Integration

Using the RmiServiceExporter, we can expose the interface of our AccountService object as RMI object. The interface can be accessed by using RmiProxyFactoryBean, or via plain RMI in case of a traditional RMI service. The RmiServiceExporter explicitly supports the exposing of any non-RMI services via RMI invokers.

We first have to set up our service in the Spring container. The following example shows how to do so:

Next, we have to expose our service by using RmiServiceExporter. The following example shows how to do so:

In the preceding example, we override the port for the RMI registry. Often, your application server also maintains an RMI registry, and it is wise to not interfere with that one. Furthermore, the service name is used to bind the service. So, in the preceding example, the service is bound at 'rmi://HOST:1199/AccountService'. We use this URL later on to link in the service at the client side.

Our client is a simple object that uses the AccountService to manage accounts, as the following example shows:

To link in the service on the client, we create a separate Spring container, to contain the following simple object and the service linking configuration bits:

That is all we need to do to support the remote account service on the client. Spring transparently creates an invoker and remotely enables the account service through the RmiServiceExporter. At the client, we link it in by using the RmiProxyFactoryBean.

Hessian communicates through HTTP and does so by using a custom servlet. By using Spring’s DispatcherServlet principles (see [webmvc#mvc-servlet]), we can wire up such a servlet to expose your services. First, we have to create a new servlet in our application, as shown in the following excerpt from web.xml:

If you are familiar with Spring’s DispatcherServlet principles, you probably know that now you have to create a Spring container configuration resource named remoting-servlet.xml (after the name of your servlet) in the WEB-INF directory. The application context is used in the next section.

Alternatively, consider the use of Spring’s simpler HttpRequestHandlerServlet. Doing so lets you embed the remote exporter definitions in your root application context (by default, in WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml), with individual servlet definitions pointing to specific exporter beans. In this case, each servlet name needs to match the bean name of its target exporter.

In the newly created application context called remoting-servlet.xml, we create a HessianServiceExporter to export our services, as the following example shows:

Now we are ready to link in the service at the client. No explicit handler mapping is specified (to map request URLs onto services), so we use BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping used. Hence, the service is exported at the URL indicated through its bean name within the containing DispatcherServlet instance’s mapping (as defined earlier): http://HOST:8080/remoting/AccountService.

Alternatively, you can create a HessianServiceExporter in your root application context (for example, in WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml), as the following example shows:

In the latter case, you should define a corresponding servlet for this exporter in web.xml, with the same end result: The exporter gets mapped to the request path at /remoting/AccountService. Note that the servlet name needs to match the bean name of the target exporter. The following example shows how to do so:

By using the HessianProxyFactoryBean, we can link in the service at the client. The same principles apply as with the RMI example. We create a separate bean factory or application context and mention the following beans where the SimpleObject is by using the AccountService to manage accounts, as the following example shows:

One of the advantages of Hessian is that we can easily apply HTTP basic authentication, because both protocols are HTTP-based. Your normal HTTP server security mechanism can be applied through using the web.xml security features, for example. Usually, you need not use per-user security credentials here. Rather, you can use shared credentials that you define at the HessianProxyFactoryBean level (similar to a JDBC DataSource), as the following example shows:

In the preceding example, we explicitly mention the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping and set an interceptor, to let only administrators and operators call the beans mentioned in this application context.

Setting up the HTTP invoker infrastructure for a service object closely resembles the way you would do the same by using Hessian. As Hessian support provides HessianServiceExporter, Spring’s HttpInvoker support provides org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerServiceExporter.

To expose the AccountService (mentioned earlier) within a Spring Web MVC DispatcherServlet, the following configuration needs to be in place in the dispatcher’s application context, as the following example shows:

Such an exporter definition is exposed through the DispatcherServlet instance’s standard mapping facilities, as explained in the section on Hessian.

Alternatively, you can create an HttpInvokerServiceExporter in your root application context (for example, in 'WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml'), as the following example shows:

In addition, you can define a corresponding servlet for this exporter in web.xml, with the servlet name matching the bean name of the target exporter, as the following example shows:

Again, linking in the service from the client much resembles the way you would do it when you use Hessian. By using a proxy, Spring can translate your calls to HTTP POST requests to the URL that points to the exported service. The following example shows how to configure this arrangement:

As mentioned earlier, you can choose what HTTP client you want to use. By default, the HttpInvokerProxy uses the JDK’s HTTP functionality, but you can also use the Apache HttpComponents client by setting the httpInvokerRequestExecutor property. The following example shows how to do so:

Spring provides a convenient base class for JAX-WS servlet endpoint implementations: SpringBeanAutowiringSupport. To expose our AccountService, we extend Spring’s SpringBeanAutowiringSupport class and implement our business logic here, usually delegating the call to the business layer. We use Spring’s @Autowired annotation to express such dependencies on Spring-managed beans. The following example shows our class that extends SpringBeanAutowiringSupport:

Our AccountServiceEndpoint needs to run in the same web application as the Spring context to allow for access to Spring’s facilities. This is the case by default in Java EE 5 environments, using the standard contract for JAX-WS servlet endpoint deployment. See the various Java EE 5 web service tutorials for details.

The built-in JAX-WS provider that comes with Oracle’s JDK supports exposure of web services by using the built-in HTTP server that is also included in the JDK. Spring’s SimpleJaxWsServiceExporter detects all @WebService-annotated beans in the Spring application context and exports them through the default JAX-WS server (the JDK HTTP server).

