Spring Integration offers a number of configuration options. Which option you choose depends upon your particular needs and at what level you prefer to work. As with the Spring framework in general, it is also possible to mix and match the various techniques according to the particular problem at hand. For example, you may choose the XSD-based namespace for the majority of configuration combined with a handful of objects that are configured with annotations. As much as possible, the two provide consistent naming. XML elements defined by the XSD schema will match the names of annotations, and the attributes of those XML elements will match the names of annotation properties. Direct usage of the API is of course always an option, but we expect that most users will choose one of the higher-level options, or a combination of the namespace-based and annotation-driven configuration.

Spring Integration components can be configured with XML elements that map directly to the terminology and concepts of enterprise integration. In many cases, the element names match those of the Enterprise Integration Patterns.

To enable Spring Integration's core namespace support within your Spring configuration files, add the following namespace reference and schema mapping in your top-level 'beans' element:

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:int="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/spring-integration.xsd">

You can choose any name after "xmlns:"; int is used here for clarity, but you might prefer a shorter abbreviation. Of course if you are using an XML-editor or IDE support, then the availability of auto-completion may convince you to keep the longer name for clarity. Alternatively, you can create configuration files that use the Spring Integration schema as the primary namespace:

<beans:beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/spring-integration.xsd">

When using this alternative, no prefix is necessary for the Spring Integration elements. On the other hand, if you want to define a generic Spring "bean" within the same configuration file, then a prefix would be required for the bean element (<beans:bean ... />). Since it is generally a good idea to modularize the configuration files themselves based on responsibility and/or architectural layer, you may find it appropriate to use the latter approach in the integration-focused configuration files, since generic beans are seldom necessary within those same files. For purposes of this documentation, we will assume the "integration" namespace is primary.

Many other namespaces are provided within the Spring Integration distribution. In fact, each adapter type (JMS, File, etc.) that provides namespace support defines its elements within a separate schema. In order to use these elements, simply add the necessary namespaces with an "xmlns" entry and the corresponding "schemaLocation" mapping. For example, the following root element shows several of these namespace declarations:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xmlns:int="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration"
  xmlns:int-file="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/file"
  xmlns:int-jms="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/jms"
  xmlns:int-mail="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/mail"
  xmlns:int-rmi="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/rmi"
  xmlns:int-ws="http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/ws"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/spring-integration.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/file
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/file/spring-integration-file.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/jms
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/jms/spring-integration-jms.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/mail
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/mail/spring-integration-mail.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/rmi
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/rmi/spring-integration-rmi.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/ws
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/integration/ws/spring-integration-ws.xsd">
 ...
</beans>

The reference manual provides specific examples of the various elements in their corresponding chapters. Here, the main thing to recognize is the consistency of the naming for each namespace URI and schema location.

In Spring Integration, the ApplicationContext plays the central role of a Message Bus, and there are only a couple configuration options to consider. First, you may want to control the central TaskScheduler instance. You can do so by providing a single bean with the name "taskScheduler". This is also defined as a constant:

IntegrationContextUtils.TASK_SCHEDULER_BEAN_NAME 

By default Spring Integration relies on an instance of ThreadPoolTaskScheduler as described in the Task Execution and Scheduling section of the Spring Framework reference manual. That default TaskScheduler will startup automatically with a pool of 10 threads. If you provide your own TaskScheduler instance instead, you can set the 'autoStartup' property to false, and/or you can provide your own pool size value.

When Polling Consumers provide an explicit task-executor reference in their configuration, the invocation of the handler methods will happen within that executor's thread pool and not the main scheduler pool. However, when no task-executor is provided for an endpoint's poller, it will be invoked by one of the main scheduler's threads.

	Note
	An endpoint is a Polling Consumer if its input channel is one of the queue-based (i.e. pollable) channels. On the other hand, Event Driven Consumers are those whose input channels have dispatchers instead of queues (i.e. they are subscribable). Such endpoints have no poller configuration since their handlers will be invoked directly.

