Package org.springframework.context.annotation

Annotation Interface Bean

@Target({METHOD,ANNOTATION_TYPE}) @Retention(RUNTIME) @Documented public @interface Bean
Indicates that a method produces a bean to be managed by the Spring container.

Overview

The names and semantics of the attributes to this annotation are intentionally similar to those of the <bean/> element in the Spring XML schema. For example: 

     @Bean
     public MyBean myBean() {
         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
         return obj;
     }

Bean Names

While a name() attribute is available, the default strategy for determining the name of a bean is to use the name of the @Bean method. This is convenient and intuitive, but if explicit naming is desired, the name attribute (or its alias value) may be used. Also note that name accepts an array of Strings, allowing for multiple names (i.e. a primary bean name plus one or more aliases) for a single bean. 

     @Bean({"b1", "b2"}) // bean available as 'b1' and 'b2', but not 'myBean'
     public MyBean myBean() {
         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
         return obj;
     }

Profile, Scope, Lazy, DependsOn, Primary, Order

Note that the @Bean annotation does not provide attributes for profile, scope, lazy, depends-on or primary. Rather, it should be used in conjunction with @Scope, @Lazy, @DependsOn and @Primary annotations to declare those semantics. For example: 

     @Bean
     @Profile("production")
     @Scope("prototype")
     public MyBean myBean() {
         // instantiate and configure MyBean obj
         return obj;
     }
The semantics of the above-mentioned annotations match their use at the component class level: @Profile allows for selective inclusion of certain beans. @Scope changes the bean's scope from singleton to the specified scope. @Lazy only has an actual effect in case of the default singleton scope. @DependsOn enforces the creation of specific other beans before this bean will be created, in addition to any dependencies that the bean expressed through direct references, which is typically helpful for singleton startup. @Primary is a mechanism to resolve ambiguity at the injection point level if a single target component needs to be injected but several beans match by type.

Additionally, @Bean methods may also declare qualifier annotations and @Order values, to be taken into account during injection point resolution just like corresponding annotations on the corresponding component classes but potentially being very individual per bean definition (in case of multiple definitions with the same bean class). Qualifiers narrow the set of candidates after the initial type match; order values determine the order of resolved elements in case of collection injection points (with several target beans matching by type and qualifier).

NOTE: @Order values may influence priorities at injection points, but please be aware that they do not influence singleton startup order which is an orthogonal concern determined by dependency relationships and @DependsOn declarations as mentioned above. Also, Priority is not available at this level since it cannot be declared on methods; its semantics can be modeled through @Order values in combination with @Primary on a single bean per type.

@Bean Methods in @Configuration Classes

Typically, @Bean methods are declared within @Configuration classes. In this case, bean methods may reference other @Bean methods in the same class by calling them directly. This ensures that references between beans are strongly typed and navigable. Such so-called 'inter-bean references' are guaranteed to respect scoping and AOP semantics, just like getBean() lookups would. These are the semantics known from the original 'Spring JavaConfig' project which require CGLIB subclassing of each such configuration class at runtime. As a consequence, @Configuration classes and their factory methods must not be marked as final or private in this mode. For example: 

 @Configuration
 public class AppConfig {

     @Bean
     public FooService fooService() {
         return new FooService(fooRepository());
     }

     @Bean
     public FooRepository fooRepository() {
         return new JdbcFooRepository(dataSource());
     }

     // ...
 }

@Bean Lite Mode

@Bean methods may also be declared within classes that are not annotated with @Configuration. If a bean method is declared on a bean that is not annotated with @Configuration it is processed in a so-called 'lite' mode.

Bean methods in lite mode will be treated as plain factory methods by the container (similar to factory-method declarations in XML), with scoping and lifecycle callbacks properly applied. The containing class remains unmodified in this case, and there are no unusual constraints for the containing class or the factory methods.

In contrast to the semantics for bean methods in @Configuration classes, 'inter-bean references' are not supported in lite mode. Instead, when one @Bean-method invokes another @Bean-method in lite mode, the invocation is a standard Java method invocation; Spring does not intercept the invocation via a CGLIB proxy. This is analogous to inter-@Transactional method calls where in proxy mode, Spring does not intercept the invocation — Spring does so only in AspectJ mode.

For example: 

 @Component
 public class Calculator {
     public int sum(int a, int b) {
         return a+b;
     }

     @Bean
     public MyBean myBean() {
         return new MyBean();
     }
 }

Bootstrapping

See the @Configuration javadoc for further details including how to bootstrap the container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext and friends.

