There are several reasons why some projects will prefer to use other MVC implementations. Many teams expect to leverage their existing investment in skills and tools. In addition, there is a large body of knowledge and experience available for the Struts framework. Thus, if you can live with Struts' architectural flaws, it can still be a viable choice for the web layer; the same applies to WebWork and other web MVC frameworks.

If you don't want to use Spring's web MVC, but intend to leverage other solutions that Spring offers, you can integrate the web MVC framework of your choice with Spring easily. Simply start up a Spring root application context via its ContextLoaderListener, and access it via its ServletContext attribute (or Spring's respective helper method) from within a Struts or WebWork action. Note that there aren't any "plug-ins" involved, so no dedicated integration is necessary. From the web layer's point of view, you'll simply use Spring as a library, with the root application context instance as the entry point.

All your registered beans and all of Spring's services can be at your fingertips even without Spring's Web MVC. Spring doesn't compete with Struts or WebWork in this scenario, it just addresses the many areas that the pure web MVC frameworks don't, from bean configuration to data access and transaction handling. So you are able to enrich your application with a Spring middle tier and/or data access tier, even if you just want to use, for example, the transaction abstraction with JDBC or Hibernate.

Spring's web module provides a wealth of unique web support features, including:

To provide a basic infrastructure, all of Spring's various Controller inherit from AbstractController, a class offering caching support and, for example, the setting of the mimetype.

When using the AbstractController as the baseclass for your controllers you only have to override the handleRequestInternal(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse) method, implement your logic, and return a ModelAndView object. Here is short example consisting of a class and a declaration in the web application context.

package samples;

public class SampleController extends AbstractController {

    public ModelAndView handleRequestInternal(
        HttpServletRequest request,
        HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {

        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("hello");
        mav.addObject("message", "Hello World!");
        return mav;        
    }
}

<bean id="sampleController" class="samples.SampleController">
    <property name="cacheSeconds" value="120"/>
</bean>

The above class and the declaration in the web application context is all you need besides setting up a handler mapping (see the section entitled Section 13.4, “Handler mappings”) to get this very simple controller working. This controller will generate caching directives telling the client to cache things for 2 minutes before rechecking. This controller also returns a hard-coded view (which is typically considered bad practice).

Although you can extend AbstractController, Spring provides a number of concrete implementations which offer functionality that is commonly used in simple MVC applications. The ParameterizableViewController is basically the same as the example above, except for the fact that you can specify the view name that it will return in the web application context (and thus remove the need to hard-code the viewname in the Java class).

The UrlFilenameViewController inspects the URL and retrieves the filename of the file request and uses that as a viewname. For example, the filename of http://www.springframework.org/index.html request is index.

Spring offers a MultiActionController class that supports the aggregation of multiple request-handling methods into one controller, which then allows you to group related functionality together. (If you are a Struts veteran you might recognize the similarity between the Struts DispatchAction and the Spring MVC MultiActionController.) The MultiActionController class is defined in a distinct package - org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction - and it is capable of mapping requests to method names and then invoking the correct method to handle a particular request. Using the MultiActionController is especially handy when you have a lot of related functionality that would perhaps be nice to define all in a single class without having to implement one Controller for each bit of functionality. The MultiActionController typically is not appropriate for capturing very complex request-handling logic or use cases that address totally-different areas of functionality, and you are encouraged to stick with the standard 'one piece-of-functionality maps to one Controller' for such cases.

There are two usage-styles for the MultiActionController. Either you subclass the MultiActionController and specify the methods that will be resolved by the MethodNameResolver on your subclass, or you define a delegate object, on which methods resolved by the MethodNameResolver will be invoked. If you choose the former style, you do not need to set a delegate, but for the latter style, you will need to inject your delegate object into the MultiActionController as a collaborator (either as a single constructor argument or via the 'setDelegate' method).

The MultiActionController needs some strategy to determine which method to invoke when handling an incoming request: this strategy is defined by the MethodNameResolver interface. The MultiActionController class exposes the 'methodNameResolver' property so that you can inject a MethodNameResolver that is capable of doing that. The methods that you define on a MultiActionController (or on the class of the injected delegate object) must conform to the following signature:

// 'anyMeaningfulName' can be replaced by any method name
public [ModelAndView | Map | void] anyMeaningfulName(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse [,HttpSession] [,AnyObject])

The full details of this method signature are covered in the class-level Javadoc of the MultiActionController source itself. If you are planning to use the MultiActionController, you are highly encouraged to consult that Javadoc. However, below you will find some basic examples of valid MultiActionController method signatures.