Important

When running in a JEE container, you may need to use Spring's TimerManagerTaskScheduler as described here, instead of the default taskScheduler. To do that, simply define a bean with the appropriate JNDI name for your environment, for example: <bean id="taskScheduler" class="o.s.scheduling.commonj.TimerManagerTaskScheduler"> <property name="timerManagerName" value="tm/MyTimerManager" /> <property name="resourceRef" value="true" /> </bean>

The next section will describe what happens if Exceptions occur within the asynchronous invocations.

As described in the overview at the very beginning of this manual, one of the main motivations behind a Message-oriented framework like Spring Integration is to promote loose-coupling between components. The Message Channel plays an important role in that producers and consumers do not have to know about each other. However, the advantages also have some drawbacks. Some things become more complicated in a very loosely coupled environment, and one example is error handling.

When sending a Message to a channel, the component that ultimately handles that Message may or may not be operating within the same thread as the sender. If using a simple default DirectChannel (with the <channel> element that has no <queue> sub-element and no 'task-executor' attribute), the Message-handling will occur in the same thread as the Message-sending. In that case, if an Exception is thrown, it can be caught by the sender (or it may propagate past the sender if it is an uncaught RuntimeException). So far, everything is fine. This is the same behavior as an Exception-throwing operation in a normal call stack. However, when adding the asynchronous aspect, things become much more complicated. For instance, if the 'channel' element does provide a 'queue' sub-element, then the component that handles the Message will be operating in a different thread than the sender. The sender may have dropped the Message into the channel and moved on to other things. There is no way for the Exception to be thrown directly back to that sender using standard Exception throwing techniques. Instead, to handle errors for asynchronous processes requires an asynchronous error-handling mechanism as well.

Spring Integration supports error handling for its components by publishing errors to a Message Channel. Specifically, the Exception will become the payload of a Spring Integration Message. That Message will then be sent to a Message Channel that is resolved in a way that is similar to the 'replyChannel' resolution. First, if the request Message being handled at the time the Exception occurred contains an 'errorChannel' header (the header name is defined in the constant: MessageHeaders.ERROR_CHANNEL), the ErrorMessage will be sent to that channel. Otherwise, the error handler will send to a "global" channel whose bean name is "errorChannel" (this is also defined as a constant: IntegrationContextUtils.ERROR_CHANNEL_BEAN_NAME).

Whenever relying on Spring Integration's XML namespace support, a default "errorChannel" bean will be created behind the scenes. However, you can just as easily define your own if you want to control the settings.

<int:channel id="errorChannel">
    <int:queue capacity="500"/>
</int:channel>

	Note
	The default "errorChannel" is a PublishSubscribeChannel.

The most important thing to understand here is that the messaging-based error handling will only apply to Exceptions that are thrown by a Spring Integration task that is executing within a TaskExecutor. This does not apply to Exceptions thrown by a handler that is operating within the same thread as the sender (e.g. through a DirectChannel as described above).

	Note
	When Exceptions occur in a scheduled poller task's execution, those exceptions will be wrapped in ErrorMessages and sent to the 'errorChannel' as well.

To enable global error handling, simply register a handler on that channel. For example, you can configure Spring Integration's ErrorMessageExceptionTypeRouter as the handler of an endpoint that is subscribed to the 'errorChannel'. That router can then spread the error messages across multiple channels based on Exception type.

In addition to the XML namespace support for configuring Message Endpoints, it is also possible to use annotations. First, Spring Integration provides the class-level @MessageEndpoint as a stereotype annotation, meaning that it is itself annotated with Spring's @Component annotation and is therefore recognized automatically as a bean definition when using Spring component-scanning.

Even more important are the various method-level annotations that indicate the annotated method is capable of handling a message. The following example demonstrates both:

@MessageEndpoint
public class FooService {

    @ServiceActivator
    public void processMessage(Message message) {
        ...
    }
}

Exactly what it means for the method to "handle" the Message depends on the particular annotation. Annotations available in Spring Integration include:

The behavior of each is described in its own chapter or section within this reference.

Note

If you are using XML configuration in combination with annotations, the @MessageEndpoint annotation is not required. If you want to configure a POJO reference from the "ref" attribute of a <service-activator/> element, it is sufficient to provide the method-level annotations. In that case, the annotation prevents ambiguity even when no "method" attribute exists on the <service-activator/> element.

