In this chapter, we will describe Spring's Object/XML Mapping support. Object/XML Mapping, or O/X mapping for short, is the act of converting an XML document to and from an object. This conversion process is also known as XML Marshalling, or XML Serialization. This chapter uses these terms interchangeably.
Within the field of O/X mapping, a marshaller is responsible for serializing an object (graph) to XML. In similar fashion, an unmarshaller deserializes the XML to an object graph. This XML can take the form of a DOM document, an input or output stream, or a SAX handler.
Some of the benefits of using Spring for your O/X mapping needs are:
Ease of configuration. Spring's bean factory makes it easy to configure marshallers, without needing to construct JAXB context, JiBX binding factories, etc. The marshallers can be configured as any other bean in your application context. Additionally, XML Schema-based configuration is available for a number of marshallers, making the configuration even simpler.
Consistent Interfaces.
Spring's O/X mapping operates through two global interfaces: the
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interface.
These abstractions allow you to switch O/X mapping
frameworks with relative ease, with little or no changes required on the classes that do the
marshalling. This approach has the additional benefit of making it possible to do XML marshalling with
a mix-and-match approach (e.g. some marshalling performed using JAXB, other using XMLBeans) in a
non-intrusive fashion, leveraging the strength of each technology.
Consistent Exception Hierarchy.
Spring provides a conversion from exceptions from the underlying O/X mapping tool to its own exception
hierarchy with the XmlMappingException
as the root exception. As can be expected,
these runtime exceptions wrap the original exception so no information is lost.
As stated in the introduction, a marshaller serializes an object to XML, and an unmarshaller deserializes XML stream to an object. In this section, we will describe the two Spring interfaces used for this purpose.
Spring abstracts all marshalling operations behind the
org.springframework.oxm.Marshaller
interface, the main methods of which
is listed below.
public interface Marshaller { /** * Marshals the object graph with the given root into the provided Result. */ void marshal(Object graph, Result result) throws XmlMappingException, IOException; }
The Marshaller
interface has one main method, which marshals the given
object to a given javax.xml.transform.Result
. Result is a tagging
interface that basically represents an XML output abstraction: concrete implementations wrap various XML
representations, as indicated in the table below.
Result implementation | Wraps XML representation |
---|---|
DOMResult | org.w3c.dom.Node |
SAXResult | org.xml.sax.ContentHandler |
StreamResult |
java.io.File ,
java.io.OutputStream , or
java.io.Writer
|
Note | |
---|---|
Although the |
Similar to the Marshaller
, there is the
org.springframework.oxm.Unmarshaller
interface.
public interface Unmarshaller { /** * Unmarshals the given provided Source into an object graph. */ Object unmarshal(Source source) throws XmlMappingException, IOException; }
This interface also has one method, which reads from the given
javax.xml.transform.Source
(an XML input abstraction), and returns the
object read. As with Result, Source is a tagging interface that has three concrete implementations. Each
wraps a different XML representation, as indicated in the table below.
Source implementation | Wraps XML representation |
---|---|
DOMSource | org.w3c.dom.Node |
SAXSource |
org.xml.sax.InputSource , and
org.xml.sax.XMLReader
|
StreamSource |
java.io.File ,
java.io.InputStream , or
java.io.Reader
|
Even though there are two separate marshalling interfaces (Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
), all implementations found in Spring-WS implement both in
one class. This means that you can wire up one marshaller class and refer to it both as a marshaller and an
unmarshaller in your applicationContext.xml
.
Spring converts exceptions from the underlying O/X mapping tool to its own exception hierarchy with the
XmlMappingException
as the root exception. As can be expected, these runtime
exceptions wrap the original exception so no information will be lost.
Additionally, the MarshallingFailureException
and
UnmarshallingFailureException
provide a distinction between marshalling and
unmarshalling operations, even though the underlying O/X mapping tool does not do so.
