This reference guide covers how to use Spring Cloud Kubernetes.

1. Why do you need Spring Cloud Kubernetes?

Spring Cloud Kubernetes provides implementations of well known Spring Cloud interfaces allowing developers to build and run Spring Cloud applications on Kubernetes. While this project may be useful to you when building a cloud native application, it is also not a requirement in order to deploy a Spring Boot app on Kubernetes. If you are just getting started in your journey to running your Spring Boot app on Kubernetes you can accomplish a lot with nothing more than a basic Spring Boot app and Kubernetes itself. To learn more, you can get started by reading the Spring Boot reference documentation for deploying to Kubernetes and also working through the workshop material Spring and Kubernetes.

2. Starters

Starters are convenient dependency descriptors you can include in your application. Include a starter to get the dependencies and Spring Boot auto-configuration for a feature set. Starters that begin with spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8 provide implementations using the Fabric8 Kubernetes Java Client. Starters that begin with spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client provide implementations using the Kubernetes Java Client.

Starter Features
Fabric8 Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8</artifactId>
</dependency>
Kubernetes Client Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client</artifactId>
</dependency>

Discovery Client implementation that resolves service names to Kubernetes Services.
Fabric8 Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8-config</artifactId>
</dependency>
Kubernetes Client Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client-config</artifactId>
</dependency>

Load application properties from Kubernetes ConfigMaps and Secrets. Reload application properties when a ConfigMap or Secret changes.
Fabric8 Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8-all</artifactId>
</dependency>
Kubernetes Client Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client-all</artifactId>
</dependency>

All Spring Cloud Kubernetes features.

3. DiscoveryClient for Kubernetes

This project provides an implementation of Discovery Client for Kubernetes. This client lets you query Kubernetes endpoints (see services) by name. A service is typically exposed by the Kubernetes API server as a collection of endpoints that represent http and https addresses and that a client can access from a Spring Boot application running as a pod.

DiscoveryClient can also find services of type ExternalName (see ExternalName services). At the moment, external name support type of services is only available if the following property spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.include-external-name-services is set to true and only in the fabric8 implementation. In a later release, support will be added for the kubernetes native client also.

This is something that you get for free by adding the following dependency inside your project:

HTTP Based DiscoveryClient

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-discoveryclient</artifactId>
</dependency>
spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-discoveryclient is designed to be used with the Spring Cloud Kubernetes DiscoveryServer.

Fabric8 Kubernetes Client

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8</artifactId>
</dependency>

Kubernetes Java Client

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client</artifactId>
</dependency>

To enable loading of the DiscoveryClient, add @EnableDiscoveryClient to the according configuration or application class, as the following example shows:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class Application {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
  }
}

Then you can inject the client in your code simply by autowiring it, as the following example shows:

@Autowired
private DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;

You can choose to enable DiscoveryClient from all namespaces by setting the following property in application.properties:

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.all-namespaces=true

To discover services and endpoints only from specified namespaces you should set property all-namespaces to false and set the following property in application.properties (in this example namespaces are: ns1 and ns2).

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.namespaces[0]=ns1
spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.namespaces[1]=ns2

To discover service endpoint addresses that are not marked as "ready" by the kubernetes api server, you can set the following property in application.properties (default: false):

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.include-not-ready-addresses=true
This might be useful when discovering services for monitoring purposes, and would enable inspecting the /health endpoint of not-ready service instances.

If your service exposes multiple ports, you will need to specify which port the DiscoveryClient should use. The DiscoveryClient will choose the port using the following logic.

  1. If the service has a label primary-port-name it will use the port with the name specified in the label’s value.

  2. If no label is present, then the port name specified in spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.primary-port-name will be used.

  3. If neither of the above are specified it will use the port named https.

  4. If none of the above conditions are met it will use the port named http.

  5. As a last resort it wil pick the first port in the list of ports.

The last option may result in non-deterministic behaviour. Please make sure to configure your service and/or application accordingly.

By default all of the ports and their names will be added to the metadata of the ServiceInstance.

As said before, if you want to get the list of ServiceInstance to also include the ExternalName type services, you need to enable that support via: spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.include-external-name-services=true. As such, when calling DiscoveryClient::getInstances those will be returned also. You can distinguish between ExternalName and any other types by inspecting ServiceInstance::getMetadata and lookup for a field called type. This will be the type of the service returned : ExternalName/ClusterIP, etc.

ServiceInstance can include the labels and annotations of specific pods from the underlying service instance. To obtain such information, you need to also enable:

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.metadata.add-pod-labels=true and/or spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.metadata.add-pod-annotations=true. At the moment, such functionality is present only in the fabric8 client implementation, but will be added to the kubernetes native client in a later release.

If, for any reason, you need to disable the DiscoveryClient, you can set the following property in application.properties:

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.enabled=false

Some Spring Cloud components use the DiscoveryClient in order to obtain information about the local service instance. For this to work, you need to align the Kubernetes service name with the spring.application.name property.

spring.application.name has no effect as far as the name registered for the application within Kubernetes

Spring Cloud Kubernetes can also watch the Kubernetes service catalog for changes and update the DiscoveryClient implementation accordingly. By "watch" we mean that we will publish a heartbeat event every spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.catalog-services-watch-delay milliseconds (by default it is 30000). The heartbeat event will contain the target references (and their namespaces of the addresses of all endpoints (for the exact details of what will get returned you can take a look inside KubernetesCatalogWatch). This is an implementation detail, and listeners of the heartbeat event should not rely on the details. Instead, they should see if there are differences between two subsequent heartbeats via equals method. We will take care to return a correct implementation that adheres to the equals contract. The endpoints will be queried in either :

  • all namespaces (enabled via spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.all-namespaces=true)

  • specific namespaces (enabled via spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.namespaces), for example:

spring:
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      discovery:
        namespaces:
          - namespace-a
          - namespace-b

In order to enable this functionality you need to add @EnableScheduling on a configuration class in your application.

By default, we use the Endpoints(see kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#endpoints) API to find out the current state of services. There is another way though, via EndpointSlices (kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/endpoint-slices/). Such support can be enabled via a property: spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.use-endpoint-slices=true (by default it is false). Of course, your cluster has to support it also. As a matter of fact, if you enable this property, but your cluster does not support it, we will fail starting the application. If you decide to enable such support, you also need proper Role/ClusterRole set-up. For example:

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  namespace: default
  name: namespace-reader
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["discovery.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["endpointslices"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

4. Kubernetes native service discovery

Kubernetes itself is capable of (server side) service discovery (see: kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#discovering-services). Using native kubernetes service discovery ensures compatibility with additional tooling, such as Istio (istio.io), a service mesh that is capable of load balancing, circuit breaker, failover, and much more.

The caller service then need only refer to names resolvable in a particular Kubernetes cluster. A simple implementation might use a spring RestTemplate that refers to a fully qualified domain name (FQDN), such as {service-name}.{namespace}.svc.{cluster}.local:{service-port}.

Additionally, you can use Hystrix for:

  • Circuit breaker implementation on the caller side, by annotating the spring boot application class with @EnableCircuitBreaker

  • Fallback functionality, by annotating the respective method with @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod=

5. Kubernetes PropertySource implementations

The most common approach to configuring your Spring Boot application is to create an application.properties or application.yaml or an application-profile.properties or application-profile.yaml file that contains key-value pairs that provide customization values to your application or Spring Boot starters. You can override these properties by specifying system properties or environment variables.

To enable this functionality you need to set spring.config.import=kubernetes: in your application’s configuration properties. Currently you can not specify a ConfigMap or Secret to load using spring.config.import, by default Spring Cloud Kubernetes will load a ConfigMap and/or Secret based on the spring.application.name property. If spring.application.name is not set it will load a ConfigMap and/or Secret with the name application.