The standard signature (mirrors the Controller interface method).

public ModelAndView displayCatalog(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

This signature accepts a Login argument that will be populated (bound) with parameters retrieved from the request.

public ModelAndView login(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Login)

This signature requires that the request already have a valid session.

public ModelAndView viewCart(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, HttpSession)

This signature accepts a Product argument that will be populated (bound) with parameters retrieved from the request and requires that the request already have a valid session. Note that the order of arguments is important: the session must be the third argument, and an object to be bound must always be the final argument (fourth when a session is specified, or third otherwise).

public ModelAndView updateCart(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, HttpSession, Product)

This signature has a void return type indicating that the handler method assumes the responsibility of writing the response.

public void home(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

This signature has a Map return type indicating that a view name translator will be responsible for providing the view name based upon the request, and the model will consist of the Map's entries (see the section entitled Section 13.10, “Convention over configuration” below).

public Map list(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse)

The MethodNameResolver is responsible for resolving method names based on the specifics of the incoming HttpServletRequest. A number of MethodNameResolver implementations are provided for you, and of course you can always write your own. Please also note that the InternalPathMethodNameResolver is the default MethodNameResolver that will be used if you don't inject one explicitly.

You may also declare custom methods for handling Exceptions that occur during request handling. The valid signature for such a method is similar to the request handling methods in that the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse must be provided as the first and second parameters respectively. Unlike request handling methods however, the method's name is irrelevant. Instead, when determining which Exception handling method to invoke, the decision is based upon the most specific possible match among the methods whose third argument is some type of Exception. Here is an example signature for one such Exception handling method.

public ModelAndView processException(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, IllegalArgumentException)

Let's look at an example showing the delegate-style of MultiActionController usage in conjunction with the ParameterMethodNameResolver.

<bean id="paramMultiController"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction.MultiActionController">

    <property name="methodNameResolver">
        <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.multiaction.ParameterMethodNameResolver">
            <property name="paramName" value="method"/>
        </bean>
    </property>

    <property name="delegate">
        <bean class="samples.SampleDelegate"/>
    </property>

</bean>
}

public class SampleDelegate {

    public ModelAndView retrieveIndex(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) {
        return new ModelAndView("index", "date", new Long(System.currentTimeMillis()));
    }
}

When using the delegate shown above, we could also configure the PropertiesMethodNameResolver to match any number couple of URLs to the method we defined:

<bean id="propsResolver"
      class="org....mvc.multiaction.PropertiesMethodNameResolver">
    <property name="mappings">
        <value>
/index/welcome.html=retrieveIndex
/**/notwelcome.html=retrieveIndex
/*/user?.html=retrieveIndex
        </value>
    </property>
</bean>

<bean id="paramMultiController" class="org....mvc.multiaction.MultiActionController">

    <property name="methodNameResolver" ref="propsResolver"/>
    <property name="delegate">
        <bean class="samples.SampleDelegate"/>
    </property>

</bean>

Spring's command controllers are a fundamental part of the Spring Web MVC package. Command controllers provide a way to interact with data objects and dynamically bind parameters from the HttpServletRequest to the data object specified. They perform a somewhat similar role to the Struts ActionForm, but in Spring, your data objects don't have to implement a framework-specific interface. First, lets examine what command controllers are available straight out of the box.

A very simple, but very powerful handler mapping is the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping, which maps incoming HTTP requests to names of beans, defined in the web application context. Let's say we want to enable a user to insert an account and we've already provided an appropriate form controller (see Section 13.3.4, “Command controllers” for more information on command- and form controllers) and a JSP view (or Velocity template) that renders the form. When using the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping, we could map the HTTP request with the URL http://samples.com/editaccount.form to the appropriate form Controller as follows:

<beans>
  <bean id="handlerMapping" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping"/>

  <bean name="/editaccount.form" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleFormController">
    <property name="formView" value="account"/>
    <property name="successView" value="account-created"/>
    <property name="commandName" value="account"/>
    <property name="commandClass" value="samples.Account"/>
  </bean>
<beans>

All incoming requests for the URL /editaccount.form will now be handled by the form Controller in the source listing above. Of course we have to define a servlet-mapping in web.xml as well, to let through all the requests ending with .form.

<web-app>
    ...
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>sample</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>

   <!-- maps the sample dispatcher to *.form -->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>sample</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.form</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    ...
</web-app>

	Note
	If you want to use the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping, you don't necessarily have to define it in the web application context (as indicated above). By default, if no handler mapping can be found in the context, the DispatcherServlet creates a BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping for you!

A further - and much more powerful handler mapping - is the SimpleUrlHandlerMapping. This mapping is configurable in the application context and has Ant-style path matching capabilities (see the Javadoc for the org.springframework.util.PathMatcher class). Here is an example:

<web-app>
    ...
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>sample</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>

    <!-- maps the sample dispatcher to *.form -->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>sample</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.form</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

    <!-- maps the sample dispatcher to *.html -->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>sample</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.html</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    ...
</web-app>

The above web.xml configuration snippet enables all requests ending with .html and .form to be handled by the sample dispatcher servlet.