In most cases, the annotated handler method should not require the Message type as its parameter. Instead, the method parameter type can match the message's payload type.

public class FooService {

    @ServiceActivator
    public void bar(Foo foo) {
        ...
    }

}

When the method parameter should be mapped from a value in the MessageHeaders, another option is to use the parameter-level @Header annotation. In general, methods annotated with the Spring Integration annotations can either accept the Message itself, the message payload, or a header value (with @Header) as the parameter. In fact, the method can accept a combination, such as:

public class FooService {

    @ServiceActivator
    public void bar(String payload, @Header("x") int valueX, @Header("y") int valueY) {
        ...
    }

}

There is also a @Headers annotation that provides all of the Message headers as a Map:

public class FooService {

    @ServiceActivator
    public void bar(String payload, @Headers Map<String, Object> headerMap) {
        ...
    }

}

	Note
	The value of the annotation can also be a SpEL expression (e.g., 'payload.getCustomerId()') which is quite useful when the name of the header has to be dynamically computed. It also provides an optional 'required' property which specifies whether the attribute value must be available within the header. The default value for 'required' is true.

For several of these annotations, when a Message-handling method returns a non-null value, the endpoint will attempt to send a reply. This is consistent across both configuration options (namespace and annotations) in that such an endpoint's output channel will be used if available, and the REPLY_CHANNEL message header value will be used as a fallback.

Tip

The combination of output channels on endpoints and the reply channel message header enables a pipeline approach where multiple components have an output channel, and the final component simply allows the reply message to be forwarded to the reply channel as specified in the original request message. In other words, the final component depends on the information provided by the original sender and can dynamically support any number of clients as a result. This is an example of Return Address.

In addition to the examples shown here, these annotations also support inputChannel and outputChannel properties.

public class FooService {

    @ServiceActivator(inputChannel="input", outputChannel="output")
    public void bar(String payload, @Headers Map<String, Object> headerMap) {
        ...
    }

}

The processing of these annotations creates the same beans (AbstractEndpoints and MessageHandlers (or MessageSources for the inbound channel adapter - see below) as with similar xml components. The bean names are generated with this pattern: [componentName].[methodName].[decapitalizedAnnotationClassShortName] for the AbstractEndpoint and the same name with an additional .handler (.source) suffix for the MessageHandler (MessageSource) bean. The MessageHandlers (MessageSources) are also eligible to be tracked by Section 8.2, “Message History”.

Starting with version 4.0, all Messaging Annotations provide SmartLifecycle options - autoStartup and phase to allow endpoint lifecycle control on application context initialization. They default to true and 0 respectively. To change the state of an endpoint (e.g start()/stop()) obtain a reference to the endpoint bean using the BeanFactory (or autowiring) and invoke the method(s), or send a command message to the Control Bus (Section 8.5, “Control Bus”). For these purposes you should use the beanName mentioned above.

@Poller

Before Spring Integration 4.0, the above Messaging Annotations required that the inputChannel was a reference to a SubscribableChannel. For PollableChannels there was need to use a <int:bridge/>, to configure a <int:poller/> to make the composite endpoint - a PollingConsumer. Starting with version 4.0, the @Poller annotation has been introduced to allow the configuration of poller attributes directly on the above Messaging Annotations:

public class AnnotationService {

	@Transformer(inputChannel = "input", outputChannel = "output",
		poller = @Poller(maxMessagesPerPoll = "${poller.maxMessagesPerPoll}", fixedDelay = "${poller.fixedDelay}"))
	public String handle(String payload) {
		...
	}
}

This annotation provides only simple PollerMetadata options. The @Poller's attributes maxMessagesPerPoll, fixedDelay, fixedRate and cron can be configured with property-placeholders. If it is necessary to provide more polling options (e.g. transaction, advice-chain, error-handler), the PollerMetadata should be configured as a generic bean with its bean name used for @Poller's value attribute. In this case, no other attributes are allowed (they would be specified on the PollerMetadata bean). Note, if inputChannel is PollableChannel and no @Poller is configured, the default PollerMetadata will be used, if it is present in the application context. To declare the default poller using @Configuration, use:

@Bean(name = PollerMetadata.DEFAULT_POLLER)
public PollerMetadata defaultPoller() {
	PollerMetadata pollerMetadata = new PollerMetadata();
	pollerMetadata.setTrigger(new PeriodicTrigger(10));
	return pollerMetadata;
}

With this endpoint using the default poller:

public class AnnotationService {

	@Transformer(inputChannel = "aPollableChannel", outputChannel = "output")
	public String handle(String payload) {
		...
	}
}

To use a named poller, use:

@Bean
public PollerMetadata myPoller() {
	PollerMetadata pollerMetadata = new PollerMetadata();
	pollerMetadata.setTrigger(new PeriodicTrigger(1000));
	return pollerMetadata;
}

With this endpoint using the default poller:

public class AnnotationService {

	@Transformer(inputChannel = "aPollableChannel", outputChannel = "output"
						poller = @Poller("myPoller")
	public String handle(String payload) {
		...
	}
}

@InboundChannelAdapter

Starting with version 4.0, the @InboundChannelAdapter method annotation is available. This produces a SourcePollingChannelAdapter integration component based on a MethodInvokingMessageSource for the annotated method. This annotation is an analogue of <int:inbound-channel-adapter> XML component and has the same restrictions: the method cannot have parameters, and the return type must not be void. It has two attributes: value - the required MessageChannel bean name and poller - an optional @Poller annotation, as described above. If there is need to provide some MessageHeaders, use a Message<?> return type and build the Message<?> within the method using a MessageBuilder to configure its MessageHeaders.

@InboundChannelAdapter("counterChannel")
public Integer count() {
	return this.counter.incrementAndGet();
}

@InboundChannelAdapter(value = "fooChannel", poller = @Poller(fixed-rate = "5000"))
public String foo() {
	return "foo";
}

The first example requires that the default poller has been declared elsewhere in the application context.

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@ServiceActivator(inputChannel = "annInput", outputChannel = "annOutput")
public @interface MyServiceActivator {

	String[] adviceChain = { "annAdvice" };
}

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@MyServiceActivator
public @interface MyServiceActivator1 {

	String inputChannel();

	String outputChannel();
}
...

@MyServiceActivator1(inputChannel = "inputChannel", outputChannel = "outputChannel")
public Object service(Object payload) {
   ...
}

F.5.2 Annotations on @Beans

Starting with version 4.0, Messaging Annotations can be configured on @Bean method definitions in @Configuration classes, to produce Message Endpoints based on the beans, not methods. It is useful when @Bean definitions are "out of the box" MessageHandlers (AggregatingMessageHandler, DefaultMessageSplitter etc.), Transformers (JsonToObjectTransformer, ClaimCheckOutTransformer etc.), MessageSources (FileReadingMessageSource, RedisStoreMessageSource etc.):

@Configuration
@EnableIntegration
public class MyFlowConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@InboundChannelAdapter(value = "inputChannel", poller = @Poller(fixedDelay = "1000"))
	public MessageSource<String> consoleSource() {
		return CharacterStreamReadingMessageSource.stdin();
	}

	@Bean
	@Transformer(inputChannel = "inputChannel", outputChannel = "httpChannel")
	public ObjectToMapTransformer toMapTransformer() {
		return new ObjectToMapTransformer();
	}

	@Bean
	@ServiceActivator(inputChannel = "httpChannel")
	public MessageHandler httpHandler() {
		HttpRequestExecutingMessageHandler handler = new HttpRequestExecutingMessageHandler("http://foo/service");
		handler.setExpectedResponseType(String.class);
		handler.setOutputChannelName("outputChannel");
		return handler;
	}

	@Bean
	@ServiceActivator(inputChannel = "outputChannel")
	public LoggingHandler loggingHandler() {
		return new LoggingHandler("info");
	}

}

The meta-annotation rules work on @Bean methods as well (@MyServiceActivator above can be applied to a @Bean definition).