The O/X Mapping exception hierarchy is shown in the following figure:
Spring's OXM can be used for a wide variety of situations. In the following example, we will use it to marshal the settings of a Spring-managed application as an XML file. We will use a simple JavaBean to represent the settings:
public class Settings { private boolean fooEnabled; public boolean isFooEnabled() { return fooEnabled; } public void setFooEnabled(boolean fooEnabled) { this.fooEnabled = fooEnabled; } }
The application class uses this bean to store its settings. Besides a main method, the class has two
methods: saveSettings()
saves the settings bean to a file named
settings.xml
, and loadSettings()
loads these settings again. A
main()
method constructs a Spring application context, and calls these two methods.
import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult; import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; import org.springframework.oxm.Marshaller; import org.springframework.oxm.Unmarshaller; public class Application { private static final String FILE_NAME = "settings.xml"; private Settings settings = new Settings(); private Marshaller marshaller; private Unmarshaller unmarshaller; public void setMarshaller(Marshaller marshaller) { this.marshaller = marshaller; } public void setUnmarshaller(Unmarshaller unmarshaller) { this.unmarshaller = unmarshaller; } public void saveSettings() throws IOException { FileOutputStream os = null; try { os = new FileOutputStream(FILE_NAME); this.marshaller.marshal(settings, new StreamResult(os)); } finally { if (os != null) { os.close(); } } } public void loadSettings() throws IOException { FileInputStream is = null; try { is = new FileInputStream(FILE_NAME); this.settings = (Settings) this.unmarshaller.unmarshal(new StreamSource(is)); } finally { if (is != null) { is.close(); } } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ApplicationContext appContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Application application = (Application) appContext.getBean("application"); application.saveSettings(); application.loadSettings(); } }
The Application
requires both a marshaller
and unmarshaller property to be set. We can do so using the following
applicationContext.xml
:
<beans> <bean id="application" class="Application"> <property name="marshaller" ref="castorMarshaller" /> <property name="unmarshaller" ref="castorMarshaller" /> </bean> <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller"/> </beans>
This application context uses Castor, but we could have used any of the other marshaller instances described
later in this chapter. Note that Castor does not require any further configuration by default, so the bean
definition is rather simple. Also note that the CastorMarshaller
implements both
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
, so we can refer
to the castorMarshaller
bean in both the marshaller and
unmarshaller property of the application.
This sample application produces the following settings.xml
file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <settings foo-enabled="false"/>
Marshallers could be configured more concisely using tags from the OXM namespace. To make these tags available, the appropriate schema has to be referenced first in the preamble of the XML configuration file. The emboldened text in the below snippet references the OXM schema:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oxm="http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm http://www.springframework.org/schema/oxm/spring-oxm-3.0.xsd">
Currently, the following tags are available:
Each tag will be explained in its respective marshaller's section. As an example though, here is how the configuration of a JAXB2 marshaller might look like:
<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller" contextPath="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>
The JAXB binding compiler translates a W3C XML Schema into one or more Java classes, a
jaxb.properties
file, and possibly some resource files. JAXB also offers a
way to generate a schema from annotated Java classes.
Spring supports the JAXB 2.0 API as XML marshalling strategies, following the
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interfaces described in Section 14.2, “Marshaller and Unmarshaller”. The corresponding integration
classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.jaxb package.
The Jaxb2Marshaller
class implements both the Spring
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interface. It
requires a context path to operate, which you can set using the contextPath
property. The context path is a list of colon (:) separated Java package names that contain schema
derived classes. It also offers a classesToBeBound property, which allows you to set an array of
classes to be supported by the marshaller. Schema validation is performed by specifying one or more
schema resource to the bean, like so:
<beans> <bean id="jaxb2Marshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb2Marshaller"> <property name="classesToBeBound"> <list> <value>org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Flight</value> <value>org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Flights</value> </list> </property> <property name="schema" value="classpath:org/springframework/oxm/schema.xsd"/> </bean> ... </beans>
The jaxb2-marshaller
tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.jaxb.Jaxb2Marshaller
.
Here is an example:
<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller" contextPath="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema"/>
Alternatively, the list of classes to bind can be provided to the marshaller via the class-to-be-bound
child tag:
<oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id="marshaller"> <oxm:class-to-be-bound name="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Airport"/> <oxm:class-to-be-bound name="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Flight"/> ... </oxm:jaxb2-marshaller>
Available attributes are:
Attribute | Description | Required |
---|---|---|
id | the id of the marshaller | no |
contextPath | the JAXB Context path | no |
Castor XML mapping is an open source XML binding framework. It allows you to transform the data contained in a java object model into/from an XML document. By default, it does not require any further configuration, though a mapping file can be used to have more control over the behavior of Castor.
For more information on Castor, refer to the Castor web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.castor package.
As with JAXB, the CastorMarshaller
implements both the
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interface.
It can be wired up as follows:
<beans> <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller" /> ... </beans>
Although it is possible to rely on Castor's default marshalling behavior, it might be necessary to have more control over it. This can be accomplished using a Castor mapping file. For more information, refer to Castor XML Mapping.
The mapping can be set using the mappingLocation resource property, indicated below with a classpath resource.
<beans> <bean id="castorMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.castor.CastorMarshaller" > <property name="mappingLocation" value="classpath:mapping.xml" /> </bean> </beans>
XMLBeans is an XML binding tool that has full XML Schema support, and offers full XML Infoset
fidelity. It takes a different approach to that of most other O/X mapping frameworks, in that
all classes that are generated from an XML Schema are all derived from
XmlObject
, and contain XML binding information in them.
For more information on XMLBeans, refer to the XMLBeans web site . The Spring-WS integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans package.
The XmlBeansMarshaller
implements both the Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interfaces. It can be configured as follows:
<beans> <bean id="xmlBeansMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans.XmlBeansMarshaller" /> ... </beans>
Note | |
---|---|
Note that the |
The xmlbeans-marshaller
tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.xmlbeans.XmlBeansMarshaller
.
Here is an example:
<oxm:xmlbeans-marshaller id="marshaller"/>
Available attributes are:
Attribute | Description | Required |
---|---|---|
id | the id of the marshaller | no |
options | the bean name of the XmlOptions that is to be used for this marshaller. Typically a
XmlOptionsFactoryBean definition | no |
The JiBX framework offers a solution similar to that which JDO provides for ORM: a binding definition defines the rules for how your Java objects are converted to or from XML. After preparing the binding and compiling the classes, a JiBX binding compiler enhances the class files, and adds code to handle converting instances of the classes from or to XML.
For more information on JiBX, refer to the JiBX web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.jibx package.
The JibxMarshaller
class implements both the
Marshaller
and Unmarshaller
interface.
To operate, it requires the name of the class to marshal in, which you can set using the
targetClass property. Optionally, you can set the binding name using the
bindingName property. In the next sample, we bind the
Flights
class:
<beans> <bean id="jibxFlightsMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.jibx.JibxMarshaller"> <property name="targetClass">org.springframework.oxm.jibx.Flights</property> </bean> ...
A JibxMarshaller
is configured for a single class. If you want to marshal
multiple classes, you have to configure multiple JibxMarshaller
s with
different targetClass property values.
The jibx-marshaller
tag configures a org.springframework.oxm.jibx.JibxMarshaller
.
Here is an example:
<oxm:jibx-marshaller id="marshaller" target-class="org.springframework.ws.samples.airline.schema.Flight"/>
Available attributes are:
Attribute | Description | Required |
---|---|---|
id | the id of the marshaller | no |
target-class | the target class for this marshaller | yes |
bindingName | the binding name used by this marshaller | no |
XStream is a simple library to serialize objects to XML and back again. It does not require any mapping, and generates clean XML.
For more information on XStream, refer to the XStream web site. The Spring integration classes reside in the org.springframework.oxm.xstream package.
The XStreamMarshaller
does not require any configuration, and can be configured
in an application context directly. To further customize the XML, you can set an
alias map, which consists of string aliases mapped to classes:
<beans> <bean id="xstreamMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.xstream.XStreamMarshaller"> <property name="aliases"> <props> <prop key="Flight">org.springframework.oxm.xstream.Flight</prop> </props> </property> </bean> ... </beans>
Warning | |
---|---|
By default, XStream allows for arbitrary classes to be unmarshalled, which can result in security
vulnerabilities.
As such, it is recommended to set the supportedClasses property on the
<bean id="xstreamMarshaller" class="org.springframework.oxm.xstream.XStreamMarshaller"> <property name="supportedClasses" value="org.springframework.oxm.xstream.Flight"/> ... </bean> This will make sure that only the registered classes are eligible for unmarshalling. Additionally, you can register custom converters to make sure that only your supported classes can be unmarshalled. |
Note | |
---|---|
Note that XStream is an XML serialization library, not a data binding library. Therefore, it has limited namespace support. As such, it is rather unsuitable for usage within Web services. |