<beans>
        
    <!-- no 'id' required, HandlerMapping beans are automatically detected by the DispatcherServlet -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
        <property name="mappings">
            <value>
                /*/account.form=editAccountFormController
                /*/editaccount.form=editAccountFormController
                /ex/view*.html=helpController
                /**/help.html=helpController
            </value>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <bean id="helpController"
          class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.UrlFilenameViewController"/>

    <bean id="editAccountFormController"
          class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleFormController">
        <property name="formView" value="account"/>
        <property name="successView" value="account-created"/>
        <property name="commandName" value="Account"/>
        <property name="commandClass" value="samples.Account"/>
    </bean>
<beans>

This handler mapping routes requests for 'help.html' in any directory to the 'helpController', which is a UrlFilenameViewController (more about controllers can be found in the section entitled Section 13.3, “Controllers”). Requests for a resource beginning with 'view', and ending with '.html' in the directory 'ex' will be routed to the 'helpController'. Two further mappings are also defined for 'editAccountFormController'.

Spring's handler mapping mechanism has the notion of handler interceptors, that can be extremely useful when you want to apply specific functionality to certain requests, for example, checking for a principal.

Interceptors located in the handler mapping must implement HandlerInterceptor from the org.springframework.web.servlet package. This interface defines three methods, one that will be called before the actual handler will be executed, one that will be called after the handler is executed, and one that is called after the complete request has finished. These three methods should provide enough flexibility to do all kinds of pre- and post-processing.

The preHandle(..) method returns a boolean value. You can use this method to break or continue the processing of the execution chain. When this method returns true, the handler execution chain will continue, when it returns false, the DispatcherServlet assumes the interceptor itself has taken care of requests (and, for example, rendered an appropriate view) and does not continue executing the other interceptors and the actual handler in the execution chain.

The following example provides an interceptor that intercepts all requests and reroutes the user to a specific page if the time is not between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m.

<beans>
    <bean id="handlerMapping"
          class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
        <property name="interceptors">
            <list>
                <ref bean="officeHoursInterceptor"/>
            </list>
        </property>
        <property name="mappings">
            <value>
                /*.form=editAccountFormController
                /*.view=editAccountFormController
            </value>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <bean id="officeHoursInterceptor"
          class="samples.TimeBasedAccessInterceptor">
        <property name="openingTime" value="9"/>
        <property name="closingTime" value="18"/>
    </bean>
<beans>

package samples;

public class TimeBasedAccessInterceptor extends HandlerInterceptorAdapter {

    private int openingTime;
    private int closingTime;

    public void setOpeningTime(int openingTime) {
        this.openingTime = openingTime;
    }

    public void setClosingTime(int closingTime) {
        this.closingTime = closingTime;
    }

    public boolean preHandle(
            HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response,
            Object handler) throws Exception {

        Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
        int hour = cal.get(HOUR_OF_DAY);
        if (openingTime <= hour < closingTime) {
            return true;
        } else {
            response.sendRedirect("http://host.com/outsideOfficeHours.html");
            return false;
        }
    }
}

Any request coming in, will be intercepted by the TimeBasedAccessInterceptor, and if the current time is outside office hours, the user will be redirected to a static html file, saying, for example, he can only access the website during office hours.

As you can see, Spring has an adapter class (the cunningly named HandlerInterceptorAdapter) to make it easier to extend the HandlerInterceptor interface.

As discussed in the section entitled Section 13.3, “Controllers”, all controllers in the Spring Web MVC framework return a ModelAndView instance. Views in Spring are addressed by a view name and are resolved by a view resolver. Spring comes with quite a few view resolvers. We'll list most of them and then provide a couple of examples.

As an example, when using JSP for a view technology you can use the UrlBasedViewResolver. This view resolver translates a view name to a URL and hands the request over to the RequestDispatcher to render the view.

<bean id="viewResolver"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.UrlBasedViewResolver">
    <property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView"/>
    <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/>
    <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>

When returning test as a viewname, this view resolver will hand the request over to the RequestDispatcher that will send the request to /WEB-INF/jsp/test.jsp.

When mixing different view technologies in a web application, you can use the ResourceBundleViewResolver:

<bean id="viewResolver"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.ResourceBundleViewResolver">
    <property name="basename" value="views"/>
    <property name="defaultParentView" value="parentView"/>
</bean>

The ResourceBundleViewResolver inspects the ResourceBundle identified by the basename, and for each view it is supposed to resolve, it uses the value of the property [viewname].class as the view class and the value of the property [viewname].url as the view url. As you can see, you can identify a parent view, from which all views in the properties file sort of extend. This way you can specify a default view class, for example.

A note on caching - subclasses of AbstractCachingViewResolver cache view instances they have resolved. This greatly improves performance when using certain view technologies. It's possible to turn off the cache, by setting the cache property to false. Furthermore, if you have the requirement to be able to refresh a certain view at runtime (for example when a Velocity template has been modified), you can use the removeFromCache(String viewName, Locale loc) method.

Spring supports more than just one view resolver. This allows you to chain resolvers and, for example, override specific views in certain circumstances. Chaining view resolvers is pretty straightforward - just add more than one resolver to your application context and, if necessary, set the order property to specify an order. Remember, the higher the order property, the later the view resolver will be positioned in the chain.