In this scenario, the endpoint instances are defined and managed as Spring beans themselves. They are registered with the JAX-WS engine, but their lifecycle is up to the Spring application context. This means that you can apply Spring functionality (such as explicit dependency injection) to the endpoint instances. Annotation-driven injection through @Autowired works as well. The following example shows how to define these beans:

The AccountServiceEndpoint can but does not have to derive from Spring’s SpringBeanAutowiringSupport, since the endpoint in this example is a fully Spring-managed bean. This means that the endpoint implementation can be as follows (without any superclass declared — and Spring’s @Autowired configuration annotation is still honored):

Oracle’s JAX-WS RI, developed as part of the GlassFish project, ships Spring support as part of its JAX-WS Commons project. This allows for defining JAX-WS endpoints as Spring-managed beans, similar to the standalone mode discussed in the previous section — but this time in a Servlet environment.

The differences from the standard style of exporting servlet-based endpoints are that the lifecycle of the endpoint instances themselves are managed by Spring and that there is only one JAX-WS servlet defined in web.xml. With the standard Java EE 5 style (as shown earlier), you have one servlet definition per service endpoint, with each endpoint typically delegating to Spring beans (through the use of @Autowired, as shown earlier).

See https://jax-ws-commons.java.net/spring/ for details on setup and usage style.

Spring provides two factory beans to create JAX-WS web service proxies, namely LocalJaxWsServiceFactoryBean and JaxWsPortProxyFactoryBean. The former can return only a JAX-WS service class for us to work with. The latter is the full-fledged version that can return a proxy that implements our business service interface. In the following example, we use JaxWsPortProxyFactoryBean to create a proxy for the AccountService endpoint (again):

wsdlDocumentUrl is the URL for the WSDL file. Spring needs this at startup time to create the JAX-WS Service. namespaceUri corresponds to the targetNamespace in the .wsdl file. serviceName corresponds to the service name in the .wsdl file. portName corresponds to the port name in the .wsdl file.

Accessing the web service is easy, as we have a bean factory for it that exposes it as an interface called AccountService. The following example shows how we can wire this up in Spring:

From the client code, we can access the web service as if it were a normal class, as the following example shows:

On the server, you need to expose the service object that uses the JmsInvokerServiceExporter, as the following example shows:

The client merely needs to create a client-side proxy that implements the agreed-upon interface ( CheckingAccountService).

The following example defines beans that you can inject into other client-side objects (and the proxy takes care of forwarding the call to the server-side object via JMS):

The RestTemplate provides a higher level API over HTTP client libraries. It makes it easy to invoke REST endpoints in a single line. It exposes the following groups of overloaded methods:

The AsyncRestTemplate is deprecated. For all use cases where you might consider using AsyncRestTemplate, use the WebClient instead.

To invoke a method on a local or remote stateless session bean, client code must normally perform a JNDI lookup to obtain the (local or remote) EJB Home object and then use a create method call on that object to obtain the actual (local or remote) EJB object. One or more methods are then invoked on the EJB.

To avoid repeated low-level code, many EJB applications use the Service Locator and Business Delegate patterns. These are better than spraying JNDI lookups throughout client code, but their usual implementations have significant disadvantages:

The Spring approach is to allow the creation and use of proxy objects (normally configured inside a Spring container), which act as codeless business delegates. You need not write another Service Locator, another JNDI lookup, or duplicate methods in a hand-coded Business Delegate unless you actually add real value in such code.

Assume that we have a web controller that needs to use a local EJB. We follow best practice and use the EJB Business Methods Interface pattern, so that the EJB’s local interface extends a non-EJB-specific business methods interface. We call this business methods interface MyComponent. The following example shows such an interface:

One of the main reasons to use the Business Methods Interface pattern is to ensure that synchronization between method signatures in local interface and bean implementation class is automatic. Another reason is that it later makes it much easier for us to switch to a POJO (plain old Java object) implementation of the service if it makes sense to do so. We also need to implement the local home interface and provide an implementation class that implements SessionBean and the MyComponent business methods interface. Now, the only Java coding we need to do to hook up our web tier controller to the EJB implementation is to expose a setter method of type MyComponent on the controller. This saves the reference as an instance variable in the controller. The following example shows how to do so:

We can subsequently use this instance variable in any business method in the controller. Now, assuming we obtain our controller object out of a Spring container, we can (in the same context) configure a LocalStatelessSessionProxyFactoryBean instance, which is the EJB proxy object. We configure the proxy and set the myComponent property of the controller with the following configuration entry:

A lot of work happens behind the scenes, courtesy of the Spring AOP framework, although you are not forced to work with AOP concepts to enjoy the results. The myComponent bean definition creates a proxy for the EJB, which implements the business method interface. The EJB local home is cached on startup, so there is only a single JNDI lookup. Each time the EJB is invoked, the proxy invokes the classname method on the local EJB and invokes the corresponding business method on the EJB.

The myController bean definition sets the myComponent property of the controller class to the EJB proxy.

Alternatively (and preferably in case of many such proxy definitions), consider using the <jee:local-slsb> configuration element in Spring’s “jee” namespace. The following example shows how to do so:

This EJB access mechanism delivers huge simplification of application code. The web tier code (or other EJB client code) has no dependence on the use of EJB. To replace this EJB reference with a POJO or a mock object or other test stub, we could change the myComponent bean definition without changing a line of Java code. Additionally, we have not had to write a single line of JNDI lookup or other EJB plumbing code as part of our application.