If you would like to load Kubernetes PropertySources during the bootstrap phase like it worked prior to the 3.0.x release you can either add spring-cloud-starter-bootstrap to your application’s classpath or set spring.cloud.bootstrap.enabled=true as an environment variable.

5.1. Using a ConfigMap PropertySource

Kubernetes provides a resource named ConfigMap to externalize the parameters to pass to your application in the form of key-value pairs or embedded application.properties or application.yaml files. The Spring Cloud Kubernetes Config project makes Kubernetes ConfigMap instances available during application startup and triggers hot reloading of beans or Spring context when changes are detected on observed ConfigMap instances.

Everything that follows is explained mainly referring to examples using ConfigMaps, but the same stands for Secrets, i.e.: every feature is supported for both.

The default behavior is to create a Fabric8ConfigMapPropertySource (or a KubernetesClientConfigMapPropertySource) based on a Kubernetes ConfigMap that has a metadata.name value of either the name of your Spring application (as defined by its spring.application.name property) or a custom name defined within the application.properties file under the following key: spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.name.

However, more advanced configuration is possible where you can use multiple ConfigMap instances. The spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.sources list makes this possible. For example, you could define the following ConfigMap instances:

spring:
  application:
    name: cloud-k8s-app
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        name: default-name
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a ConfigMap named c1 in namespace default-namespace
         - name: c1
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a ConfigMap named default-name in whatever namespace n2
         - namespace: n2
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a ConfigMap named c3 in namespace n3
         - namespace: n3
           name: c3

In the preceding example, if spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.namespace had not been set, the ConfigMap named c1 would be looked up in the namespace that the application runs. See Namespace resolution to get a better understanding of how the namespace of the application is resolved.

Any matching ConfigMap that is found is processed as follows:

  • Apply individual configuration properties.

  • Apply as yaml (or properties) the content of any property that is named by the value of spring.application.name (if it’s not present, by application.yaml/properties)

  • Apply as a properties file the content of the above name + each active profile.

An example should make a lot more sense. Let’s suppose that spring.application.name=my-app and that we have a single active profile called k8s. For a configuration as below:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: my-app
data:
  my-app.yaml: |-
    ...
  my-app-k8s.yaml: |-
    ..
  my-app-dev.yaml: |-
   ..
  someProp: someValue

These is what we will end-up loading:

  • my-app.yaml treated as a file

  • my-app-k8s.yaml treated as a file

  • my-app-dev.yaml ignored, since dev is not an active profile

  • someProp: someValue plain property

The single exception to the aforementioned flow is when the ConfigMap contains a single key that indicates the file is a YAML or properties file. In that case, the name of the key does NOT have to be application.yaml or application.properties (it can be anything) and the value of the property is treated correctly. This features facilitates the use case where the ConfigMap was created by using something like the following:

kubectl create configmap game-config --from-file=/path/to/app-config.yaml

Assume that we have a Spring Boot application named demo that uses the following properties to read its thread pool configuration.

  • pool.size.core

  • pool.size.maximum

This can be externalized to config map in yaml format as follows:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo
data:
  pool.size.core: 1
  pool.size.max: 16

Individual properties work fine for most cases. However, sometimes, embedded yaml is more convenient. In this case, we use a single property named application.yaml to embed our yaml, as follows:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo
data:
  application.yaml: |-
    pool:
      size:
        core: 1
        max:16

The following example also works:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo
data:
  custom-name.yaml: |-
    pool:
      size:
        core: 1
        max:16

You can also define the search to happen based on labels, for example:

spring:
  application:
    name: labeled-configmap-with-prefix
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        enableApi: true
        useNameAsPrefix: true
        namespace: spring-k8s
        sources:
          - labels:
              letter: a

This will search for every configmap in namespace spring-k8s that has labels {letter : a}. The important thing to notice here is that unlike reading a configmap by name, this can result in multiple config maps read. As usual, the same feature is supported for secrets.

You can also configure Spring Boot applications differently depending on active profiles that are merged together when the ConfigMap is read. You can provide different property values for different profiles by using an application.properties or application.yaml property, specifying profile-specific values, each in their own document (indicated by the --- sequence), as follows:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo
data:
  application.yml: |-
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the World
    farewell:
      message: Say Goodbye
    ---
    spring:
      profiles: development
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the Developers
    farewell:
      message: Say Goodbye to the Developers
    ---
    spring:
      profiles: production
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the Ops

In the preceding case, the configuration loaded into your Spring Application with the development profile is as follows:

  greeting:
    message: Say Hello to the Developers
  farewell:
    message: Say Goodbye to the Developers

However, if the production profile is active, the configuration becomes:

  greeting:
    message: Say Hello to the Ops
  farewell:
    message: Say Goodbye

If both profiles are active, the property that appears last within the ConfigMap overwrites any preceding values.

Another option is to create a different config map per profile and spring boot will automatically fetch it based on active profiles

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo
data:
  application.yml: |-
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the World
    farewell:
      message: Say Goodbye
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo-development
data:
  application.yml: |-
    spring:
      profiles: development
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the Developers
    farewell:
      message: Say Goodbye to the Developers
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: demo-production
data:
  application.yml: |-
    spring:
      profiles: production
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello to the Ops
    farewell:
      message: Say Goodbye

To tell Spring Boot which profile should be enabled see the Spring Boot documentation. One option for activating a specific profile when deploying to Kubernetes is to launch your Spring Boot application with an environment variable that you can define in the PodSpec at the container specification. Deployment resource file, as follows:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: deployment-name
  labels:
    app: deployment-name
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: deployment-name
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: deployment-name
    spec:
        containers:
        - name: container-name
          image: your-image
          env:
          - name: SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE
            value: "development"

You could run into a situation where there are multiple configs maps that have the same property names. For example:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: config-map-one
data:
  application.yml: |-
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello from one

and

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: config-map-two
data:
  application.yml: |-
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello from two

Depending on the order in which you place these in bootstrap.yaml|properties, you might end up with an un-expected result (the last config map wins). For example:

spring:
  application:
    name: cloud-k8s-app
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
         - name: config-map-two
         - name: config-map-one

will result in property greetings.message being Say Hello from one.

There is a way to change this default configuration by specifying useNameAsPrefix. For example:

spring:
  application:
    name: with-prefix
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        useNameAsPrefix: true
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
          - name: config-map-one
            useNameAsPrefix: false
          - name: config-map-two

Such a configuration will result in two properties being generated:

  • greetings.message equal to Say Hello from one.

  • config-map-two.greetings.message equal to Say Hello from two

Notice that spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.useNameAsPrefix has a lower priority than spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.sources.useNameAsPrefix. This allows you to set a "default" strategy for all sources, at the same time allowing to override only a few.

If using the config map name is not an option, you can specify a different strategy, called : explicitPrefix. Since this is an explicit prefix that you select, it can only be supplied to the sources level. At the same time it has a higher priority than useNameAsPrefix. Let’s suppose we have a third config map with these entries:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: config-map-three
data:
  application.yml: |-
    greeting:
      message: Say Hello from three

A configuration like the one below:

spring:
  application:
    name: with-prefix
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        useNameAsPrefix: true
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
          - name: config-map-one
            useNameAsPrefix: false
          - name: config-map-two
            explicitPrefix: two
          - name: config-map-three

will result in three properties being generated:

  • greetings.message equal to Say Hello from one.

  • two.greetings.message equal to Say Hello from two.

  • config-map-three.greetings.message equal to Say Hello from three.

The same way you configure a prefix for configmaps, you can do it for secrets also; both for secrets that are based on name and the ones based on labels. For example:

spring:
  application:
    name: prefix-based-secrets
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      secrets:
        enableApi: true
        useNameAsPrefix: true
        namespace: spring-k8s
        sources:
          - labels:
              letter: a
            useNameAsPrefix: false
          - labels:
              letter: b
            explicitPrefix: two
          - labels:
              letter: c
          - labels:
              letter: d
            useNameAsPrefix: true
          - name: my-secret

The same processing rules apply when generating property source as for config maps. The only difference is that potentially, looking up secrets by labels can mean that we find more than one source. In such a case, prefix (if specified via useNameAsPrefix) will be the names of all secrets found for those particular labels.