In the following example, the chain of view resolvers consists of two resolvers, a InternalResourceViewResolver (which is always automatically positioned as the last resolver in the chain) and an XmlViewResolver for specifying Excel views (which are not supported by the InternalResourceViewResolver):

<bean id="jspViewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
  <property name="viewClass" value="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView"/>
  <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/>
  <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
</bean>

<bean id="excelViewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.XmlViewResolver">
  <property name="order" value="1"/>
  <property name="location" value="/WEB-INF/views.xml"/>
</bean>

<!-- in views.xml -->

<beans>
  <bean name="report" class="org.springframework.example.ReportExcelView"/>
</beans>

If a specific view resolver does not result in a view, Spring will inspect the context to see if other view resolvers are configured. If there are additional view resolvers, it will continue to inspect them. If not, it will throw an Exception.

You have to keep something else in mind - the contract of a view resolver mentions that a view resolver can return null to indicate the view could not be found. Not all view resolvers do this however! This is because in some cases, the resolver simply cannot detect whether or not the view exists. For example, the InternalResourceViewResolver uses the RequestDispatcher internally, and dispatching is the only way to figure out if a JSP exists - this can only be done once. The same holds for the VelocityViewResolver and some others. Check the Javadoc for the view resolver to see if you're dealing with a view resolver that does not report non-existing views. As a result of this, putting an InternalResourceViewResolver in the chain in a place other than the last, will result in the chain not being fully inspected, since the InternalResourceViewResolver will always return a view!

As has been mentioned, a controller normally returns a logical view name, which a view resolver resolves to a particular view technology. For view technologies such as JSPs that are actually processed via the Servlet/JSP engine, this is normally handled via InternalResourceViewResolver / InternalResourceView which will ultimately end up issuing an internal forward or include, via the Servlet API's RequestDispatcher.forward(..) or RequestDispatcher.include(). For other view technologies, such as Velocity, XSLT, etc., the view itself produces the content on the response stream.

It is sometimes desirable to issue an HTTP redirect back to the client, before the view is rendered. This is desirable for example when one controller has been called with POSTed data, and the response is actually a delegation to another controller (for example on a successful form submission). In this case, a normal internal forward will mean the other controller will also see the same POST data, which is potentially problematic if it can confuse it with other expected data. Another reason to do a redirect before displaying the result is that this will eliminate the possibility of the user doing a double submission of form data. The browser will have sent the initial POST, will have seen a redirect back and done a subsequent GET because of that, and thus as far as it is concerned, the current page does not reflect the result of a POST, but rather of a GET, so there is no way the user can accidentally re-POST the same data by doing a refresh. The refresh would just force a GET of the result page, not a resend of the initial POST data.

This locale resolver inspects the accept-language header in the request that was sent by the browser of the client. Usually this header field contains the locale of the client's operating system.

This locale resolver inspects a Cookie that might exist on the client, to see if a locale is specified. If so, it uses that specific locale. Using the properties of this locale resolver, you can specify the name of the cookie, as well as the maximum age. Find below an example of defining a CookieLocaleResolver.

<bean id="localeResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver">

    <property name="cookieName" value="clientlanguage"/>
    
    <!-- in seconds. If set to -1, the cookie is not persisted (deleted when browser shuts down) -->
    <property name="cookieMaxAge" value="100000">

</bean>

The SessionLocaleResolver allows you to retrieve locales from the session that might be associated with the user's request.

You can build in changing of locales using the LocaleChangeInterceptor. This interceptor needs to be added to one of the handler mappings (see Section 13.4, “Handler mappings”). It will detect a parameter in the request and change the locale (it calls setLocale() on the LocaleResolver that also exists in the context).

<bean id="localeChangeInterceptor"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.LocaleChangeInterceptor">
    <property name="paramName" value="siteLanguage"/>
</bean>

<bean id="localeResolver"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver"/>

<bean id="urlMapping"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
    <property name="interceptors">
        <list>
            <ref bean="localeChangeInterceptor"/>
        </list>
    </property>
    <property name="mappings">
        <value>/**/*.view=someController</value>
    </property>
</bean>

All calls to all *.view resources containing a parameter named siteLanguage will now change the locale. So a request for the following URL, http://www.sf.net/home.view?siteLanguage=nl will change the site language to Dutch.

The theme support provided by the Spring web MVC framework enables you to further enhance the user experience by allowing the look and feel of your application to be themed. A theme is basically a collection of static resources affecting the visual style of the application, typically style sheets and images.

When you want to use themes in your web application you'll have to set up a org.springframework.ui.context.ThemeSource. The WebApplicationContext interface extends ThemeSource but delegates its responsibilities to a dedicated implementation. By default the delegate will be a org.springframework.ui.context.support.ResourceBundleThemeSource that loads properties files from the root of the classpath. If you want to use a custom ThemeSource implementation or if you need to configure the basename prefix of the ResourceBundleThemeSource, you can register a bean in the application context with the reserved name "themeSource". The web application context will automatically detect that bean and start using it.