Benchmarks and experience in real applications indicate that the performance overhead of this approach (which involves reflective invocation of the target EJB) is minimal and is undetectable in typical use. Remember that we do not want to make fine-grained calls to EJBs anyway, as there is a cost associated with the EJB infrastructure in the application server.

There is one caveat with regards to the JNDI lookup. In a bean container, this class is normally best used as a singleton (there is no reason to make it a prototype). However, if that bean container pre-instantiates singletons (as do the various XML ApplicationContext variants), you can have a problem if the bean container is loaded before the EJB container loads the target EJB. That is because the JNDI lookup is performed in the init() method of this class and then cached, but the EJB has not been bound at the target location yet. The solution is to not pre-instantiate this factory object but to let it be created on first use. In the XML containers, you can control this by using the lazy-init attribute.

Although not of interest to the majority of Spring users, those doing programmatic AOP work with EJBs may want to look at LocalSlsbInvokerInterceptor.

Accessing remote EJBs is essentially identical to accessing local EJBs, except that the SimpleRemoteStatelessSessionProxyFactoryBean or <jee:remote-slsb> configuration element is used. Of course, with or without Spring, remote invocation semantics apply: A call to a method on an object in another VM in another computer does sometimes have to be treated differently in terms of usage scenarios and failure handling.

Spring’s EJB client support adds one more advantage over the non-Spring approach. Normally, it is problematic for EJB client code to be easily switched back and forth between calling EJBs locally or remotely. This is because the remote interface methods must declare that they throw RemoteException, and client code must deal with this, while the local interface methods need not. Client code written for local EJBs that needs to be moved to remote EJBs typically has to be modified to add handling for the remote exceptions, and client code written for remote EJBs that needs to be moved to local EJBs can either stay the same but do a lot of unnecessary handling of remote exceptions or be modified to remove that code. With the Spring remote EJB proxy, you can instead not declare any thrown RemoteException in your Business Method Interface and implementing EJB code, have a remote interface that is identical (except that it does throw RemoteException), and rely on the proxy to dynamically treat the two interfaces as if they were the same. That is, client code does not have to deal with the checked RemoteException class. Any actual RemoteException that is thrown during the EJB invocation is re-thrown as the non-checked RemoteAccessException class, which is a subclass of RuntimeException. You can then switch the target service at will between a local EJB or remote EJB (or even plain Java object) implementation, without the client code knowing or caring. Of course, this is optional: Nothing stops you from declaring RemoteException in your business interface.

Accessing EJB 2.x Session Beans and EJB 3 Session Beans through Spring is largely transparent. Spring’s EJB accessors, including the <jee:local-slsb> and <jee:remote-slsb> facilities, transparently adapt to the actual component at runtime. They handle a home interface if found (EJB 2.x style) or perform straight component invocations if no home interface is available (EJB 3 style).

Note: For EJB 3 Session Beans, you can effectively use a JndiObjectFactoryBean / <jee:jndi-lookup> as well, since fully usable component references are exposed for plain JNDI lookups there. Defining explicit <jee:local-slsb> or <jee:remote-slsb> lookups provides consistent and more explicit EJB access configuration.

The JmsTemplate class is the central class in the JMS core package. It simplifies the use of JMS, since it handles the creation and release of resources when sending or synchronously receiving messages.

Code that uses the JmsTemplate needs only to implement callback interfaces that give them a clearly defined high-level contract. The MessageCreator callback interface creates a message when given a Session provided by the calling code in JmsTemplate. To allow for more complex usage of the JMS API, SessionCallback provides the JMS session, and ProducerCallback exposes a Session and MessageProducer pair.

The JMS API exposes two types of send methods, one that takes delivery mode, priority, and time-to-live as Quality of Service (QOS) parameters and one that takes no QOS parameters and uses default values. Since JmsTemplate has many send methods, setting the QOS parameters have been exposed as bean properties to avoid duplication in the number of send methods. Similarly, the timeout value for synchronous receive calls is set by using the setReceiveTimeout property.

Some JMS providers allow the setting of default QOS values administratively through the configuration of the ConnectionFactory. This has the effect that a call to a MessageProducer instance’s send method (send(Destination destination, Message message)) uses different QOS default values than those specified in the JMS specification. In order to provide consistent management of QOS values, the JmsTemplate must, therefore, be specifically enabled to use its own QOS values by setting the boolean property isExplicitQosEnabled to true.

For convenience, JmsTemplate also exposes a basic request-reply operation that allows for sending a message and waiting for a reply on a temporary queue that is created as part of the operation.

As of Spring Framework 4.1, JmsMessagingTemplate is built on top of JmsTemplate and provides an integration with the messaging abstraction — that is, org.springframework.messaging.Message. This lets you create the message to send in a generic manner.

The JmsTemplate requires a reference to a ConnectionFactory. The ConnectionFactory is part of the JMS specification and serves as the entry point for working with JMS. It is used by the client application as a factory to create connections with the JMS provider and encapsulates various configuration parameters, many of which are vendor-specific, such as SSL configuration options.

When using JMS inside an EJB, the vendor provides implementations of the JMS interfaces so that they can participate in declarative transaction management and perform pooling of connections and sessions. In order to use this implementation, Java EE containers typically require that you declare a JMS connection factory as a resource-ref inside the EJB or servlet deployment descriptors. To ensure the use of these features with the JmsTemplate inside an EJB, the client application should ensure that it references the managed implementation of the ConnectionFactory.