One more thing to bear in mind is that we support prefix per source, not per secret. The easiest way to explain this is via an example:

spring:
  application:
    name: prefix-based-secrets
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      secrets:
        enableApi: true
        useNameAsPrefix: true
        namespace: spring-k8s
        sources:
          - labels:
              color: blue
            useNameAsPrefix: true

Suppose that a query matching such a label will provide two secrets as a result: secret-a and secret-b. Both of these secrets have the same property name: color=sea-blue and color=ocean-blue. It is undefined which color will end-up as part of property sources, but the prefix for it will be secret-a.secret-b (concatenated sorted naturally, names of the secrets).

If you need more fine-grained results, adding more labels to identify the secret uniquely would be an option.

By default, besides reading the config map that is specified in the sources configuration, Spring will also try to read all properties from "profile aware" sources. The easiest way to explain this is via an example. Let’s suppose your application enables a profile called "dev" and you have a configuration like the one below:

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-k8s
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
          - name: config-map-one

Besides reading the config-map-one, Spring will also try to read config-map-one-dev; in this particular order. Each active profile generates such a profile aware config map.

Though your application should not be impacted by such a config map, it can be disabled if needed:

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-k8s
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        includeProfileSpecificSources: false
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
          - name: config-map-one
            includeProfileSpecificSources: false

Notice that just like before, there are two levels where you can specify this property: for all config maps or for individual ones; the latter having a higher priority.

You should check the security configuration section. To access config maps from inside a pod you need to have the correct Kubernetes service accounts, roles and role bindings.

Another option for using ConfigMap instances is to mount them into the Pod by running the Spring Cloud Kubernetes application and having Spring Cloud Kubernetes read them from the file system.

This feature is deprecated and will be removed in a future release (Use spring.config.import instead). This behavior is controlled by the spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.paths property. You can use it in addition to or instead of the mechanism described earlier. spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.paths expects a List of full paths to each property file, because directories are not being recursively parsed. For example: 
spring:
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      config:
        paths:
          - /tmp/application.properties
          - /var/application.yaml
If you use spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.paths or spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.path the automatic reload functionality will not work. You will need to make a POST request to the /actuator/refresh endpoint or restart/redeploy the application.

In some cases, your application may be unable to load some of your ConfigMaps using the Kubernetes API. If you want your application to fail the start-up process in such cases, you can set spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.fail-fast=true to make the application start-up fail with an Exception.

You can also make your application retry loading ConfigMap property sources on a failure. First, you need to set spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.fail-fast=true. Then you need to add spring-retry and spring-boot-starter-aop to your classpath. You can configure retry properties such as the maximum number of attempts, backoff options like initial interval, multiplier, max interval by setting the spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.* properties.

If you already have spring-retry and spring-boot-starter-aop on the classpath for some reason and want to enable fail-fast, but do not want retry to be enabled; you can disable retry for ConfigMap PropertySources by setting spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.enabled=false.
Table 1. Properties:
Name Type Default Description

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.enabled

Boolean

true

Enable ConfigMaps PropertySource

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.name

String

${spring.application.name}

Sets the name of ConfigMap to look up

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.namespace

String

Client namespace

Sets the Kubernetes namespace where to lookup

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.paths

List

null

Sets the paths where ConfigMap instances are mounted

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.enableApi

Boolean

true

Enable or disable consuming ConfigMap instances through APIs

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.fail-fast

Boolean

false

Enable or disable failing the application start-up when an error occurred while loading a ConfigMap

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.enabled

Boolean

true

Enable or disable config retry.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.initial-interval

Long

1000

Initial retry interval in milliseconds.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.max-attempts

Integer

6

Maximum number of attempts.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.max-interval

Long

2000

Maximum interval for backoff.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.retry.multiplier

Double

1.1

Multiplier for next interval.

5.2. Secrets PropertySource

Kubernetes has the notion of Secrets for storing sensitive data such as passwords, OAuth tokens, and so on. This project provides integration with Secrets to make secrets accessible by Spring Boot applications. You can explicitly enable or disable This feature by setting the spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.enabled property.

When enabled, the Fabric8SecretsPropertySource looks up Kubernetes for Secrets from the following sources:

  1. Reading recursively from secrets mounts

  2. Named after the application (as defined by spring.application.name)

  3. Matching some labels

Note:

By default, consuming Secrets through the API (points 2 and 3 above) is not enabled for security reasons. The permission 'list' on secrets allows clients to inspect secrets values in the specified namespace. Further, we recommend that containers share secrets through mounted volumes.

If you enable consuming Secrets through the API, we recommend that you limit access to Secrets by using an authorization policy, such as RBAC. For more information about risks and best practices when consuming Secrets through the API refer to this doc.

If the secrets are found, their data is made available to the application.

Assume that we have a spring boot application named demo that uses properties to read its database configuration. We can create a Kubernetes secret by using the following command:

kubectl create secret generic db-secret --from-literal=username=user --from-literal=password=p455w0rd

The preceding command would create the following secret (which you can see by using kubectl get secrets db-secret -o yaml):

apiVersion: v1
data:
  password: cDQ1NXcwcmQ=
  username: dXNlcg==
kind: Secret
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: 2017-07-04T09:15:57Z
  name: db-secret
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "357496"
  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/secrets/db-secret
  uid: 63c89263-6099-11e7-b3da-76d6186905a8
type: Opaque

Note that the data contains Base64-encoded versions of the literal provided by the create command.

Your application can then use this secret — for example, by exporting the secret’s value as environment variables:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: ${project.artifactId}
spec:
   template:
     spec:
       containers:
         - env:
            - name: DB_USERNAME
              valueFrom:
                 secretKeyRef:
                   name: db-secret
                   key: username
            - name: DB_PASSWORD
              valueFrom:
                 secretKeyRef:
                   name: db-secret
                   key: password

You can select the Secrets to consume in a number of ways:

  1. By listing the directories where secrets are mapped:

    -Dspring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.paths=/etc/secrets/db-secret,etc/secrets/postgresql

    If you have all the secrets mapped to a common root, you can set them like:

    -Dspring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.paths=/etc/secrets

  2. By setting a named secret:

    -Dspring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.name=db-secret

  3. By defining a list of labels:

    -Dspring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.labels.broker=activemq
-Dspring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.labels.db=postgresql

As the case with ConfigMap, more advanced configuration is also possible where you can use multiple Secret instances. The spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.sources list makes this possible. For example, you could define the following Secret instances:

spring:
  application:
    name: cloud-k8s-app
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      secrets:
        name: default-name
        namespace: default-namespace
        sources:
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named s1 in namespace default-namespace
         - name: s1
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named default-name in namespace n2
         - namespace: n2
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named s3 in namespace n3
         - namespace: n3
           name: s3

In the preceding example, if spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.namespace had not been set, the Secret named s1 would be looked up in the namespace that the application runs. See namespace-resolution to get a better understanding of how the namespace of the application is resolved.

Similar to the ConfigMaps; if you want your application to fail to start when it is unable to load Secrets property sources, you can set spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.fail-fast=true.

It is also possible to enable retry for Secret property sources like the ConfigMaps. As with the ConfigMap property sources, first you need to set spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.fail-fast=true. Then you need to add spring-retry and spring-boot-starter-aop to your classpath. Retry behavior of the Secret property sources can be configured by setting the spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.* properties.