When using the ResourceBundleThemeSource, a theme is defined in a simple properties file. The properties file lists the resources that make up the theme. Here is an example:

styleSheet=/themes/cool/style.css
background=/themes/cool/img/coolBg.jpg

The keys of the properties are the names used to refer to the themed elements from view code. For a JSP this would typically be done using the spring:theme custom tag, which is very similar to the spring:message tag. The following JSP fragment uses the theme defined above to customize the look and feel:

<%@ taglib prefix="spring" uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags"%>
<html>
   <head>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="<spring:theme code="styleSheet"/>" type="text/css"/>
   </head>
   <body background="<spring:theme code="background"/>">
      ...
   </body>
</html>

By default, the ResourceBundleThemeSource uses an empty basename prefix. As a result the properties files will be loaded from the root of the classpath, so we'll have to put our cool.properties theme definition in a directory at the root of the classpath, e.g. in /WEB-INF/classes. Note that the ResourceBundleThemeSource uses the standard Java resource bundle loading mechanism, allowing for full internationalization of themes. For instance, we could have a /WEB-INF/classes/cool_nl.properties that references a special background image, e.g. with Dutch text on it.

Now that we have our themes defined, the only thing left to do is decide which theme to use. The DispatcherServlet will look for a bean named "themeResolver" to find out which ThemeResolver implementation to use. A theme resolver works in much the same way as a LocaleResolver. It can detect the theme that should be used for a particular request and can also alter the request's theme. The following theme resolvers are provided by Spring:

Spring also provides a ThemeChangeInterceptor, which allows changing the theme on every request by including a simple request parameter.

Spring has built-in multipart support to handle fileuploads in web applications. The design for the multipart support is done with pluggable MultipartResolver objects, defined in the org.springframework.web.multipart package. Out of the box, Spring provides a MultipartResolver for use with Commons FileUpload (http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/fileupload). How uploading files is supported will be described in the rest of this chapter.

By default, no multipart handling will be done by Spring, as some developers will want to handle multiparts themselves. You will have to enable it yourself by adding a multipart resolver to the web application's context. After you have done that, each request will be inspected to see if it contains a multipart. If no multipart is found, the request will continue as expected. However, if a multipart is found in the request, the MultipartResolver that has been declared in your context will be used. After that, the multipart attribute in your request will be treated like any other attribute.

The following example shows how to use the CommonsMultipartResolver:

<bean id="multipartResolver"
    class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver">

    <!-- one of the properties available; the maximum file size in bytes -->
    <property name="maxUploadSize" value="100000"/>
</bean>

This is an example using the CosMultipartResolver:

<bean id="multipartResolver" class="org.springframework.web.multipart.cos.CosMultipartResolver">

    <!-- one of the properties available; the maximum file size in bytes -->
    <property name="maxUploadSize" value="100000"/>
</bean>

Of course you also need to put the appropriate jars in your classpath for the multipart resolver to work. In the case of the CommonsMultipartResolver, you need to use commons-fileupload.jar; in the case of the CosMultipartResolver, use cos.jar.

Now that you have seen how to set Spring up to handle multipart requests, let's talk about how to actually use it. When the Spring DispatcherServlet detects a multi-part request, it activates the resolver that has been declared in your context and hands over the request. What the resolver then does is wrap the current HttpServletRequest into a MultipartHttpServletRequest that has support for multipart file uploads. Using the MultipartHttpServletRequest you can get information about the multiparts contained by this request and actually get access to the multipart files themselves in your controllers.

After the MultipartResolver has finished doing its job, the request will be processed like any other. To use it, you create a form with an upload field (see immediately below), then let Spring bind the file onto your form (backing object). To actually let the user upload a file, we have to create a (HTML) form:

<html>
    <head>
        <title>Upload a file please</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>Please upload a file</h1>
        <form method="post" action="upload.form" enctype="multipart/form-data">
            <input type="file" name="file"/>
            <input type="submit"/>
        </form>
    </body>
</html>

As you can see, we've created a field named after the property of the bean that holds the byte[]. Furthermore we've added the encoding attribute (enctype="multipart/form-data") which is necessary to let the browser know how to encode the multipart fields (do not forget this!).

Just as with any other property that's not automagically convertible to a string or primitive type, to be able to put binary data in your objects you have to register a custom editor with the ServletRequestDatabinder. There are a couple of editors available for handling files and setting the results on an object. There's a StringMultipartEditor capable of converting files to Strings (using a user-defined character set) and there is a ByteArrayMultipartEditor which converts files to byte arrays. They function just as the CustomDateEditor does.

So, to be able to upload files using a (HTML) form, declare the resolver, a url mapping to a controller that will process the bean, and the controller itself.

<beans>
  <!-- lets use the Commons-based implementation of the MultipartResolver interface -->
    <bean id="multipartResolver"
        class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver"/>

    <bean id="urlMapping" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.SimpleUrlHandlerMapping">
        <property name="mappings">
            <value>
                /upload.form=fileUploadController
            </value>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <bean id="fileUploadController" class="examples.FileUploadController">
        <property name="commandClass" value="examples.FileUploadBean"/>
        <property name="formView" value="fileuploadform"/>
        <property name="successView" value="confirmation"/>
    </bean>

</beans>

After that, create the controller and the actual class to hold the file property.

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    protected ModelAndView onSubmit(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws ServletException, IOException {

         // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

         let's see if there's content there
        byte[] file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
             // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

         // well, let's do nothing with the bean for now and return
        return super.onSubmit(request, response, command, errors);
    }

    protected void initBinder(HttpServletRequest request, ServletRequestDataBinder binder)
        throws ServletException {
        // to actually be able to convert Multipart instance to byte[]
        // we have to register a custom editor
        binder.registerCustomEditor(byte[].class, new ByteArrayMultipartFileEditor());
        // now Spring knows how to handle multipart object and convert them
    }
}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private byte[] file;

    public void setFile(byte[] file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public byte[] getFile() {
        return file;
    }
}

As you can see, the FileUploadBean has a property typed byte[] that holds the file. The controller registers a custom editor to let Spring know how to actually convert the multipart objects the resolver has found to properties specified by the bean. In this example, nothing is done with the byte[] property of the bean itself, but in practice you can do whatever you want (save it in a database, mail it to somebody, etc).

An equivalent example in which a file is bound straight to a String-typed property on a (form backing) object might look like:

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    protected ModelAndView onSubmit(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws ServletException, IOException {

         // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

         let's see if there's content there
        String file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
             // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

         // well, let's do nothing with the bean for now and return
        return super.onSubmit(request, response, command, errors);
    }

    protected void initBinder(HttpServletRequest request, ServletRequestDataBinder binder)
        throws ServletException {
        // to actually be able to convert Multipart instance to a String
        // we have to register a custom editor
        binder.registerCustomEditor(String.class, new StringMultipartFileEditor());
        // now Spring knows how to handle multipart object and convert them
    }

}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private String file;

    public void setFile(String file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public String getFile() {
        return file;
    }
}

Of course, this last example only makes (logical) sense in the context of uploading a plain text file (it wouldn't work so well in the case of uploading an image file).

The third (and final) option is where one binds directly to a MultipartFile property declared on the (form backing) object's class. In this case one does not need to register any custom PropertyEditor because there is no type conversion to be performed.

public class FileUploadController extends SimpleFormController {

    protected ModelAndView onSubmit(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
            Object command, BindException errors) throws ServletException, IOException {

         // cast the bean
        FileUploadBean bean = (FileUploadBean) command;

         let's see if there's content there
        MultipartFile file = bean.getFile();
        if (file == null) {
             // hmm, that's strange, the user did not upload anything
        }

         // well, let's do nothing with the bean for now and return
        return super.onSubmit(request, response, command, errors);
    }
}

public class FileUploadBean {

    private MultipartFile file;

    public void setFile(MultipartFile file) {
        this.file = file;
    }

    public MultipartFile getFile() {
        return file;
    }
}

The ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping class is a HandlerMapping implementation that uses a convention to determine the mapping between request URLs and the Controller instances that are to handle those requests.

An example; consider the following (simplistic) Controller implementation. Take especial notice of the name of the class.

public class ViewShoppingCartController implements Controller {

    public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
        // the implementation is not hugely important for this example...
    }
}

Here is a snippet from the attendent Spring Web MVC configuration file...

<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping"/>
                
<bean id="viewShoppingCart" class="x.y.z.ViewShoppingCartController">
    <!-- inject dependencies as required... -->
</bean>

The ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping finds all of the various handler (or Controller) beans defined in its application context and strips 'Controller' off the name to define its handler mappings.

Let's look at some more examples so that the central idea becomes immediately familiar.

In the case of MultiActionController handler classes, the mappings generated are (ever so slightly) more complex, but hopefully no less understandable. Some examples (all of the Controller names in this next bit are assumed to be MultiActionController implementations).

If you follow the pretty standard convention of naming your Controller implementations as xxxController, then the ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping will save you the tedium of having to firstly define and then having to maintain a potentially looooong SimpleUrlHandlerMapping (or suchlike).

The ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping class extends the AbstractHandlerMapping base class so you can define HandlerInterceptor instances and everything else just like you would with many other HandlerMapping implementations.

The ModelMap class is essentially a glorified Map that can make adding objects that are to be displayed in (or on) a View adhere to a common naming convention. Consider the following Controller implementation; notice that objects are added to the ModelAndView without any associated name being specified.

public class DisplayShoppingCartController implements Controller {

    public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
        
        List cartItems = // get a List of CartItem objects
        User user = // get the User doing the shopping
        
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("displayShoppingCart"); <-- the logical view name

        mav.addObject(cartItems); <-- look ma, no name, just the object
        mav.addObject(user); <-- and again ma!

        return mav;
    }
}

The ModelAndView class uses a ModelMap class that is a custom Map implementation that automatically generates a key for an object when an object is added to it. The strategy for determining the name for an added object is, in the case of a scalar object such as User, to use the short class name of the object's class. Find below some examples of the names that are generated for scalar objects put into a ModelMap instance.

The strategy for generating a name after adding a Set, List or array object is to peek into the collection, take the short class name of the first object in the collection, and use that with 'List' appended to the name. Some examples will make the semantics of name generation for collections clearer...

The RequestToViewNameTranslator interface is responsible for determining a logical View name when no such logical view name is explicitly supplied. It has just one implementation, the rather cunningly named DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator class.

The DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator maps request URLs to logical view names in a fashion that is probably best explained by recourse to an example.

public class RegistrationController implements Controller {
                
    public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
        // process the request...
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView();
        // add data as necessary to the model...
        return mav;
        // notice that no View or logical view name has been set
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN 2.0//EN"
        "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans-2.0.dtd">
<beans>

    <!-- this bean with the well known name generates view names for us -->
    <bean id="viewNameTranslator" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator"/>

    <bean class="x.y.RegistrationController">
        <!-- inject dependencies as necessary -->
    </bean>
    
    <!-- maps request URLs to Controller names -->
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping"/>

    <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/>
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
    </bean>

</beans>

Notice how in the implementation of the handleRequest(..) method no View or logical view name is ever set on the ModelAndView that is returned. It is the DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator that will be tasked with generating a logical view name from the URL of the request. In the case of the above RegistrationController, which is being used in conjunction with the ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping, a request URL of 'http://localhost/registration.html' will result in a logical view name of 'registration' being generated by the DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator. This logical view name will then be resolved into the '/WEB-INF/jsp/registration.jsp' view by the InternalResourceViewResolver bean.

	Tip
	You don't even need to define a DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator bean explicitly. If you are okay with the default settings of the DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator, then you can rely on the fact that the Spring Web MVC DispatcherServlet will actually instantiate an instance of this class if one is not explicitly configured.

Of course, if you need to change the default settings, then you do need to configure your own DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator bean explicitly. Please do consult the quite comprehensive Javadoc for the DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator class for details of the various properties that can be configured.

@RequestMapping will only be processed if a corresponding HandlerMapping (for type level annotations) and/or HandlerAdapter (for method level annotations) is present in the dispatcher. This is the case by default in both DispatcherServlet and DispatcherPortlet.

However, if you are defining custom HandlerMappings or HandlerAdapters, then you need to make sure that a corresponding custom DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping and/or AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter is defined as well - provided that you intend to use @RequestMapping.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping"/>

    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter"/>

    // ... (controller bean definitions) ...

</beans>

Defining a DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping and/or AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter explicitly also makes sense if you would like to customize the mapping strategy, e.g. specifying a custom PathMatcher or WebBindingInitializer (see below).

The @Controller annotation indicates that a particular class serves the role of a controller. There is no need to extend any controller base class or reference the Servlet API. You are of course still able to reference Servlet-specific features if you need to.

The basic purpose of the @Controller annotation is to act as a stereotype for the annotated class, indicating its role. The dispatcher will scan such annotated classes for mapped methods, detecting @RequestMapping annotations (see the next section).

Annotated controller beans may be defined explicitly, using a standard Spring bean definition in the dispatcher's context. However, the @Controller stereotype also allows for autodetection, aligned with Spring 2.5's general support for detecting component classes in the classpath and auto-registering bean definitions for them.

To enable autodetection of such annotated controllers, you have to add component scanning to your configuration. This is easily achieved by using the spring-context schema as shown in the following XML snippet:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" 
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">

    <context:component-scan base-package="org.springframework.samples.petclinic.web"/>

    // ...

</beans>

The @RequestMapping annotation is used to map URLs like '/editPet.do' onto an entire class or a particular handler method. Typically the type-level annotation maps a specific request path (or path pattern) onto a form controller, with additional method-level annotations 'narrowing' the primary mapping for a specific HTTP method request method ("GET"/"POST") or specific HTTP request parameters.

Tip

@RequestMapping at the type level may be used for plain implementations of the Controller interface as well. In this case, the request processing code would follow the traditional handleRequest signature, while the controller's mapping would be expressed through an @RequestMapping annotation. This works for pre-built Controller base classes, such as SimpleFormController, too. In the following discussion, we'll focus on controllers that are based on annotated handler methods.

The following is an example of a form controller from the PetClinic sample application using this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/editPet.do")
@SessionAttributes("pet")
public class EditPetForm {

    private final Clinic clinic;

    @Autowired
    public EditPetForm(Clinic clinic) {
        this.clinic = clinic;
    }

    @ModelAttribute("types")
    public Collection<PetType> populatePetTypes() {
        return this.clinic.getPetTypes();
    }

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String setupForm(@RequestParam("petId") int petId, ModelMap model) {
        Pet pet = this.clinic.loadPet(petId);
        model.addAttribute("pet", pet);
        return "petForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String processSubmit(
            @ModelAttribute("pet") Pet pet, BindingResult result, SessionStatus status) {

        new PetValidator().validate(pet, result);
        if (result.hasErrors()) {
            return "petForm";
        }
        else {
            this.clinic.storePet(pet);
            status.setComplete();
            return "redirect:owner.do?ownerId=" + pet.getOwner().getId();
        }
    }
}