Destinations, as ConnectionFactory instances, are JMS administered objects that you can store and retrieved in JNDI. When configuring a Spring application context, you can use the JNDI JndiObjectFactoryBean factory class or <jee:jndi-lookup> to perform dependency injection on your object’s references to JMS destinations. However, this strategy is often cumbersome if there are a large number of destinations in the application or if there are advanced destination management features unique to the JMS provider. Examples of such advanced destination management include the creation of dynamic destinations or support for a hierarchical namespace of destinations. The JmsTemplate delegates the resolution of a destination name to a JMS destination object that implements the DestinationResolver interface. DynamicDestinationResolver is the default implementation used by JmsTemplate and accommodates resolving dynamic destinations. A JndiDestinationResolver is also provided to act as a service locator for destinations contained in JNDI and optionally falls back to the behavior contained in DynamicDestinationResolver.

Quite often, the destinations used in a JMS application are only known at runtime and, therefore, cannot be administratively created when the application is deployed. This is often because there is shared application logic between interacting system components that create destinations at runtime according to a well-known naming convention. Even though the creation of dynamic destinations is not part of the JMS specification, most vendors have provided this functionality. Dynamic destinations are created with a user-defined name, which differentiates them from temporary destinations, and are often not registered in JNDI. The API used to create dynamic destinations varies from provider to provider since the properties associated with the destination are vendor-specific. However, a simple implementation choice that is sometimes made by vendors is to disregard the warnings in the JMS specification and to use the method TopicSession createTopic(String topicName) or the QueueSession createQueue(String queueName) method to create a new destination with default destination properties. Depending on the vendor implementation, DynamicDestinationResolver can then also create a physical destination instead of only resolving one.

The boolean property pubSubDomain is used to configure the JmsTemplate with knowledge of what JMS domain is being used. By default, the value of this property is false, indicating that the point-to-point domain, Queues, is to be used. This property (used by JmsTemplate) determines the behavior of dynamic destination resolution through implementations of the DestinationResolver interface.

You can also configure the JmsTemplate with a default destination through the property defaultDestination. The default destination is with send and receive operations that do not refer to a specific destination.

One of the most common uses of JMS messages in the EJB world is to drive message-driven beans (MDBs). Spring offers a solution to create message-driven POJOs (MDPs) in a way that does not tie a user to an EJB container. (See Asynchronous reception: Message-Driven POJOs for detailed coverage of Spring’s MDP support.) Since Spring Framework 4.1, endpoint methods can be annotated with @JmsListener — see Annotation-driven Listener Endpoints for more details.

A message listener container is used to receive messages from a JMS message queue and drive the MessageListener that is injected into it. The listener container is responsible for all threading of message reception and dispatches into the listener for processing. A message listener container is the intermediary between an MDP and a messaging provider and takes care of registering to receive messages, participating in transactions, resource acquisition and release, exception conversion, and so on. This lets you write the (possibly complex) business logic associated with receiving a message (and possibly respond to it), and delegates boilerplate JMS infrastructure concerns to the framework.

There are two standard JMS message listener containers packaged with Spring, each with its specialized feature set.

Spring provides a JmsTransactionManager that manages transactions for a single JMS ConnectionFactory. This lets JMS applications leverage the managed-transaction features of Spring, as described in Transaction Management section of the Data Access chapter. The JmsTransactionManager performs local resource transactions, binding a JMS Connection/Session pair from the specified ConnectionFactory to the thread. JmsTemplate automatically detects such transactional resources and operates on them accordingly.

In a Java EE environment, the ConnectionFactory pools Connection and Session instances, so those resources are efficiently reused across transactions. In a standalone environment, using Spring’s SingleConnectionFactory result in a shared JMS Connection, with each transaction having its own independent Session. Alternatively, consider the use of a provider-specific pooling adapter, such as ActiveMQ’s PooledConnectionFactory class.

You can also use JmsTemplate with the JtaTransactionManager and an XA-capable JMS ConnectionFactory to perform distributed transactions. Note that this requires the use of a JTA transaction manager as well as a properly XA-configured ConnectionFactory. (Check your Java EE server’s or JMS provider’s documentation.)

Reusing code across a managed and unmanaged transactional environment can be confusing when using the JMS API to create a Session from a Connection. This is because the JMS API has only one factory method to create a Session, and it requires values for the transaction and acknowledgment modes. In a managed environment, setting these values is the responsibility of the environment’s transactional infrastructure, so these values are ignored by the vendor’s wrapper to the JMS Connection. When you use the JmsTemplate in an unmanaged environment, you can specify these values through the use of the properties sessionTransacted and sessionAcknowledgeMode. When you use a PlatformTransactionManager with JmsTemplate, the template is always given a transactional JMS Session.

To facilitate the sending of domain model objects, the JmsTemplate has various send methods that take a Java object as an argument for a message’s data content. The overloaded methods convertAndSend() and receiveAndConvert() methods in JmsTemplate delegate the conversion process to an instance of the MessageConverter interface. This interface defines a simple contract to convert between Java objects and JMS messages. The default implementation (SimpleMessageConverter) supports conversion between String and TextMessage, byte[] and BytesMesssage, and java.util.Map and MapMessage. By using the converter, you and your application code can focus on the business object that is being sent or received through JMS and not be concerned with the details of how it is represented as a JMS message.