If you already have spring-retry and spring-boot-starter-aop on the classpath for some reason and want to enable fail-fast, but do not want retry to be enabled; you can disable retry for Secrets PropertySources by setting spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.enabled=false.
Table 2. Properties:
Name Type Default Description

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.enabled

Boolean

true

Enable Secrets PropertySource

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.name

String

${spring.application.name}

Sets the name of the secret to look up

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.namespace

String

Client namespace

Sets the Kubernetes namespace where to look up

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.labels

Map

null

Sets the labels used to lookup secrets

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.paths

List

null

Sets the paths where secrets are mounted (example 1)

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.enableApi

Boolean

false

Enables or disables consuming secrets through APIs (examples 2 and 3)

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.fail-fast

Boolean

false

Enable or disable failing the application start-up when an error occurred while loading a Secret

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.enabled

Boolean

true

Enable or disable secrets retry.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.initial-interval

Long

1000

Initial retry interval in milliseconds.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.max-attempts

Integer

6

Maximum number of attempts.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.max-interval

Long

2000

Maximum interval for backoff.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.retry.multiplier

Double

1.1

Multiplier for next interval.

Notes:

  • The spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.labels property behaves as defined by Map-based binding.

  • The spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.paths property behaves as defined by Collection-based binding.

  • Access to secrets through the API may be restricted for security reasons. The preferred way is to mount secrets to the Pod.

You can find an example of an application that uses secrets (though it has not been updated to use the new spring-cloud-kubernetes project) at spring-boot-camel-config

5.3. Namespace resolution

Finding an application namespace happens on a best-effort basis. There are some steps that we iterate in order to find it. The easiest and most common one, is to specify it in the proper configuration, for example:

spring:
  application:
    name: app
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      secrets:
        name: secret
        namespace: default
        sources:
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named 'a' in namespace 'default'
         - name: a
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named 'secret' in namespace 'b'
         - namespace: b
         # Spring Cloud Kubernetes looks up a Secret named 'd' in namespace 'c'
         - namespace: c
           name: d

Remember that the same can be done for config maps. If such a namespace is not specified, it will be read (in this order):

  1. from property spring.cloud.kubernetes.client.namespace

  2. from a String residing in a file denoted by spring.cloud.kubernetes.client.serviceAccountNamespacePath property

  3. from a String residing in /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/namespace file (kubernetes default namespace path)

  4. from a designated client method call (for example fabric8’s : KubernetesClient::getNamespace), if the client provides such a method. This, in turn, could be configured via environment properties. For example fabric8 client can be configured via "KUBERNETES_NAMESPACE" property; consult the client documentation for exact details.

Failure to find a namespace from the above steps will result in an Exception being raised.

5.4. Order of ConfigMaps and Secrets

If, for whatever reason, you enabled both configmaps and secrets, and there is a common property between them, the value from the ConfigMap will have a higher precedence. That is: it will override whatever values are found in secrets.

5.5. PropertySource Reload

This functionality has been deprecated in the 2020.0 release. Please see the Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher controller for an alternative way to achieve the same functionality.

Some applications may need to detect changes on external property sources and update their internal status to reflect the new configuration. The reload feature of Spring Cloud Kubernetes is able to trigger an application reload when a related ConfigMap or Secret changes.

By default, this feature is disabled. You can enable it by using the spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.enabled=true configuration property (for example, in the application.properties file). Please notice that this will enable monitoring of configmaps only (i.e.: spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.monitoring-config-maps will be set to true). If you want to enable monitoring of secrets, this must be done explicitly via : spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.monitoring-secrets=true.

The following levels of reload are supported (by setting the spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.strategy property):

  • refresh (default): Only configuration beans annotated with @ConfigurationProperties or @RefreshScope are reloaded. This reload level leverages the refresh feature of Spring Cloud Context.

  • restart_context: the whole Spring ApplicationContext is gracefully restarted. Beans are recreated with the new configuration. In order for the restart context functionality to work properly you must enable and expose the restart actuator endpoint

management:
  endpoint:
    restart:
      enabled: true
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: restart

  • shutdown: the Spring ApplicationContext is shut down to activate a restart of the container. When you use this level, make sure that the lifecycle of all non-daemon threads is bound to the ApplicationContext and that a replication controller or replica set is configured to restart the pod.

Assuming that the reload feature is enabled with default settings (refresh mode), the following bean is refreshed when the config map changes:

@Configuration
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "bean")
public class MyConfig {

    private String message = "a message that can be changed live";

    // getter and setters

}

To see that changes effectively happen, you can create another bean that prints the message periodically, as follows

@Component
public class MyBean {

    @Autowired
    private MyConfig config;

    @Scheduled(fixedDelay = 5000)
    public void hello() {
        System.out.println("The message is: " + config.getMessage());
    }
}

You can change the message printed by the application by using a ConfigMap, as follows:

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: reload-example
data:
  application.properties: |-
    bean.message=Hello World!

Any change to the property named bean.message in the ConfigMap associated with the pod is reflected in the output. More generally speaking, changes associated to properties prefixed with the value defined by the prefix field of the @ConfigurationProperties annotation are detected and reflected in the application. Associating a ConfigMap with a pod is explained earlier in this chapter.

The full example is available in spring-cloud-kubernetes-reload-example.

The reload feature supports two operating modes:

  • Event (default): Watches for changes in config maps or secrets by using the Kubernetes API (web socket). Any event produces a re-check on the configuration and, in case of changes, a reload. The view role on the service account is required in order to listen for config map changes. A higher level role (such as edit) is required for secrets (by default, secrets are not monitored).

  • Polling: Periodically re-creates the configuration from config maps and secrets to see if it has changed. You can configure the polling period by using the spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.period property and defaults to 15 seconds. It requires the same role as the monitored property source. This means, for example, that using polling on file-mounted secret sources does not require particular privileges.

5.6. Reload namespace and label filtering

By default, a namespace chosen using the steps outlined in Namespace resolution will be used to listen to changes in configmaps and secrets. i.e.: if you do not tell reload what namespaces and configmaps/secrets to watch for, it will watch all configmaps/secrets from the namespace that will be computed using the above algorithm.

On the other hand, you can define a more fine-grained approach. For example, you can specify the namespaces where changes will be monitored:

spring:
  application:
    name: event-reload
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      reload:
        enabled: true
        strategy: shutdown
        mode: event
        namespaces:
          - my-namespace

Such a configuration will make the app watch changes only in the my-namespace namespace. Mind that this will watch all configmaps/secrets (depending on which one you enable). If you want an even more fine-grained approach, you can enable "label-filtering". First we need to enable such support via : enable-reload-filtering: true

spring:
  application:
    name: event-reload
  cloud:
    kubernetes:
      reload:
        enabled: true
        strategy: shutdown
        mode: event
        namespaces:
          - my-namespaces
        monitoring-config-maps: true
        enable-reload-filtering: true

What this will do, is watch configmaps/secrets that only have the spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.informer.enabled: true label.

Table 3. Properties:
Name Type Default Description

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.enabled

Boolean

false

Enables monitoring of property sources and configuration reload

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.monitoring-config-maps

Boolean

true

Allow monitoring changes in config maps

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.monitoring-secrets

Boolean

false

Allow monitoring changes in secrets

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.strategy

Enum

refresh

The strategy to use when firing a reload (refresh, restart_context, or shutdown)

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.mode

Enum

event

Specifies how to listen for changes in property sources (event or polling)

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.period

Duration

15s

The period for verifying changes when using the polling strategy

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.namespaces

String[]

namespaces where we should watch for changes

spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload.enable-reload-filtering

String

enabled labeled filtering for reload functionality

Notes:

  • You should not use properties under spring.cloud.kubernetes.reload in config maps or secrets. Changing such properties at runtime may lead to unexpected results.

  • Deleting a property or the whole config map does not restore the original state of the beans when you use the refresh level.

6. Kubernetes Ecosystem Awareness

All features described earlier in this guide work equally well, regardless of whether your application is running inside Kubernetes. This is really helpful for development and troubleshooting. From a development point of view, this lets you start your Spring Boot application and debug one of the modules that is part of this project. You need not deploy it in Kubernetes, as the code of the project relies on the Fabric8 Kubernetes Java client, which is a fluent DSL that can communicate by using http protocol to the REST API of the Kubernetes Server.

Kubernetes awareness is based on Spring Boot API, specifically on ConditionalOnCloudPlatform. That property will auto-detect if your application is currently deployed in kubernetes or not. It is possible to override that setting via spring.main.cloud-platform.

For example, if you need to test some features, but do not want to deploy to a cluster, it is enough to set the: spring.main.cloud-platform=KUBERNETES. This will make spring-cloud-kubernetes act as-if it is deployed in a real cluster.

If you have spring-cloud-starter-bootstrap on your classpath or are setting spring.cloud.bootstrap.enabled=true then you will have to set spring.main.cloud-platform should be set in bootstrap.{properties|yml} (or the profile specific one). Also note that these properties: spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.enabled and spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.enabled will only take effect when set in bootstrap.{properties|yml} when you have spring-cloud-starter-bootstrap on your classpath or are setting spring.cloud.bootstrap.enabled=true.

6.1. Breaking Changes In 3.0.x

In versions of Spring Cloud Kubernetes prior to 3.0.x, Kubernetes awareness was implemented using spring.cloud.kubernetes.enabled property. This property was removed and is un-supported. Instead, we use Spring Boot API: ConditionalOnCloudPlatform. If it is needed to explicitly enable or disable this awareness, use spring.main.cloud-platform=NONE/KUBERNETES.

6.2. Kubernetes Profile Autoconfiguration

When the application runs as a pod inside Kubernetes, a Spring profile named kubernetes automatically gets activated. This lets you customize the configuration, to define beans that are applied when the Spring Boot application is deployed within the Kubernetes platform (for example, different development and production configuration).

6.3. Istio Awareness

When you include the spring-cloud-kubernetes-fabric8-istio module in the application classpath, a new profile is added to the application, provided the application is running inside a Kubernetes Cluster with Istio installed. You can then use spring @Profile("istio") annotations in your Beans and @Configuration classes.

The Istio awareness module uses me.snowdrop:istio-client to interact with Istio APIs, letting us discover traffic rules, circuit breakers, and so on, making it easy for our Spring Boot applications to consume this data to dynamically configure themselves according to the environment.

7. Pod Health Indicator

Spring Boot uses HealthIndicator to expose info about the health of an application. That makes it really useful for exposing health-related information to the user and makes it a good fit for use as readiness probes.

The Kubernetes health indicator (which is part of the core module) exposes the following info:

  • Pod name, IP address, namespace, service account, node name, and its IP address

  • A flag that indicates whether the Spring Boot application is internal or external to Kubernetes

You can disable this HealthContributor by setting management.health.kubernetes.enabled to false in application.[properties | yaml].

8. Info Contributor

Spring Cloud Kubernetes includes an InfoContributor which adds Pod information to Spring Boot’s /info Acturator endpoint.

You can disable this InfoContributor by setting management.info.kubernetes.enabled to false in application.[properties | yaml].

9. Leader Election

The Spring Cloud Kubernetes leader election mechanism implements the leader election API of Spring Integration using a Kubernetes ConfigMap.

Multiple application instances compete for leadership, but leadership will only be granted to one. When granted leadership, a leader application receives an OnGrantedEvent application event with leadership Context. Applications periodically attempt to gain leadership, with leadership granted to the first caller. A leader will remain a leader until either it is removed from the cluster, or it yields its leadership. When leadership removal occurs, the previous leader receives OnRevokedEvent application event. After removal, any instances in the cluster may become the new leader, including the old leader.

To include it in your project, add the following dependency.

Fabric8 Leader Implementation

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-kubernetes-fabric8-leader</artifactId>
</dependency>

To specify the name of the configmap used for leader election use the following property.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.leader.config-map-name=leader

10. LoadBalancer for Kubernetes

This project includes Spring Cloud Load Balancer for load balancing based on Kubernetes Endpoints and provides implementation of load balancer based on Kubernetes Service. To include it to your project add the following dependency.

Fabric8 Implementation

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8-loadbalancer</artifactId>
</dependency>

Kubernetes Java Client Implementation

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client-loadbalancer</artifactId>
</dependency>

To enable load balancing based on Kubernetes Service name use the following property. Then load balancer would try to call application using address, for example service-a.default.svc.cluster.local

spring.cloud.kubernetes.loadbalancer.mode=SERVICE

To enabled load balancing across all namespaces use the following property. Property from spring-cloud-kubernetes-discovery module is respected.

spring.cloud.kubernetes.discovery.all-namespaces=true

If a service needs to be accessed over HTTPS you need to add a label or annotation to your service definition with the name secured and the value true and the load balancer will then use HTTPS to make requests to the service.

11. Security Configurations Inside Kubernetes

11.1. Namespace

Most of the components provided in this project need to know the namespace. For Kubernetes (1.3+), the namespace is made available to the pod as part of the service account secret and is automatically detected by the client. For earlier versions, it needs to be specified as an environment variable to the pod. A quick way to do this is as follows:

      env:
      - name: "KUBERNETES_NAMESPACE"
        valueFrom:
          fieldRef:
            fieldPath: "metadata.namespace"

11.2. Service Account

For distributions of Kubernetes that support more fine-grained role-based access within the cluster, you need to make sure a pod that runs with spring-cloud-kubernetes has access to the Kubernetes API. For any service accounts you assign to a deployment or pod, you need to make sure they have the correct roles.

Depending on the requirements, you’ll need get, list and watch permission on the following resources:

Table 4. Kubernetes Resource Permissions
Dependency Resources

spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8

pods, services, endpoints

spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-fabric8-config

configmaps, secrets

spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client

pods, services, endpoints

spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-client-config

configmaps, secrets

For development purposes, you can add cluster-reader permissions to your default service account. On a production system you’ll likely want to provide more granular permissions.

The following Role and RoleBinding are an example for namespaced permissions for the default account:

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  namespace: YOUR-NAME-SPACE
  name: namespace-reader
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["configmaps", "pods", "services", "endpoints", "secrets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

---

kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: namespace-reader-binding
  namespace: YOUR-NAME-SPACE
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: default
  apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: namespace-reader
  apiGroup: ""

12. Service Registry Implementation

In Kubernetes service registration is controlled by the platform, the application itself does not control registration as it may do in other platforms. For this reason using spring.cloud.service-registry.auto-registration.enabled or setting @EnableDiscoveryClient(autoRegister=false) will have no effect in Spring Cloud Kubernetes.

13. Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher

Kubernetes provides the ability to mount a ConfigMap or Secret as a volume in the container of your application. When the contents of the ConfigMap or Secret changes, the mounted volume will be updated with those changes.

However, Spring Boot will not automatically update those changes unless you restart the application. Spring Cloud provides the ability refresh the application context without restarting the application by either hitting the actuator endpoint /refresh or via publishing a RefreshRemoteApplicationEvent using Spring Cloud Bus.

To achieve this configuration refresh of a Spring Cloud app running on Kubernetes, you can deploy the Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher controller into your Kubernetes cluster.

The application is published as a container and is available on Docker Hub. However, if you need to customize the config watcher behavior or prefer to build the image yourself you can easily build your own image from the source code on GitHub and use that.

Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher can send refresh notifications to applications in two ways.

  1. Over HTTP in which case the application being notified must of the /refresh actuator endpoint exposed and accessible from within the cluster

  2. Using Spring Cloud Bus, in which case you will need a message broker deployed to your custer for the application to use.

13.1. Deployment YAML

Below is a sample deployment YAML you can use to deploy the Kubernetes Configuration Watcher to Kubernetes.

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: List
items:
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
    spec:
      ports:
        - name: http
          port: 8888
          targetPort: 8888
      selector:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
      type: ClusterIP
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: RoleBinding
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher:view
    roleRef:
      kind: Role
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      name: namespace-reader
    subjects:
      - kind: ServiceAccount
        name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Role
    metadata:
      namespace: default
      name: namespace-reader
    rules:
      - apiGroups: ["", "extensions", "apps"]
        resources: ["configmaps", "pods", "services", "endpoints", "secrets"]
        verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    metadata:
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher-deployment
    spec:
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
        spec:
          serviceAccount: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
          containers:
          - name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher
            image: springcloud/spring-cloud-kubernetes-configuration-watcher:2.0.1-SNAPSHOT
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            readinessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8888
                path: /actuator/health/readiness
            livenessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8888
                path: /actuator/health/liveness
            ports:
            - containerPort: 8888

The Service Account and associated Role Binding is important for Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration to work properly. The controller needs access to read data about ConfigMaps, Pods, Services, Endpoints and Secrets in the Kubernetes cluster.

13.2. Monitoring ConfigMaps and Secrets

Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher will react to changes in ConfigMaps with a label of spring.cloud.kubernetes.config with the value true or any Secret with a label of spring.cloud.kubernetes.secret with the value true. If the ConfigMap or Secret does not have either of those labels or the values of those labels is not true then any changes will be ignored.

If a change is made to a ConfigMap or Secret with valid labels then Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher will take the name of the ConfigMap or Secret and send a notification to the application with that name. This might not be enough for your use-case though, you could for example what to:

  • bind a config-map to multiple applications, so that a change inside a single configmap triggers a refresh for many services

  • have profile based sources trigger events for your application

For that reasons there is an addition annotation you could specify:

spring.cloud.kubernetes.configmap.apps or spring.cloud.kubernetes.secret.apps. It takes a String of apps separated by comma, that specifies the names of applications that will receive a notification when changes happen in this secret/configmap.

For example:

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: example-configmap
  labels:
    spring.cloud.kubernetes.config: "true"
  annotations:
    spring.cloud.kubernetes.configmap.apps: "app-a, app-b"

13.3. HTTP Implementation

The HTTP implementation is what is used by default. When this implementation is used Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher and a change to a ConfigMap or Secret occurs then the HTTP implementation will use the Spring Cloud Kubernetes Discovery Client to fetch all instances of the application which match the name of the ConfigMap or Secret and send an HTTP POST request to the application’s actuator /refresh endpoint. By default it will send the post request to /actuator/refresh using the port registered in the discovery client.

13.3.1. Non-Default Management Port and Actuator Path

If the application is using a non-default actuator path and/or using a different port for the management endpoints, the Kubernetes service for the application can add an annotation called boot.spring.io/actuator and set its value to the path and port used by the application. For example

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app: config-map-demo
  name: config-map-demo
  annotations:
    boot.spring.io/actuator: http://:9090/myactuator/home
spec:
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 8080
      targetPort: 8080
  selector:
    app: config-map-demo

Another way you can choose to configure the actuator path and/or management port is by setting spring.cloud.kubernetes.configuration.watcher.actuatorPath and spring.cloud.kubernetes.configuration.watcher.actuatorPort.

13.4. Messaging Implementation

The messaging implementation can be enabled by setting profile to either bus-amqp (RabbitMQ) or bus-kafka (Kafka) when the Spring Cloud Kubernetes Configuration Watcher application is deployed to Kubernetes.

13.5. Configuring RabbitMQ

When the bus-amqp profile is enabled you will need to configure Spring RabbitMQ to point it to the location of the RabbitMQ instance you would like to use as well as any credentials necessary to authenticate. This can be done by setting the standard Spring RabbitMQ properties, for example

spring:
  rabbitmq:
    username: user
    password: password
    host: rabbitmq

13.6. Configuring Kafka

When the bus-kafka profile is enabled you will need to configure Spring Kafka to point it to the location of the Kafka Broker instance you would like to use. This can be done by setting the standard Spring Kafka properties, for example

spring:
  kafka:
    producer:
      bootstrap-servers: localhost:9092

14. Spring Cloud Kubernetes Config Server

The Spring Cloud Kubernetes Config Server, is based on Spring Cloud Config Server and adds an environment repository for Kubernetes Config Maps and Secrets.

This is component is completely optional. However, it allows you to continue to leverage configuration you may have stored in existing environment repositories (Git, SVN, Vault, etc) with applications that you are running on Kubernetes.

A default image is located on Docker Hub which will allow you to easily get a Config Server deployed on Kubernetes without building the code and image yourself. However, if you need to customize the config server behavior or prefer to build the image yourself you can easily build your own image from the source code on GitHub and use that.

14.1. Configuration

14.1.1. Enabling The Kubernetes Environment Repository

To enable the Kubernetes environment repository the kubernetes profile must be included in the list of active profiles. You may activate other profiles as well to use other environment repository implementations.

14.1.2. Config Map and Secret PropertySources

By default, only Config Map data will be fetched. To enable Secrets as well you will need to set spring.cloud.kubernetes.secrets.enableApi=true. You can disable the Config Map PropertySource by setting spring.cloud.kubernetes.config.enableApi=false.

14.1.3. Fetching Config Map and Secret Data From Additional Namespaces

By default, the Kubernetes environment repository will only fetch Config Map and Secrets from the namespace in which it is deployed. If you want to include data from other namespaces you can set spring.cloud.kubernetes.configserver.config-map-namespaces and/or spring.cloud.kubernetes.configserver.secrets-namespaces to a comma separated list of namespace values.

If you set spring.cloud.kubernetes.configserver.config-map-namespaces and/or spring.cloud.kubernetes.configserver.secrets-namespaces you will need to include the namespace in which the Config Server is deployed in order to continue to fetch Config Map and Secret data from that namespace.

14.1.4. Kubernetes Access Controls

The Kubernetes Config Server uses the Kubernetes API server to fetch Config Map and Secret data. In order for it to do that it needs ability to get and list Config Map and Secrets (depending on what you enable/disable).

14.2. Deployment Yaml

Below is a sample deployment, service and permissions configuration you can use to deploy a basic Config Server to Kubernetes.

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: List
items:
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
    spec:
      ports:
        - name: http
          port: 8888
          targetPort: 8888
      selector:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
      type: ClusterIP
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: RoleBinding
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver:view
    roleRef:
      kind: Role
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      name: namespace-reader
    subjects:
      - kind: ServiceAccount
        name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Role
    metadata:
      namespace: default
      name: namespace-reader
    rules:
      - apiGroups: ["", "extensions", "apps"]
        resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
        verbs: ["get", "list"]
  - apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    metadata:
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver-deployment
    spec:
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
        spec:
          serviceAccount: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
          containers:
          - name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
            image: springcloud/spring-cloud-kubernetes-configserver
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            env:
                - name: SPRING_PROFILES_INCLUDE
                  value: "kubernetes"
            readinessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8888
                path: /actuator/health/readiness
            livenessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8888
                path: /actuator/health/liveness
            ports:
            - containerPort: 8888

15. Spring Cloud Kubernetes Discovery Server

The Spring Cloud Kubernetes Discovery Server provides HTTP endpoints apps can use to gather information about services available within a Kubernetes cluster. The Spring Cloud Kubernetes Discovery Server can be used by apps using the spring-cloud-starter-kubernetes-discoveryclient to provide data to the DiscoveryClient implementation provided by that starter.

15.1. Permissions

The Spring Cloud Discovery server uses the Kubernetes API server to get data about Service and Endpoint resrouces so it needs list, watch, and get permissions to use those endpoints. See the below sample Kubernetes deployment YAML for an examlpe of how to configure the Service Account on Kubernetes.

15.2. Endpoints

There are three endpoints exposed by the server.