For a traditional multi-action controller the URLs are typically mapped directly on the methods since the controller responds to multiple URLs. The following is an example of a multi-action controller from the PetClinic sample application using @RequestMapping:

@Controller
public class ClinicController {

    private final Clinic clinic;

    @Autowired
    public ClinicController(Clinic clinic) {
        this.clinic = clinic;
    }

    /**
     * Custom handler for the welcome view.
     * Note that this handler relies on the RequestToViewNameTranslator to
     * determine the logical view name based on the request URL: "/welcome.do"
     * -> "welcome".
     */
    @RequestMapping("/welcome.do")
    public void welcomeHandler() {
    }

    /**
     * Custom handler for displaying vets.
     * Note that this handler returns a plain {@link ModelMap} object instead of
     * a ModelAndView, thus leveraging convention-based model attribute names.
     * It relies on the RequestToViewNameTranslator to determine the logical
     * view name based on the request URL: "/vets.do" -> "vets".
     * @return a ModelMap with the model attributes for the view
     */
    @RequestMapping("/vets.do")
    public ModelMap vetsHandler() {
        return new ModelMap(this.clinic.getVets());
    }

    /**
     * Custom handler for displaying an owner.
     * Note that this handler returns a plain {@link ModelMap} object instead of
     * a ModelAndView, thus leveraging convention-based model attribute names.
     * It relies on the RequestToViewNameTranslator to determine the logical
     * view name based on the request URL: "/owner.do" -> "owner".
     * @param ownerId the ID of the owner to display
     * @return a ModelMap with the model attributes for the view
     */
    @RequestMapping("/owner.do")
    public ModelMap ownerHandler(@RequestParam("ownerId") int ownerId) {
        return new ModelMap(this.clinic.loadOwner(ownerId));
    }
}

Handler methods which are annotated with @RequestMapping are allowed to have very flexible signatures. They may have arguments of the following types, in arbitrary order (except for validation results, which need to follow right after the corresponding command object, if desired):

The following return types are supported for handler methods:

The @RequestParam annotation is used to bind request parameters to a method parameter in your controller.

The following code snippet from the PetClinic sample application shows the usage:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/editPet.do")
@SessionAttributes("pet")
public class EditPetForm {

    // ...

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String setupForm(@RequestParam("petId") int petId, ModelMap model) {
        Pet pet = this.clinic.loadPet(petId);
        model.addAttribute("pet", pet);
        return "petForm";
    }

    // ...

Parameters using this annotation are required by default, but you can specify that a parameter is optional by setting @RequestParam's required attribute to false (e.g., @RequestParam(value="id", required="false")).

@ModelAttribute has two usage scenarios in controllers. When placed on a method parameter, @ModelAttribute is used to map a model attribute to the specific, annotated method parameter (see the processSubmit() method below). This is how the controller gets a reference to the object holding the data entered in the form. In addition, the parameter can be declared as the specific type of the form backing object rather than as a generic java.lang.Object, thus increasing type safety.

@ModelAttribute is also used at the method level to provide reference data for the model (see the populatePetTypes() method below). For this usage the method signature can contain the same types as documented above for the @RequestMapping annotation.

Note: @ModelAttribute annotated methods will be executed before the chosen @RequestMapping annotated handler method. They effectively pre-populate the implicit model with specific attributes, often loaded from a database. Such an attribute can then already be accessed through @ModelAttribute annotated handler method parameters in the chosen handler method, potentially with binding and validation applied to it.

The following code snippet shows these two usages of this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/editPet.do")
@SessionAttributes("pet")
public class EditPetForm {

    // ...

    @ModelAttribute("types")
    public Collection<PetType> populatePetTypes() {
        return this.clinic.getPetTypes();
    }

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String processSubmit(
            @ModelAttribute("pet") Pet pet, BindingResult result, SessionStatus status) {

        new PetValidator().validate(pet, result);
        if (result.hasErrors()) {
            return "petForm";
        }
        else {
            this.clinic.storePet(pet);
            status.setComplete();
            return "redirect:owner.do?ownerId=" + pet.getOwner().getId();
        }
    }
}

The type-level @SessionAttributes annotation declares session attributes used by a specific handler. This will typically list the names of model attributes which should be transparently stored in the session or some conversational storage, serving as form-backing beans between subsequent requests.

The following code snippet shows the usage of this annotation:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/editPet.do")
@SessionAttributes("pet")
public class EditPetForm {
    // ...
}

To customize request parameter binding with PropertyEditors, etc. via Spring's WebDataBinder, you can either use @InitBinder-annotated methods within your controller or externalize your configuration by providing a custom WebBindingInitializer.

@Controller
public class MyFormController {

    @InitBinder
    public void initBinder(WebDataBinder binder) {
        SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        dateFormat.setLenient(false);
        binder.registerCustomEditor(Date.class, new CustomDateEditor(dateFormat, false));
    }

    // ...
}

<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter">
    <property name="cacheSeconds" value="0" />
    <property name="webBindingInitializer">
        <bean class="org.springframework.samples.petclinic.web.ClinicBindingInitializer" />
    </property>
</bean>