	Note
	When using these annotations on consumer @Bean definitions, if the bean definition returns an appropriate MessageHandler (depending on the annotation type), attributes such as outputChannel, requiresReply etc, must be set on the @Bean itself. The only annotation attributes used are adviceChain, autoStartup, inputChannel, phase, poller, all other attributes are for the handler.

	Important
	When using these annotations on @Bean definitions, the inputChannel must reference a declared bean; channels are not automatically declared in this case.

@Bean
public PollableChannel bridgeFromInput() {
	return new QueueChannel();
}

@Bean
@BridgeFrom(value = "bridgeFromInput", poller = @Poller(fixedDelay = "1000"))
public MessageChannel bridgeFromOutput() {
	return new DirectChannel();
}
@Bean
public QueueChannel bridgeToOutput() {
	return new QueueChannel();
}

@Bean
@BridgeTo("bridgeToOutput")
public MessageChannel bridgeToInput() {
	return new DirectChannel();
}

Spring Integration implements a flexible facility to map Messages to Methods and their arguments without providing extra configuration by relying on some default rules as well as defining certain conventions.

public String foo(Object o);

public Message  foo(Object o);

public int foo(Message  msg);

public Message foo(Message msg);

public Message foo(Map m);

public Message foo(Map h, <T> t);

public String foo();

public void foo();

public String foo(@Payload String s, @Header("foo") String b) 

public String foo(@Payload String s, @RequestParam("foo") String b) 

public String foo(String s, @Header("foo") String b) 

public String foo(@Headers Map m, @Header("foo")Map f, @Header("bar") String bar)

F.6.2 Complex Scenarios

Multiple parameters:

Multiple parameters could create a lot of ambiguity with regards to determining the appropriate mappings. The general advice is to annotate your method parameters with @Payload and/or @Header/@Headers Below are some of the examples of ambiguous conditions which result in an Exception being raised.

public String foo(String s, int i)

- the two parameters are equal in weight, therefore there is no way to determine which one is a payload.

public String foo(String s, Map m, String b) 

- almost the same as above. Although the Map could be easily mapped to Message Headers, there is no way to determine what to do with the two Strings.

public String foo(Map m, Map f)

- although one might argue that one Map could be mapped to Message Payload and another one to Message Headers, it would be unreasonable to rely on the order (e.g., first is Payload, second Headers)

	Tip
	Basically any method signature with more than one method argument which is not (Map, <T>), and those parameters are not annotated, will result in an ambiguous condition thus triggering an Exception.

Multiple methods:

Message Handlers with multiple methods are mapped based on the same rules that are described above, however some scenarios might still look confusing.

Multiple methods (same or different name) with legal (mappable) signatures:

public class Foo {
  public String foo(String str, Map m);

  public String foo(Map m);
}

As you can see, the Message could be mapped to either method. The first method would be invoked where Message Payload could be mapped to 'str'  and Message Headers could be mapped to 'm'. The second method could easily also be a candidate where only Message Headers are mapped to 'm'. To make meters worse both methods have the same name which at first might look very ambiguous considering the following configuration:

<int:service-activator input-channel="input" output-channel="output" method="foo">
  <bean class="org.bar.Foo"/>
</int:service-activator>

At this point it would be important to understand Spring Integration mapping Conventions where at the very core, mappings are based on Payload first and everything else next. In other words the method whose argument could be mapped to a Payload will take precedence over all other methods.

On the other hand let's look at slightly different example:

public class Foo {
  public String foo(String str, Map m);

  public String foo(String str);
}

If you look at it you can probably see a truly ambiguous condition. In this example since both methods have signatures that could be mapped to a Message Payload. They also have the same name. Such handler methods will trigger an Exception. However if the method names were different you could influence the mapping with a 'method' attribute (see below):

public class Foo {
  public String foo(String str, Map m);

  public String bar(String str);
}

<int:service-activator input-channel="input" output-channel="output" method="bar">
  <bean class="org.bar.Foo"/>
</int:service-activator>

Now there is no ambiguity since the configuration explicitly maps to the 'bar' method which has no name conflicts.