15.2.1. /apps

A GET request sent to /apps will return a JSON array of available services. Each item contains the name of the Kubernetes service and service instance information. Below is a sample response.

[
   {
      "name":"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver",
      "serviceInstances":[
         {
            "instanceId":"836a2f25-daee-4af2-a1be-aab9ce2b938f",
            "serviceId":"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver",
            "host":"10.244.1.6",
            "port":8761,
            "uri":"http://10.244.1.6:8761",
            "secure":false,
            "metadata":{
               "app":"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver",
               "kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Service\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{},\"labels\":{\"app\":\"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver\"},\"name\":\"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"ports\":[{\"name\":\"http\",\"port\":80,\"targetPort\":8761}],\"selector\":{\"app\":\"spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver\"},\"type\":\"ClusterIP\"}}\n",
               "http":"8761"
            },
            "namespace":"default",
            "scheme":"http"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "name":"kubernetes",
      "serviceInstances":[
         {
            "instanceId":"1234",
            "serviceId":"kubernetes",
            "host":"172.18.0.3",
            "port":6443,
            "uri":"http://172.18.0.3:6443",
            "secure":false,
            "metadata":{
               "provider":"kubernetes",
               "component":"apiserver",
               "https":"6443"
            },
            "namespace":"default",
            "scheme":"http"
         }
      ]
   }
]

15.2.2. /apps/{name}

A GET request to /apps/{name} can be used to get instance data for all instances of a given service. Below is a sample response when a GET request is made to /apps/kubernetes.

[
     {
        "instanceId":"1234",
        "serviceId":"kubernetes",
        "host":"172.18.0.3",
        "port":6443,
        "uri":"http://172.18.0.3:6443",
        "secure":false,
        "metadata":{
           "provider":"kubernetes",
           "component":"apiserver",
           "https":"6443"
        },
        "namespace":"default",
        "scheme":"http"
     }
]

15.2.3. /app/{name}/{instanceid}

A GET request made to /app/{name}/{instanceid} will return the instance data for a specific instance of a given service. Below is a sample response when a GET request is made to /app/kubernetes/1234.

 {
    "instanceId":"1234",
    "serviceId":"kubernetes",
    "host":"172.18.0.3",
    "port":6443,
    "uri":"http://172.18.0.3:6443",
    "secure":false,
    "metadata":{
       "provider":"kubernetes",
       "component":"apiserver",
       "https":"6443"
    },
    "namespace":"default",
    "scheme":"http"
 }

15.3. Deployment YAML

An image of the Spring Cloud Discovery Server is hosted on Docker Hub. However, if you need to customize the discovery server behavior or prefer to build the image yourself you can easily build your own image from the source code on GitHub and use that.

Below is a sample deployment YAML you can use to deploy the Kubernetes Configuration Watcher to Kubernetes.

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: List
items:
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
    spec:
      ports:
        - name: http
          port: 80
          targetPort: 8761
      selector:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
      type: ClusterIP
  - apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: RoleBinding
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver:view
    roleRef:
      kind: Role
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      name: namespace-reader
    subjects:
      - kind: ServiceAccount
        name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
  - apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
    kind: Role
    metadata:
      namespace: default
      name: namespace-reader
    rules:
      - apiGroups: ["", "extensions", "apps"]
        resources: ["services", "endpoints"]
        verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    metadata:
      name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver-deployment
    spec:
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
        spec:
          serviceAccount: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
          containers:
          - name: spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver
            image: springcloud/spring-cloud-kubernetes-discoveryserver:3.0.0-SNAPSHOT
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            readinessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8761
                path: /actuator/health/readiness
            livenessProbe:
              httpGet:
                port: 8761
                path: /actuator/health/liveness
            ports:
            - containerPort: 8761

16. Examples

Spring Cloud Kubernetes tries to make it transparent for your applications to consume Kubernetes Native Services by following the Spring Cloud interfaces.

In your applications, you need to add the spring-cloud-kubernetes-discovery dependency to your classpath and remove any other dependency that contains a DiscoveryClient implementation (that is, a Eureka discovery client). The same applies for PropertySourceLocator, where you need to add to the classpath the spring-cloud-kubernetes-config and remove any other dependency that contains a PropertySourceLocator implementation (that is, a configuration server client).

The following projects highlight the usage of these dependencies and demonstrate how you can use these libraries from any Spring Boot application:

17. Other Resources

This section lists other resources, such as presentations (slides) and videos about Spring Cloud Kubernetes.

Please feel free to submit other resources through pull requests to this repository.

18. Configuration properties

To see the list of all Kubernetes related configuration properties please check the Appendix page.

19. Building

19.1. Basic Compile and Test

To build the source you will need to install JDK 17.

Spring Cloud uses Maven for most build-related activities, and you should be able to get off the ground quite quickly by cloning the project you are interested in and typing

$ ./mvnw install
You can also install Maven (>=3.3.3) yourself and run the mvn command in place of ./mvnw in the examples below. If you do that you also might need to add -P spring if your local Maven settings do not contain repository declarations for spring pre-release artifacts.
Be aware that you might need to increase the amount of memory available to Maven by setting a MAVEN_OPTS environment variable with a value like -Xmx512m -XX:MaxPermSize=128m. We try to cover this in the .mvn configuration, so if you find you have to do it to make a build succeed, please raise a ticket to get the settings added to source control.

The projects that require middleware (i.e. Redis) for testing generally require that a local instance of [Docker](www.docker.com/get-started) is installed and running.

19.2. Documentation

The spring-cloud-build module has a "docs" profile, and if you switch that on it will try to build asciidoc sources from src/main/asciidoc. As part of that process it will look for a README.adoc and process it by loading all the includes, but not parsing or rendering it, just copying it to ${main.basedir} (defaults to $/tmp/releaser-1690493683873-0/spring-cloud-kubernetes/docs, i.e. the root of the project). If there are any changes in the README it will then show up after a Maven build as a modified file in the correct place. Just commit it and push the change.

19.3. Working with the code

If you don’t have an IDE preference we would recommend that you use Spring Tools Suite or Eclipse when working with the code. We use the m2eclipse eclipse plugin for maven support. Other IDEs and tools should also work without issue as long as they use Maven 3.3.3 or better.

19.3.1. Activate the Spring Maven profile

Spring Cloud projects require the 'spring' Maven profile to be activated to resolve the spring milestone and snapshot repositories. Use your preferred IDE to set this profile to be active, or you may experience build errors.

19.3.2. Importing into eclipse with m2eclipse

We recommend the m2eclipse eclipse plugin when working with eclipse. If you don’t already have m2eclipse installed it is available from the "eclipse marketplace".

Older versions of m2e do not support Maven 3.3, so once the projects are imported into Eclipse you will also need to tell m2eclipse to use the right profile for the projects. If you see many different errors related to the POMs in the projects, check that you have an up to date installation. If you can’t upgrade m2e, add the "spring" profile to your settings.xml. Alternatively you can copy the repository settings from the "spring" profile of the parent pom into your settings.xml.

19.3.3. Importing into eclipse without m2eclipse

If you prefer not to use m2eclipse you can generate eclipse project metadata using the following command:

$ ./mvnw eclipse:eclipse

The generated eclipse projects can be imported by selecting import existing projects from the file menu.

19.4. Building Docker Images On ARM64

If you run the Spring Cloud Kuberentes build on an ARM64 machine the docker images used for the integration tests will fail to run due to using the wrong architecture. This is because the Paketo build pack does not yet support ARM64. To work around this you can run the build by passing -Dspring-boot.build-image.builder=dashaun/builder:tiny to Maven.

For example:

./mvnw clean install -Dspring-boot.build-image.builder=dashaun/builder:tiny

20. Contributing

Spring Cloud is released under the non-restrictive Apache 2.0 license, and follows a very standard Github development process, using Github tracker for issues and merging pull requests into master. If you want to contribute even something trivial please do not hesitate, but follow the guidelines below.

20.1. Sign the Contributor License Agreement

Before we accept a non-trivial patch or pull request we will need you to sign the Contributor License Agreement. Signing the contributor’s agreement does not grant anyone commit rights to the main repository, but it does mean that we can accept your contributions, and you will get an author credit if we do. Active contributors might be asked to join the core team, and given the ability to merge pull requests.

20.2. Code of Conduct

This project adheres to the Contributor Covenant code of conduct. By participating, you are expected to uphold this code. Please report unacceptable behavior to [email protected].

20.3. Code Conventions and Housekeeping

None of these is essential for a pull request, but they will all help. They can also be added after the original pull request but before a merge.

  • Use the Spring Framework code format conventions. If you use Eclipse you can import formatter settings using the eclipse-code-formatter.xml file from the Spring Cloud Build project. If using IntelliJ, you can use the Eclipse Code Formatter Plugin to import the same file.

  • Make sure all new .java files to have a simple Javadoc class comment with at least an @author tag identifying you, and preferably at least a paragraph on what the class is for.

  • Add the ASF license header comment to all new .java files (copy from existing files in the project)

  • Add yourself as an @author to the .java files that you modify substantially (more than cosmetic changes).

  • Add some Javadocs and, if you change the namespace, some XSD doc elements.

  • A few unit tests would help a lot as well — someone has to do it.

  • If no-one else is using your branch, please rebase it against the current master (or other target branch in the main project).

  • When writing a commit message please follow these conventions, if you are fixing an existing issue please add Fixes gh-XXXX at the end of the commit message (where XXXX is the issue number).

20.4. Checkstyle

Spring Cloud Build comes with a set of checkstyle rules. You can find them in the spring-cloud-build-tools module. The most notable files under the module are:

spring-cloud-build-tools/
└── src
    ├── checkstyle
    │   └── checkstyle-suppressions.xml (3)
    └── main
        └── resources
            ├── checkstyle-header.txt (2)
            └── checkstyle.xml (1)
1 Default Checkstyle rules
2 File header setup
3 Default suppression rules

20.4.1. Checkstyle configuration

Checkstyle rules are disabled by default. To add checkstyle to your project just define the following properties and plugins.

pom.xml
<properties>
<maven-checkstyle-plugin.failsOnError>true</maven-checkstyle-plugin.failsOnError> (1)
        <maven-checkstyle-plugin.failsOnViolation>true
        </maven-checkstyle-plugin.failsOnViolation> (2)
        <maven-checkstyle-plugin.includeTestSourceDirectory>true
        </maven-checkstyle-plugin.includeTestSourceDirectory> (3)
</properties>

<build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin> (4)
                <groupId>io.spring.javaformat</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-javaformat-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
            <plugin> (5)
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>

    <reporting>
        <plugins>
            <plugin> (5)
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </reporting>
</build>
1 Fails the build upon Checkstyle errors
2 Fails the build upon Checkstyle violations
3 Checkstyle analyzes also the test sources
4 Add the Spring Java Format plugin that will reformat your code to pass most of the Checkstyle formatting rules
5 Add checkstyle plugin to your build and reporting phases

If you need to suppress some rules (e.g. line length needs to be longer), then it’s enough for you to define a file under ${project.root}/src/checkstyle/checkstyle-suppressions.xml with your suppressions. Example:

projectRoot/src/checkstyle/checkstyle-suppresions.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE suppressions PUBLIC
        "-//Puppy Crawl//DTD Suppressions 1.1//EN"
        "https://www.puppycrawl.com/dtds/suppressions_1_1.dtd">
<suppressions>
    <suppress files=".*ConfigServerApplication\.java" checks="HideUtilityClassConstructor"/>
    <suppress files=".*ConfigClientWatch\.java" checks="LineLengthCheck"/>
</suppressions>

It’s advisable to copy the ${spring-cloud-build.rootFolder}/.editorconfig and ${spring-cloud-build.rootFolder}/.springformat to your project. That way, some default formatting rules will be applied. You can do so by running this script:

$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/spring-cloud/spring-cloud-build/master/.editorconfig -o .editorconfig
$ touch .springformat

20.5. IDE setup

20.5.1. Intellij IDEA

In order to setup Intellij you should import our coding conventions, inspection profiles and set up the checkstyle plugin. The following files can be found in the Spring Cloud Build project.

spring-cloud-build-tools/
└── src
    ├── checkstyle
    │   └── checkstyle-suppressions.xml (3)
    └── main
        └── resources
            ├── checkstyle-header.txt (2)
            ├── checkstyle.xml (1)
            └── intellij
                ├── Intellij_Project_Defaults.xml (4)
                └── Intellij_Spring_Boot_Java_Conventions.xml (5)
1 Default Checkstyle rules
2 File header setup
3 Default suppression rules
4 Project defaults for Intellij that apply most of Checkstyle rules
5 Project style conventions for Intellij that apply most of Checkstyle rules
Code style
Figure 1. Code style

Go to File → Settings → Editor → Code style. There click on the icon next to the Scheme section. There, click on the Import Scheme value and pick the Intellij IDEA code style XML option. Import the spring-cloud-build-tools/src/main/resources/intellij/Intellij_Spring_Boot_Java_Conventions.xml file.

Code style
Figure 2. Inspection profiles

Go to File → Settings → Editor → Inspections. There click on the icon next to the Profile section. There, click on the Import Profile and import the spring-cloud-build-tools/src/main/resources/intellij/Intellij_Project_Defaults.xml file.

Checkstyle

To have Intellij work with Checkstyle, you have to install the Checkstyle plugin. It’s advisable to also install the Assertions2Assertj to automatically convert the JUnit assertions

Checkstyle

Go to File → Settings → Other settings → Checkstyle. There click on the + icon in the Configuration file section. There, you’ll have to define where the checkstyle rules should be picked from. In the image above, we’ve picked the rules from the cloned Spring Cloud Build repository. However, you can point to the Spring Cloud Build’s GitHub repository (e.g. for the checkstyle.xml : raw.githubusercontent.com/spring-cloud/spring-cloud-build/master/spring-cloud-build-tools/src/main/resources/checkstyle.xml). We need to provide the following variables:

Remember to set the Scan Scope to All sources since we apply checkstyle rules for production and test sources.

20.6. Duplicate Finder

Spring Cloud Build brings along the basepom:duplicate-finder-maven-plugin, that enables flagging duplicate and conflicting classes and resources on the java classpath.

20.6.1. Duplicate Finder configuration

Duplicate finder is enabled by default and will run in the verify phase of your Maven build, but it will only take effect in your project if you add the duplicate-finder-maven-plugin to the build section of the projecst’s pom.xml.

pom.xml
<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.basepom.maven</groupId>
            <artifactId>duplicate-finder-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

For other properties, we have set defaults as listed in the plugin documentation.

You can easily override them but setting the value of the selected property prefixed with duplicate-finder-maven-plugin. For example, set duplicate-finder-maven-plugin.skip to true in order to skip duplicates check in your build.

If you need to add ignoredClassPatterns or ignoredResourcePatterns to your setup, make sure to add them in the plugin configuration section of your project:

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.basepom.maven</groupId>
            <artifactId>duplicate-finder-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <configuration>
                <ignoredClassPatterns>
                    <ignoredClassPattern>org.joda.time.base.BaseDateTime</ignoredClassPattern>
                    <ignoredClassPattern>.*module-info</ignoredClassPattern>
                </ignoredClassPatterns>
                <ignoredResourcePatterns>
                    <ignoredResourcePattern>changelog.txt</ignoredResourcePattern>
                </ignoredResourcePatterns>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

21. AOT and native image support

At this point, Spring Cloud Kubernetes does not support Spring Boot AOT transformations or native images. Partial support might be added in future releases.