The sandbox currently includes a MapMessageConverter, which uses reflection to convert between a JavaBean and a MapMessage. Other popular implementation choices you might implement yourself are converters that use an existing XML marshalling package (such as JAXB, Castor, or XStream) to create a TextMessage that represents the object.

To accommodate the setting of a message’s properties, headers, and body that can not be generically encapsulated inside a converter class, the MessagePostProcessor interface gives you access to the message after it has been converted but before it is sent. The following example shows how to modify a message header and a property after a java.util.Map is converted to a message:

This results in a message of the following form:

While the send operations cover many common usage scenarios, you might sometimes want to perform multiple operations on a JMS Session or MessageProducer. The SessionCallback and ProducerCallback expose the JMS Session and Session / MessageProducer pair, respectively. The execute() methods on JmsTemplate execute these callback methods.

While JMS is typically associated with asynchronous processing, you can consume messages synchronously. The overloaded receive(..) methods provide this functionality. During a synchronous receive, the calling thread blocks until a message becomes available. This can be a dangerous operation, since the calling thread can potentially be blocked indefinitely. The receiveTimeout property specifies how long the receiver should wait before giving up waiting for a message.

In a fashion similar to a Message-Driven Bean (MDB) in the EJB world, the Message-Driven POJO (MDP) acts as a receiver for JMS messages. The one restriction (but see Using MessageListenerAdapter) on an MDP is that it must implement the javax.jms.MessageListener interface. Note that, if your POJO receives messages on multiple threads, it is important to ensure that your implementation is thread-safe.

The following example shows a simple implementation of an MDP:

Once you have implemented your MessageListener, it is time to create a message listener container.

The following example shows how to define and configure one of the message listener containers that ships with Spring (in this case, DefaultMessageListenerContainer):

See the Spring javadoc of the various message listener containers (all of which implement MessageListenerContainer) for a full description of the features supported by each implementation.

The SessionAwareMessageListener interface is a Spring-specific interface that provides a similar contract to the JMS MessageListener interface but also gives the message-handling method access to the JMS Session from which the Message was received. The following listing shows the definition of the SessionAwareMessageListener interface:

You can choose to have your MDPs implement this interface (in preference to the standard JMS MessageListener interface) if you want your MDPs to be able to respond to any received messages (by using the Session supplied in the onMessage(Message, Session) method). All of the message listener container implementations that ship with Spring have support for MDPs that implement either the MessageListener or SessionAwareMessageListener interface. Classes that implement the SessionAwareMessageListener come with the caveat that they are then tied to Spring through the interface. The choice of whether or not to use it is left entirely up to you as an application developer or architect.

Note that the onMessage(..) method of the SessionAwareMessageListener interface throws JMSException. In contrast to the standard JMS MessageListener interface, when using the SessionAwareMessageListener interface, it is the responsibility of the client code to handle any thrown exceptions.

The MessageListenerAdapter class is the final component in Spring’s asynchronous messaging support. In a nutshell, it lets you expose almost any class as an MDP (though there are some constraints).

Consider the following interface definition:

Notice that, although the interface extends neither the MessageListener nor the SessionAwareMessageListener interface, you can still use it as a MDP by using the MessageListenerAdapter class. Notice also how the various message handling methods are strongly typed according to the contents of the various Message types that they can receive and handle.

Now consider the following implementation of the MessageDelegate interface:

In particular, note how the preceding implementation of the MessageDelegate interface (the DefaultMessageDelegate class) has no JMS dependencies at all. It truly is a POJO that we can make into an MDP through the following configuration:

The next example shows another MDP that can handle only receiving JMS TextMessage messages. Notice how the message handling method is actually called receive (the name of the message handling method in a MessageListenerAdapter defaults to handleMessage), but it is configurable (as you can see later in this section). Notice also how the receive(..) method is strongly typed to receive and respond only to JMS TextMessage messages. The following listing shows the definition of the TextMessageDelegate interface:

The following listing shows a class that implements the TextMessageDelegate interface:

The configuration of the attendant MessageListenerAdapter would then be as follows:

Note that, if the messageListener receives a JMS Message of a type other than TextMessage, an IllegalStateException is thrown (and subsequently swallowed). Another of the capabilities of the MessageListenerAdapter class is the ability to automatically send back a response Message if a handler method returns a non-void value. Consider the following interface and class:

If you use the DefaultResponsiveTextMessageDelegate in conjunction with a MessageListenerAdapter, any non-null value that is returned from the execution of the 'receive(..)' method is (in the default configuration) converted into a TextMessage. The resulting TextMessage is then sent to the Destination (if one exists) defined in the JMS Reply-To property of the original Message or the default Destination set on the MessageListenerAdapter (if one has been configured). If no Destination is found, an InvalidDestinationException is thrown (note that this exception is not swallowed and propagates up the call stack).

Invoking a message listener within a transaction requires only reconfiguration of the listener container.

You can activate local resource transactions through the sessionTransacted flag on the listener container definition. Each message listener invocation then operates within an active JMS transaction, with message reception rolled back in case of listener execution failure. Sending a response message (through SessionAwareMessageListener) is part of the same local transaction, but any other resource operations (such as database access) operate independently. This usually requires duplicate message detection in the listener implementation, to cover the case where database processing has committed but message processing failed to commit.