BeanFactoryPostProcessor-returning @Bean methods

Special consideration must be taken for @Bean methods that return Spring BeanFactoryPostProcessor (BFPP) types. Because BFPP objects must be instantiated very early in the container lifecycle, they can interfere with processing of annotations such as @Autowired, @Value, and @PostConstruct within @Configuration classes. To avoid these lifecycle issues, mark BFPP-returning @Bean methods as static. For example: 

     @Bean
     public static PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer pspc() {
         // instantiate, configure and return pspc ...
     }
By marking this method as static, it can be invoked without causing instantiation of its declaring @Configuration class, thus avoiding the above-mentioned lifecycle conflicts. Note however that static @Bean methods will not be enhanced for scoping and AOP semantics as mentioned above. This works out in BFPP cases, as they are not typically referenced by other @Bean methods. As a reminder, an INFO-level log message will be issued for any non-static @Bean methods having a return type assignable to BeanFactoryPostProcessor.
Since:
3.0
Author:
Rod Johnson, Costin Leau, Chris Beams, Juergen Hoeller, Sam Brannen
See Also:

  • Nested Class Summary

    Nested Classes
    Modifier and Type
    Class
    Description
    static enum 
    Bean.Bootstrap
    Local enumeration for the bootstrap mode.

  • Optional Element Summary

    Optional Elements
    Modifier and Type
    Optional Element
    Description
    boolean
    autowireCandidate
    Is this bean a candidate for getting autowired into some other bean at all?
    Bean.Bootstrap
    bootstrap
    The bootstrap mode for this bean: default is the main pre-instantiation thread for non-lazy singleton beans and the caller thread for prototype beans.
    boolean
    defaultCandidate
    Is this bean a candidate for getting autowired into some other bean based on the plain type, without any further indications such as a qualifier match?
    String
    destroyMethod
    The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance upon closing the application context, for example a close() method on a JDBC DataSource implementation, or a Hibernate SessionFactory object.
    String
    initMethod
    The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance during initialization.
    String[]
    name
    The name of this bean, or if several names, a primary bean name plus aliases.
    String[]
    value
    Alias for name().

  • Element Details

    • value

      @AliasFor("name") String[] value
      Alias for name().

      Intended to be used when no other attributes are needed, for example: @Bean("customBeanName").

      Since:
      4.3.3
      See Also:
      Default:
      {}

    • name

      @AliasFor("value") String[] name
      The name of this bean, or if several names, a primary bean name plus aliases.

      If left unspecified, the name of the bean is the name of the annotated method. If specified, the method name is ignored.

      The bean name and aliases may also be configured via the value() attribute if no other attributes are declared.

      See Also:
      Default:
      {}

    • autowireCandidate

      boolean autowireCandidate
      Is this bean a candidate for getting autowired into some other bean at all?

      Default is true; set this to false for internal delegates that are not meant to get in the way of beans of the same type in other places.

      Since:
      5.1
      See Also:
      Default:
      true

    • defaultCandidate

      boolean defaultCandidate
      Is this bean a candidate for getting autowired into some other bean based on the plain type, without any further indications such as a qualifier match?

      Default is true; set this to false for restricted delegates that are supposed to be injectable in certain areas but are not meant to get in the way of beans of the same type in other places.

      This is a variation of autowireCandidate() which does not disable injection in general, just enforces an additional indication such as a qualifier.

      Since:
      6.2
      See Also:
      Default:
      true

    • bootstrap

      Bean.Bootstrap bootstrap
      The bootstrap mode for this bean: default is the main pre-instantiation thread for non-lazy singleton beans and the caller thread for prototype beans.

      Set Bean.Bootstrap.BACKGROUND to allow for instantiating this bean on a background thread. For a non-lazy singleton, a background pre-instantiation thread can be used then, while still enforcing the completion at the end of ConfigurableApplicationContext.refresh(). For a lazy singleton, a background pre-instantiation thread can be used as well - with completion allowed at a later point, enforcing it when actually accessed.

      Since:
      6.2
      See Also:
      Default:
      DEFAULT

    • initMethod

      String initMethod
      The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance during initialization. Not commonly used, given that the method may be called programmatically directly within the body of a Bean-annotated method.

      The default value is "", indicating no init method to be called.

      See Also:
      Default:
      ""

    • destroyMethod

      String destroyMethod
      The optional name of a method to call on the bean instance upon closing the application context, for example a close() method on a JDBC DataSource implementation, or a Hibernate SessionFactory object. The method must have no arguments but may throw any exception.

      As a convenience to the user, the container will attempt to infer a destroy method against an object returned from the @Bean method. For example, given an @Bean method returning an Apache Commons DBCP BasicDataSource, the container will notice the close() method available on that object and automatically register it as the destroyMethod. This 'destroy method inference' is currently limited to detecting only public, no-arg methods named 'close' or 'shutdown'. The method may be declared at any level of the inheritance hierarchy and will be detected regardless of the return type of the @Bean method (i.e., detection occurs reflectively against the bean instance itself at creation time).

      To disable destroy method inference for a particular @Bean, specify an empty string as the value, e.g. @Bean(destroyMethod=""). Note that the DisposableBean callback interface will nevertheless get detected and the corresponding destroy method invoked: In other words, destroyMethod="" only affects custom close/shutdown methods and Closeable/AutoCloseable declared close methods.

      Note: Only invoked on beans whose lifecycle is under the full control of the factory, which is always the case for singletons but not guaranteed for any other scope.

      See Also:
      Default:
      "(inferred)"