDataApplicationContextInitializer is an ApplicationContextInitializer that you can apply to your tests to load Spring Boot application.properties files. You can use it when you do not need the full set of features provided by @SpringBootTest, as shown in the following example:

TestPropertyValues lets you quickly add properties to a ConfigurableEnvironment or ConfigurableApplicationContext. You can call it with key=value strings, as follows:

OutputCapture is a JUnit Extension that you can use to capture System.out and System.err output. To use it, add @ExtendWith(OutputCaptureExtension.class) and inject CapturedOutput as an argument to your test class constructor or test method as follows:

TestRestTemplate is a convenience alternative to Spring’s RestTemplate that is useful in integration tests. You can get a vanilla template or one that sends Basic HTTP authentication (with a username and password). In either case, the template is fault tolerant. This means that it behaves in a test-friendly way by not throwing exceptions on 4xx and 5xx errors. Instead, such errors can be detected through the returned ResponseEntity and its status code.

It is recommended, but not mandatory, to use the Apache HTTP Client (version 5.1 or better). If you have that on your classpath, the TestRestTemplate responds by configuring the client appropriately. If you do use Apache’s HTTP client, some additional test-friendly features are enabled:

TestRestTemplate can be instantiated directly in your integration tests, as shown in the following example:

Alternatively, if you use the @SpringBootTest annotation with WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT or WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT, you can inject a fully configured TestRestTemplate and start using it. If necessary, additional customizations can be applied through the RestTemplateBuilder bean. Any URLs that do not specify a host and port automatically connect to the embedded server, as shown in the following example:

If you want to contribute dynamic properties at development time from your Container @Bean methods, you can do so by injecting a DynamicPropertyRegistry. This works in a similar way to the @DynamicPropertySource annotation that you can use in your tests. It allows you to add properties that will become available once your container has started.

A typical configuration would look like this:

A common pattern when using Testcontainers is to declare Container instances as static fields. Often these fields are defined directly on the test class. They can also be declared on a parent class or on an interface that the test implements.

For example, the following MyContainers interface declares mongo and neo4j containers:

If you already have containers defined in this way, or you just prefer this style, you can import these declaration classes rather than defining you containers as @Bean methods. To do so, add the @ImportTestcontainers annotation to your test configuration class:

When using devtools, you can annotate beans and bean methods with @RestartScope. Such beans won’t be recreated when the devtools restart the application. This is especially useful for Testcontainer Container beans, as they keep their state despite the application restart.

The @ConditionalOnClass and @ConditionalOnMissingClass annotations let @Configuration classes be included based on the presence or absence of specific classes. Due to the fact that annotation metadata is parsed by using ASM, you can use the value attribute to refer to the real class, even though that class might not actually appear on the running application classpath. You can also use the name attribute if you prefer to specify the class name by using a String value.

This mechanism does not apply the same way to @Bean methods where typically the return type is the target of the condition: before the condition on the method applies, the JVM will have loaded the class and potentially processed method references which will fail if the class is not present.

To handle this scenario, a separate @Configuration class can be used to isolate the condition, as shown in the following example:

The @ConditionalOnBean and @ConditionalOnMissingBean annotations let a bean be included based on the presence or absence of specific beans. You can use the value attribute to specify beans by type or name to specify beans by name. The search attribute lets you limit the ApplicationContext hierarchy that should be considered when searching for beans.

When placed on a @Bean method, the target type defaults to the return type of the method, as shown in the following example:

In the preceding example, the someService bean is going to be created if no bean of type SomeService is already contained in the ApplicationContext.

The @ConditionalOnProperty annotation lets configuration be included based on a Spring Environment property. Use the prefix and name attributes to specify the property that should be checked. By default, any property that exists and is not equal to false is matched. You can also create more advanced checks by using the havingValue and matchIfMissing attributes.