Consider the following bean definition:

To participate in an externally managed transaction, you need to configure a transaction manager and use a listener container that supports externally managed transactions (typically, DefaultMessageListenerContainer).

To configure a message listener container for XA transaction participation, you want to configure a JtaTransactionManager (which, by default, delegates to the Java EE server’s transaction subsystem). Note that the underlying JMS ConnectionFactory needs to be XA-capable and properly registered with your JTA transaction coordinator. (Check your Java EE server’s configuration of JNDI resources.) This lets message reception as well as (for example) database access be part of the same transaction (with unified commit semantics, at the expense of XA transaction log overhead).

The following bean definition creates a transaction manager:

Then we need to add it to our earlier container configuration. The container takes care of the rest. The following example shows how to do so:

To enable support for @JmsListener annotations, you can add @EnableJms to one of your @Configuration classes, as the following example shows:

By default, the infrastructure looks for a bean named jmsListenerContainerFactory as the source for the factory to use to create message listener containers. In this case (and ignoring the JMS infrastructure setup), you can invoke the processOrder method with a core poll size of three threads and a maximum pool size of ten threads.

You can customize the listener container factory to use for each annotation or you can configure an explicit default by implementing the JmsListenerConfigurer interface. The default is required only if at least one endpoint is registered without a specific container factory. See the javadoc of classes that implement JmsListenerConfigurer for details and examples.

If you prefer XML configuration, you can use the <jms:annotation-driven> element, as the following example shows:

JmsListenerEndpoint provides a model of a JMS endpoint and is responsible for configuring the container for that model. The infrastructure lets you programmatically configure endpoints in addition to the ones that are detected by the JmsListener annotation. The following example shows how to do so:

In the preceding example, we used SimpleJmsListenerEndpoint, which provides the actual MessageListener to invoke. However, you could also build your own endpoint variant to describe a custom invocation mechanism.

Note that you could skip the use of @JmsListener altogether and programmatically register only your endpoints through JmsListenerConfigurer.

So far, we have been injecting a simple String in our endpoint, but it can actually have a very flexible method signature. In the following example, we rewrite it to inject the Order with a custom header:

The main elements you can inject in JMS listener endpoints are as follows:

The ability to inject Spring’s Message abstraction is particularly useful to benefit from all the information stored in the transport-specific message without relying on transport-specific API. The following example shows how to do so:

Handling of method arguments is provided by DefaultMessageHandlerMethodFactory, which you can further customize to support additional method arguments. You can customize the conversion and validation support there as well.

For instance, if we want to make sure our Order is valid before processing it, we can annotate the payload with @Valid and configure the necessary validator, as the following example shows:

The existing support in MessageListenerAdapter already lets your method have a non-void return type. When that is the case, the result of the invocation is encapsulated in a javax.jms.Message, sent either in the destination specified in the JMSReplyTo header of the original message or in the default destination configured on the listener. You can now set that default destination by using the @SendTo annotation of the messaging abstraction.

Assuming that our processOrder method should now return an OrderStatus, we can write it to automatically send a response, as the following example shows:

If you need to set additional headers in a transport-independent manner, you can return a Message instead, with a method similar to the following:

If you need to compute the response destination at runtime, you can encapsulate your response in a JmsResponse instance that also provides the destination to use at runtime. We can rewrite the previous example as follows:

Finally, if you need to specify some QoS values for the response such as the priority or the time to live, you can configure the JmsListenerContainerFactory accordingly, as the following example shows:

The configuration shown in the preceding section assumes that the application is running in an environment that has one (and only one) MBeanServer already running. In this case, Spring tries to locate the running MBeanServer and register your beans with that server (if any). This behavior is useful when your application runs inside a container (such as Tomcat or IBM WebSphere) that has its own MBeanServer.

However, this approach is of no use in a standalone environment or when running inside a container that does not provide an MBeanServer. To address this, you can create an MBeanServer instance declaratively by adding an instance of the org.springframework.jmx.support.MBeanServerFactoryBean class to your configuration. You can also ensure that a specific MBeanServer is used by setting the value of the MBeanExporter instance’s server property to the MBeanServer value returned by an MBeanServerFactoryBean, as the following example shows:

In the preceding example, an instance of MBeanServer is created by the MBeanServerFactoryBean and is supplied to the MBeanExporter through the server property. When you supply your own MBeanServer instance, the MBeanExporter does not try to locate a running MBeanServer and uses the supplied MBeanServer instance. For this to work correctly, you must have a JMX implementation on your classpath.

If no server is specified, the MBeanExporter tries to automatically detect a running MBeanServer. This works in most environments, where only one MBeanServer instance is used. However, when multiple instances exist, the exporter might pick the wrong server. In such cases, you should use the MBeanServer agentId to indicate which instance to be used, as the following example shows:

For platforms or cases where the existing MBeanServer has a dynamic (or unknown) agentId that is retrieved through lookup methods, you should use factory-method, as the following example shows:

If you configure a bean with an MBeanExporter that is also configured for lazy initialization, the MBeanExporter does not break this contract and avoids instantiating the bean. Instead, it registers a proxy with the MBeanServer and defers obtaining the bean from the container until the first invocation on the proxy occurs.

Any beans that are exported through the MBeanExporter and are already valid MBeans are registered as-is with the MBeanServer without further intervention from Spring. You can cause MBeans to be automatically detected by the MBeanExporter by setting the autodetect property to true, as the following example shows:

In the preceding example, the bean called spring:mbean=true is already a valid JMX MBean and is automatically registered by Spring. By default, a bean that is autodetected for JMX registration has its bean name used as the ObjectName. You can override this behavior, as detailed in Controlling ObjectName Instances for Your Beans.

Consider the scenario where a Spring MBeanExporter attempts to register an MBean with an MBeanServer by using the ObjectName bean:name=testBean1. If an MBean instance has already been registered under that same ObjectName, the default behavior is to fail (and throw an InstanceAlreadyExistsException).

You can control exactly what happens when an MBean is registered with an MBeanServer. Spring’s JMX support allows for three different registration behaviors to control the registration behavior when the registration process finds that an MBean has already been registered under the same ObjectName. The following table summarizes these registration behaviors:

The values in the preceding table are defined as enums on the RegistrationPolicy class. If you want to change the default registration behavior, you need to set the value of the registrationPolicy property on your MBeanExporter definition to one of those values.

The following example shows how to change from the default registration behavior to the REPLACE_EXISTING behavior:

Behind the scenes, the MBeanExporter delegates to an implementation of the org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.MBeanInfoAssembler interface, which is responsible for defining the management interface of each bean that is exposed. The default implementation, org.springframework.jmx.export.assembler.SimpleReflectiveMBeanInfoAssembler, defines a management interface that exposes all public properties and methods (as you saw in the examples in the preceding sections). Spring provides two additional implementations of the MBeanInfoAssembler interface that let you control the generated management interface by using either source-level metadata or any arbitrary interface.

By using the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler, you can define the management interfaces for your beans by using source-level metadata. The reading of metadata is encapsulated by the org.springframework.jmx.export.metadata.JmxAttributeSource interface. Spring JMX provides a default implementation that uses Java annotations, namely org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.AnnotationJmxAttributeSource. You must configure the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler with an implementation instance of the JmxAttributeSource interface for it to function correctly (there is no default).

To mark a bean for export to JMX, you should annotate the bean class with the ManagedResource annotation. You must mark each method you wish to expose as an operation with the ManagedOperation annotation and mark each property you wish to expose with the ManagedAttribute annotation. When marking properties, you can omit either the annotation of the getter or the setter to create a write-only or read-only attribute, respectively.

The following example shows the annotated version of the JmxTestBean class that we used in Creating an MBeanServer:

In the preceding example, you can see that the JmxTestBean class is marked with the ManagedResource annotation and that this ManagedResource annotation is configured with a set of properties. These properties can be used to configure various aspects of the MBean that is generated by the MBeanExporter and are explained in greater detail later in Source-level Metadata Types.

Both the age and name properties are annotated with the ManagedAttribute annotation, but, in the case of the age property, only the getter is marked. This causes both of these properties to be included in the management interface as attributes, but the age attribute is read-only.

Finally, the add(int, int) method is marked with the ManagedOperation attribute, whereas the dontExposeMe() method is not. This causes the management interface to contain only one operation (add(int, int)) when you use the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler.

The following configuration shows how you can configure the MBeanExporter to use the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler:

In the preceding example, an MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler bean has been configured with an instance of the AnnotationJmxAttributeSource class and passed to the MBeanExporter through the assembler property. This is all that is required to take advantage of metadata-driven management interfaces for your Spring-exposed MBeans.

The following table describes the source-level metadata types that are available for use in Spring JMX:

The following table describes the configuration parameters that are available for use on these source-level metadata types:

To simplify configuration even further, Spring includes the AutodetectCapableMBeanInfoAssembler interface, which extends the MBeanInfoAssembler interface to add support for autodetection of MBean resources. If you configure the MBeanExporter with an instance of AutodetectCapableMBeanInfoAssembler, it is allowed to “vote” on the inclusion of beans for exposure to JMX.

The only implementation of the AutodetectCapableMBeanInfo interface is the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler, which votes to include any bean that is marked with the ManagedResource attribute. The default approach in this case is to use the bean name as the ObjectName, which results in a configuration similar to the following:

Notice that, in the preceding configuration, no beans are passed to the MBeanExporter. However, the JmxTestBean is still registered, since it is marked with the ManagedResource attribute and the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler detects this and votes to include it. The only problem with this approach is that the name of the JmxTestBean now has business meaning. You can address this issue by changing the default behavior for ObjectName creation as defined in Controlling ObjectName Instances for Your Beans.

In addition to the MetadataMBeanInfoAssembler, Spring also includes the InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler, which lets you constrain the methods and properties that are exposed based on the set of methods defined in a collection of interfaces.

Although the standard mechanism for exposing MBeans is to use interfaces and a simple naming scheme, InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler extends this functionality by removing the need for naming conventions, letting you use more than one interface and removing the need for your beans to implement the MBean interfaces.

Consider the following interface, which is used to define a management interface for the JmxTestBean class that we showed earlier:

This interface defines the methods and properties that are exposed as operations and attributes on the JMX MBean. The following code shows how to configure Spring JMX to use this interface as the definition for the management interface:

In the preceding example, the InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler is configured to use the IJmxTestBean interface when constructing the management interface for any bean. It is important to understand that beans processed by the InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler are not required to implement the interface used to generate the JMX management interface.

In the preceding case, the IJmxTestBean interface is used to construct all management interfaces for all beans. In many cases, this is not the desired behavior, and you may want to use different interfaces for different beans. In this case, you can pass InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler a Properties instance through the interfaceMappings property, where the key of each entry is the bean name and the value of each entry is a comma-separated list of interface names to use for that bean.

If no management interface is specified through either the managedInterfaces or interfaceMappings properties, the InterfaceBasedMBeanInfoAssembler reflects on the bean and uses all of the interfaces implemented by that bean to create the management interface.

MethodNameBasedMBeanInfoAssembler lets you specify a list of method names that are exposed to JMX as attributes and operations. The following code shows a sample configuration:

In the preceding example, you can see that the add and myOperation methods are exposed as JMX operations, and getName(), setName(String), and getAge() are exposed as the appropriate half of a JMX attribute. In the preceding code, the method mappings apply to beans that are exposed to JMX. To control method exposure on a bean-by-bean basis, you can use the methodMappings property of MethodNameMBeanInfoAssembler to map bean names to lists of method names.

You can configure your own KeyNamingStrategy instance and configure it to read ObjectName instances from a Properties instance rather than use a bean key. The KeyNamingStrategy tries to locate an entry in the Properties with a key that corresponds to the bean key. If no entry is found or if the Properties instance is null, the bean key itself is used.

The following code shows a sample configuration for the KeyNamingStrategy:

The preceding example configures an instance of KeyNamingStrategy with a Properties instance that is merged from the Properties instance defined by the mapping property and the properties files located in the paths defined by the mappings property. In this configuration, the testBean bean is given an ObjectName of bean:name=testBean1, since this is the entry in the Properties instance that has a key corresponding to the bean key.

If no entry in the Properties instance can be found, the bean key name is used as the ObjectName.

MetadataNamingStrategy uses the objectName property of the ManagedResource attribute on each bean to create the ObjectName. The following code shows the configuration for the MetadataNamingStrategy:

If no objectName has been provided for the ManagedResource attribute, an ObjectName is created with the following format: [fully-qualified-package-name]:type=[short-classname],name=[bean-name]. For example, the generated ObjectName for the following bean would be com.example:type=MyClass,name=myBean:

If you prefer to use the annotation-based approach to define your management interfaces, a convenience subclass of MBeanExporter is available: AnnotationMBeanExporter. When defining an instance of this subclass, you no longer need the namingStrategy, assembler, and attributeSource configuration, since it always uses standard Java annotation-based metadata (autodetection is always enabled as well). In fact, rather than defining an MBeanExporter bean, an even simpler syntax is supported by the @EnableMBeanExport @Configuration annotation, as the following example shows:

If you prefer XML-based configuration, the <context:mbean-export/> element serves the same purpose and is shown in the following listing:

If necessary, you can provide a reference to a particular MBean server, and the defaultDomain attribute (a property of AnnotationMBeanExporter) accepts an alternate value for the generated MBean ObjectName domains. This is used in place of the fully qualified package name as described in the previous section on MetadataNamingStrategy, as the following example shows:

The following example shows the XML equivalent of the preceding annotation-based example:

To have Spring JMX create, start, and expose a JSR-160 JMXConnectorServer, you can use the following configuration:

By default, ConnectorServerFactoryBean creates a JMXConnectorServer bound to service:jmx:jmxmp://localhost:9875. The serverConnector bean thus exposes the local MBeanServer to clients through the JMXMP protocol on localhost, port 9875. Note that the JMXMP protocol is marked as optional by the JSR 160 specification. Currently, the main open-source JMX implementation, MX4J, and the one provided with the JDK do not support JMXMP.

To specify another URL and register the JMXConnectorServer itself with the MBeanServer, you can use the serviceUrl and ObjectName properties, respectively, as the following example shows:

If the ObjectName property is set, Spring automatically registers your connector with the MBeanServer under that ObjectName. The following example shows the full set of parameters that you can pass to the ConnectorServerFactoryBean when creating a JMXConnector:

Note that, when you use a RMI-based connector, you need the lookup service (tnameserv or rmiregistry) to be started in order for the name registration to complete. If you use Spring to export remote services for you through RMI, Spring has already constructed an RMI registry. If not, you can easily start a registry by using the following snippet of configuration:

To create an MBeanServerConnection to a remote JSR-160-enabled MBeanServer, you can use the MBeanServerConnectionFactoryBean, as the following example shows:

JSR-160 permits extensions to the way in which communication is done between the client and the server. The examples shown in the preceding sections use the mandatory RMI-based implementation required by the JSR-160 specification (IIOP and JRMP) and the (optional) JMXMP. By using other providers or JMX implementations (such as MX4J) you can take advantage of protocols such as SOAP or Hessian over simple HTTP or SSL and others, as the following example shows:

In the preceding example, we used MX4J 3.0.0. See the official MX4J documentation for more information.

Spring’s JMX support makes it easy to register any number of NotificationListeners with any number of MBeans (this includes MBeans exported by Spring’s MBeanExporter and MBeans registered through some other mechanism). For example, consider the scenario where one would like to be informed (through a Notification) each and every time an attribute of a target MBean changes. The following example writes notifications to the console:

The following example adds ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener (defined in the preceding example) to notificationListenerMappings:

With the preceding configuration in place, every time a JMX Notification is broadcast from the target MBean (bean:name=testBean1), the ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener bean that was registered as a listener through the notificationListenerMappings property is notified. The ConsoleLoggingNotificationListener bean can then take whatever action it deems appropriate in response to the Notification.

You can also use straight bean names as the link between exported beans and listeners, as the following example shows: