1.5.14.RELEASE
Copyright © 2012-2018
Table of Contents
This section provides a brief overview of Spring Boot reference documentation. Think of it as map for the rest of the document. You can read this reference guide in a linear fashion, or you can skip sections if something doesn’t interest you.
The Spring Boot reference guide is available as html, pdf and epub documents. The latest copy is available at docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference.
Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that you do not charge any fee for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.
Having trouble with Spring Boot, We’d like to help!
spring-boot
.![]() | Note |
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All of Spring Boot is open source, including the documentation! If you find problems with the docs; or if you just want to improve them, please get involved. |
If you’re just getting started with Spring Boot, or 'Spring' in general, this is the place to start!
Ready to actually start using Spring Boot? We’ve got you covered.
Need more details about Spring Boot’s core features? This is for you!
When you’re ready to push your Spring Boot application to production, we’ve got some tricks that you might like!
Lastly, we have a few topics for the more advanced user.
If you’re just getting started with Spring Boot, or 'Spring' in general, this is the section for you! Here we answer the basic “what?”, “how?” and “why?” questions. You’ll find a gentle introduction to Spring Boot along with installation instructions. We’ll then build our first Spring Boot application, discussing some core principles as we go.
Spring Boot makes it easy to create stand-alone, production-grade Spring based Applications that you can “just run”. We take an opinionated view of the Spring platform and third-party libraries so you can get started with minimum fuss. Most Spring Boot applications need very little Spring configuration.
You can use Spring Boot to create Java applications that can be started using java -jar
or more traditional war deployments. We also provide a command line tool that runs
“spring scripts”.
Our primary goals are:
By default, Spring Boot 1.5.14.RELEASE requires Java 7 and Spring Framework 4.3.18.RELEASE or above. You can use Spring Boot with Java 6 with some additional configuration. See Section 85.11, “How to use Java 6” for more details. Explicit build support is provided for Maven (3.2+), and Gradle 2 (2.9 or later) and 3.
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Although you can use Spring Boot with Java 6 or 7, we generally recommend Java 8 if at all possible. |
The following embedded servlet containers are supported out of the box:
Name | Servlet Version | Java Version |
---|---|---|
Tomcat 8 | 3.1 | Java 7+ |
Tomcat 7 | 3.0 | Java 6+ |
Jetty 9.3 | 3.1 | Java 8+ |
Jetty 9.2 | 3.1 | Java 7+ |
Jetty 8 | 3.0 | Java 6+ |
Undertow 1.3 | 3.1 | Java 7+ |
You can also deploy Spring Boot applications to any Servlet 3.0+ compatible container.
Spring Boot can be used with “classic” Java development tools or installed as a command line tool. Regardless, you will need Java SDK v1.6 or higher. You should check your current Java installation before you begin:
$ java -version
If you are new to Java development, or if you just want to experiment with Spring Boot you might want to try the Spring Boot CLI first, otherwise, read on for “classic” installation instructions.
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Although Spring Boot is compatible with Java 1.6, if possible, you should consider using the latest version of Java. |
You can use Spring Boot in the same way as any standard Java library. Simply include the
appropriate spring-boot-*.jar
files on your classpath. Spring Boot does not require
any special tools integration, so you can use any IDE or text editor; and there is
nothing special about a Spring Boot application, so you can run and debug as you would
any other Java program.
Although you could just copy Spring Boot jars, we generally recommend that you use a build tool that supports dependency management (such as Maven or Gradle).
Spring Boot is compatible with Apache Maven 3.2 or above. If you don’t already have Maven installed you can follow the instructions at maven.apache.org.
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On many operating systems Maven can be installed via a package manager. If you’re an
OSX Homebrew user try |
Spring Boot dependencies use the org.springframework.boot
groupId
. Typically your
Maven POM file will inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent
project and declare
dependencies to one or more “Starters”. Spring Boot also provides an optional
Maven plugin to create
executable jars.
Here is a typical pom.xml
file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.example</groupId> <artifactId>myproject</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <!-- Inherit defaults from Spring Boot --> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> </parent> <!-- Add typical dependencies for a web application --> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> <!-- Package as an executable jar --> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
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The |
Spring Boot is compatible with Gradle 2 (2.9 or later) and Gradle 3. If you don’t already have Gradle installed you can follow the instructions at www.gradle.org.
Spring Boot dependencies can be declared using the org.springframework.boot
group
.
Typically your project will declare dependencies to one or more
“Starters”. Spring Boot
provides a useful Gradle plugin
that can be used to simplify dependency declarations and to create executable jars.
Here is a typical build.gradle
file:
plugins { id 'org.springframework.boot' version '1.5.14.RELEASE' id 'java' } jar { baseName = 'myproject' version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT' } repositories { jcenter() } dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web") testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test") }
The Spring Boot CLI is a command line tool that can be used if you want to quickly prototype with Spring. It allows you to run Groovy scripts, which means that you have a familiar Java-like syntax, without so much boilerplate code.
You don’t need to use the CLI to work with Spring Boot but it’s definitely the quickest way to get a Spring application off the ground.
You can download the Spring CLI distribution from the Spring software repository:
Cutting edge snapshot distributions are also available.
Once downloaded, follow the INSTALL.txt
instructions from the unpacked archive. In summary: there is a spring
script
(spring.bat
for Windows) in a bin/
directory in the .zip
file, or alternatively you
can use java -jar
with the .jar
file (the script helps you to be sure that the
classpath is set correctly).
SDKMAN! (The Software Development Kit Manager) can be used for managing multiple versions of various binary SDKs, including Groovy and the Spring Boot CLI. Get SDKMAN! from sdkman.io and install Spring Boot with
$ sdk install springboot $ spring --version Spring Boot v1.5.14.RELEASE
If you are developing features for the CLI and want easy access to the version you just built, follow these extra instructions.
$ sdk install springboot dev /path/to/spring-boot/spring-boot-cli/target/spring-boot-cli-1.5.14.RELEASE-bin/spring-1.5.14.RELEASE/ $ sdk default springboot dev $ spring --version Spring CLI v1.5.14.RELEASE
This will install a local instance of spring
called the dev
instance.
It points at your target build location, so every time you rebuild Spring
Boot, spring
will be up-to-date.
You can see it by doing this:
$ sdk ls springboot ================================================================================ Available Springboot Versions ================================================================================ > + dev * 1.5.14.RELEASE ================================================================================ + - local version * - installed > - currently in use ================================================================================
If you are on a Mac and using Homebrew, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:
$ brew tap pivotal/tap $ brew install springboot
Homebrew will install spring
to /usr/local/bin
.
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If you don’t see the formula, your installation of brew might be out-of-date.
Just execute |
If you are on a Mac and using MacPorts, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:
$ sudo port install spring-boot-cli
Spring Boot CLI ships with scripts that provide command completion for
BASH and
zsh shells. You can source
the script (also named
spring
) in any shell, or put it in your personal or system-wide bash completion
initialization. On a Debian system the system-wide scripts are in /shell-completion/bash
and all scripts in that directory are executed when a new shell starts. To run the script
manually, e.g. if you have installed using SDKMAN!
$ . ~/.sdkman/candidates/springboot/current/shell-completion/bash/spring $ spring <HIT TAB HERE> grab help jar run test version
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If you install Spring Boot CLI using Homebrew or MacPorts, the command-line completion scripts are automatically registered with your shell. |
Here’s a really simple web application that you can use to test your installation. Create
a file called app.groovy
:
@RestController class ThisWillActuallyRun { @RequestMapping("/") String home() { "Hello World!" } }
Then simply run it from a shell:
$ spring run app.groovy
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It will take some time when you first run the application as dependencies are downloaded. Subsequent runs will be much quicker. |
Open localhost:8080 in your favorite web browser and you should see the following output:
Hello World!
If you are upgrading from an earlier release of Spring Boot check the “release notes” hosted on the project wiki. You’ll find upgrade instructions along with a list of “new and noteworthy” features for each release.
To upgrade an existing CLI installation use the appropriate package manager command
(for example brew upgrade
) or, if you manually installed the CLI, follow the
standard instructions remembering to
update your PATH
environment variable to remove any older references.
Let’s develop a simple “Hello World!” web application in Java that highlights some of Spring Boot’s key features. We’ll use Maven to build this project since most IDEs support it.
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The spring.io web site contains many “Getting Started” guides that use Spring Boot. If you’re looking to solve a specific problem; check there first. You can shortcut the steps below by going to start.spring.io and choosing the
|
Before we begin, open a terminal to check that you have valid versions of Java and Maven installed.
$ java -version java version "1.7.0_51" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_51-b13) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.51-b03, mixed mode)
$ mvn -v Apache Maven 3.2.3 (33f8c3e1027c3ddde99d3cdebad2656a31e8fdf4; 2014-08-11T13:58:10-07:00) Maven home: /Users/user/tools/apache-maven-3.1.1 Java version: 1.7.0_51, vendor: Oracle Corporation
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This sample needs to be created in its own folder. Subsequent instructions assume that you have created a suitable folder and that it is your “current directory”. |
We need to start by creating a Maven pom.xml
file. The pom.xml
is the recipe that
will be used to build your project. Open your favorite text editor and add the following:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.example</groupId> <artifactId>myproject</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> </parent> <!-- Additional lines to be added here... --> </project>
This should give you a working build, you can test it out by running mvn package
(you
can ignore the “jar will be empty - no content was marked for inclusion!” warning for
now).
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At this point you could import the project into an IDE (most modern Java IDE’s include built-in support for Maven). For simplicity, we will continue to use a plain text editor for this example. |
Spring Boot provides a number of “Starters” that make easy to add jars to your
classpath. Our sample application has already used spring-boot-starter-parent
in the
parent
section of the POM. The spring-boot-starter-parent
is a special starter
that provides useful Maven defaults. It also provides a
dependency-management
section so that you can omit version
tags for “blessed” dependencies.
Other “Starters” simply provide dependencies that you are likely to need when
developing a specific type of application. Since we are developing a web application, we
will add a spring-boot-starter-web
dependency — but before that, let’s look at what we
currently have.
$ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] com.example:myproject:jar:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
The mvn dependency:tree
command prints a tree representation of your project dependencies.
You can see that spring-boot-starter-parent
provides no
dependencies by itself. Let’s edit our pom.xml
and add the spring-boot-starter-web
dependency
just below the parent
section:
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies>
If you run mvn dependency:tree
again, you will see that there are now a number of
additional dependencies, including the Tomcat web server and Spring Boot itself.
To finish our application we need to create a single Java file. Maven will compile sources
from src/main/java
by default so you need to create that folder structure, then add a
file named src/main/java/Example.java
:
import org.springframework.boot.*; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*; import org.springframework.stereotype.*; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*; @RestController @EnableAutoConfiguration public class Example { @RequestMapping("/") String home() { return "Hello World!"; } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { SpringApplication.run(Example.class, args); } }
Although there isn’t much code here, quite a lot is going on. Let’s step through the important parts.
The first annotation on our Example
class is @RestController
. This is known as a
stereotype annotation. It provides hints for people reading the code, and for Spring,
that the class plays a specific role. In this case, our class is a web @Controller
so
Spring will consider it when handling incoming web requests.
The @RequestMapping
annotation provides “routing” information. It is telling Spring
that any HTTP request with the path “/” should be mapped to the home
method. The
@RestController
annotation tells Spring to render the resulting string directly
back to the caller.
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The |
The second class-level annotation is @EnableAutoConfiguration
. This annotation tells
Spring Boot to “guess” how you will want to configure Spring, based on the jar
dependencies that you have added. Since spring-boot-starter-web
added Tomcat and
Spring MVC, the auto-configuration will assume that you are developing a web application
and setup Spring accordingly.
The final part of our application is the main
method. This is just a standard method
that follows the Java convention for an application entry point. Our main method delegates
to Spring Boot’s SpringApplication
class by calling run
. SpringApplication
will
bootstrap our application, starting Spring which will in turn start the auto-configured
Tomcat web server. We need to pass Example.class
as an argument to the run
method to
tell SpringApplication
which is the primary Spring component. The args
array is also
passed through to expose any command-line arguments.
At this point our application should work. Since we have used the
spring-boot-starter-parent
POM we have a useful run
goal that we can use to start
the application. Type mvn spring-boot:run
from the root project directory to start the
application:
$ mvn spring-boot:run . ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v1.5.14.RELEASE) ....... . . . ....... . . . (log output here) ....... . . . ........ Started Example in 2.222 seconds (JVM running for 6.514)
If you open a web browser to localhost:8080 you should see the following output:
Hello World!
To gracefully exit the application hit ctrl-c
.
Let’s finish our example by creating a completely self-contained executable jar file that we could run in production. Executable jars (sometimes called “fat jars”) are archives containing your compiled classes along with all of the jar dependencies that your code needs to run.
To create an executable jar we need to add the spring-boot-maven-plugin
to our
pom.xml
. Insert the following lines just below the dependencies
section:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
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The |
Save your pom.xml
and run mvn package
from the command line:
$ mvn package [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building myproject 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] .... .. [INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ myproject --- [INFO] Building jar: /Users/developer/example/spring-boot-example/target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] [INFO] --- spring-boot-maven-plugin:1.5.14.RELEASE:repackage (default) @ myproject --- [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you look in the target
directory you should see myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
. The
file should be around 10 MB in size. If you want to peek inside, you can use jar tvf
:
$ jar tvf target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
You should also see a much smaller file named myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar.original
in the target
directory. This is the original jar file that Maven created before it was
repackaged by Spring Boot.
To run that application, use the java -jar
command:
$ java -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar . ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v1.5.14.RELEASE) ....... . . . ....... . . . (log output here) ....... . . . ........ Started Example in 2.536 seconds (JVM running for 2.864)
As before, to gracefully exit the application hit ctrl-c
.
Hopefully this section has provided you with some of the Spring Boot basics, and got you on your way to writing your own applications. If you’re a task-oriented type of developer you might want to jump over to spring.io and check out some of the getting started guides that solve specific “How do I do that with Spring” problems; we also have Spring Boot-specific How-to reference documentation.
The Spring Boot repository has also a bunch of samples you can run. The samples are independent of the rest of the code (that is you don’t need to build the rest to run or use the samples).
Otherwise, the next logical step is to read Part III, “Using Spring Boot”. If you’re really impatient, you could also jump ahead and read about Spring Boot features.
This section goes into more detail about how you should use Spring Boot. It covers topics such as build systems, auto-configuration and how to run your applications. We also cover some Spring Boot best practices. Although there is nothing particularly special about Spring Boot (it is just another library that you can consume), there are a few recommendations that, when followed, will make your development process just a little easier.
If you’re just starting out with Spring Boot, you should probably read the Getting Started guide before diving into this section.
It is strongly recommended that you choose a build system that supports dependency management, and one that can consume artifacts published to the “Maven Central” repository. We would recommend that you choose Maven or Gradle. It is possible to get Spring Boot to work with other build systems (Ant for example), but they will not be particularly well supported.
Each release of Spring Boot provides a curated list of dependencies it supports. In practice, you do not need to provide a version for any of these dependencies in your build configuration as Spring Boot is managing that for you. When you upgrade Spring Boot itself, these dependencies will be upgraded as well in a consistent way.
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You can still specify a version and override Spring Boot’s recommendations if you feel that’s necessary. |
The curated list contains all the spring modules that you can use with Spring Boot as
well as a refined list of third party libraries. The list is available as a standard
Bills of Materials (spring-boot-dependencies
)
and additional dedicated support for Maven and
Gradle are available as well.
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Each release of Spring Boot is associated with a base version of the Spring Framework so we highly recommend you to not specify its version on your own. |
Maven users can inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent
project to obtain sensible
defaults. The parent project provides the following features:
<version>
tags for common dependencies, inherited from the
spring-boot-dependencies
POM.application.properties
and application.yml
including
profile-specific files (e.g. application-foo.properties
and application-foo.yml
)On the last point: since the default config files accept
Spring style placeholders (${…}
) the Maven filtering is changed to
use @..@
placeholders (you can override that with a Maven property
resource.delimiter
).
To configure your project to inherit from the spring-boot-starter-parent
simply set
the parent
:
<!-- Inherit defaults from Spring Boot --> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> </parent>
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You should only need to specify the Spring Boot version number on this dependency. If you import additional starters, you can safely omit the version number. |
With that setup, you can also override individual dependencies by overriding a property
in your own project. For instance, to upgrade to another Spring Data release train you’d
add the following to your pom.xml
.
<properties> <spring-data-releasetrain.version>Fowler-SR2</spring-data-releasetrain.version> </properties>
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Check the |
Not everyone likes inheriting from the spring-boot-starter-parent
POM. You may have your
own corporate standard parent that you need to use, or you may just prefer to explicitly
declare all your Maven configuration.
If you don’t want to use the spring-boot-starter-parent
, you can still keep the benefit
of the dependency management (but not the plugin management) by using a scope=import
dependency:
<dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <!-- Import dependency management from Spring Boot --> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement>
That setup does not allow you to override individual dependencies using a property as
explained above. To achieve the same result, you’d need to add an entry in the
dependencyManagement
of your project before the spring-boot-dependencies
entry. For instance, to upgrade to another Spring Data release train you’d add the
following to your pom.xml
.
<dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <!-- Override Spring Data release train provided by Spring Boot --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId> <artifactId>spring-data-releasetrain</artifactId> <version>Fowler-SR2</version> <scope>import</scope> <type>pom</type> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement>
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In the example above, we specify a BOM but any dependency type can be overridden that way. |
The spring-boot-starter-parent
chooses fairly conservative Java compatibility. If you
want to follow our recommendation and use a later Java version you can add a
java.version
property:
<properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties>
Spring Boot includes a Maven plugin
that can package the project as an executable jar. Add the plugin to your <plugins>
section if you want to use it:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
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If you use the Spring Boot starter parent pom, you only need to add the plugin, there is no need for to configure it unless you want to change the settings defined in the parent. |
Gradle users can directly import ‘starters’ in their dependencies
section. Unlike
Maven, there is no “super parent” to import to share some configuration.
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:1.5.14.RELEASE")
}
The spring-boot-gradle-plugin
is also available and provides tasks to create executable
jars and run projects from source. It also provides
dependency management that, among
other capabilities, allows you to omit the version number for any dependencies that are
managed by Spring Boot:
plugins { id 'org.springframework.boot' version '1.5.14.RELEASE' id 'java' } repositories { jcenter() } dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web") testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test") }
It is possible to build a Spring Boot project using Apache Ant+Ivy. The
spring-boot-antlib
“AntLib” module is also available to help Ant create executable
jars.
To declare dependencies a typical ivy.xml
file will look something like this:
<ivy-module version="2.0"> <info organisation="org.springframework.boot" module="spring-boot-sample-ant" /> <configurations> <conf name="compile" description="everything needed to compile this module" /> <conf name="runtime" extends="compile" description="everything needed to run this module" /> </configurations> <dependencies> <dependency org="org.springframework.boot" name="spring-boot-starter" rev="${spring-boot.version}" conf="compile" /> </dependencies> </ivy-module>
A typical build.xml
will look like this:
<project xmlns:ivy="antlib:org.apache.ivy.ant" xmlns:spring-boot="antlib:org.springframework.boot.ant" name="myapp" default="build"> <property name="spring-boot.version" value="1.5.14.RELEASE" /> <target name="resolve" description="--> retrieve dependencies with ivy"> <ivy:retrieve pattern="lib/[conf]/[artifact]-[type]-[revision].[ext]" /> </target> <target name="classpaths" depends="resolve"> <path id="compile.classpath"> <fileset dir="lib/compile" includes="*.jar" /> </path> </target> <target name="init" depends="classpaths"> <mkdir dir="build/classes" /> </target> <target name="compile" depends="init" description="compile"> <javac srcdir="src/main/java" destdir="build/classes" classpathref="compile.classpath" /> </target> <target name="build" depends="compile"> <spring-boot:exejar destfile="build/myapp.jar" classes="build/classes"> <spring-boot:lib> <fileset dir="lib/runtime" /> </spring-boot:lib> </spring-boot:exejar> </target> </project>
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See the Section 85.10, “Build an executable archive from Ant without using spring-boot-antlib” “How-to” if
you don’t want to use the |
Starters are a set of convenient dependency descriptors that you can include in your
application. You get a one-stop-shop for all the Spring and related technology that you
need, without having to hunt through sample code and copy paste loads of dependency
descriptors. For example, if you want to get started using Spring and JPA for database
access, just include the spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
dependency in your project, and
you are good to go.
The starters contain a lot of the dependencies that you need to get a project up and running quickly and with a consistent, supported set of managed transitive dependencies.
The following application starters are provided by Spring Boot under the
org.springframework.boot
group:
Table 13.1. Spring Boot application starters
Name | Description | Pom |
---|---|---|
Core starter, including auto-configuration support, logging and YAML | ||
Starter for JMS messaging using Apache ActiveMQ | ||
Starter for using Spring AMQP and Rabbit MQ | ||
Starter for aspect-oriented programming with Spring AOP and AspectJ | ||
Starter for JMS messaging using Apache Artemis | ||
Starter for using Spring Batch | ||
Starter for using Spring Framework’s caching support | ||
Starter for using Spring Cloud Connectors which simplifies connecting to services in cloud platforms like Cloud Foundry and Heroku | ||
Starter for using Cassandra distributed database and Spring Data Cassandra | ||
Starter for using Couchbase document-oriented database and Spring Data Couchbase | ||
Starter for using Elasticsearch search and analytics engine and Spring Data Elasticsearch | ||
Starter for using GemFire distributed data store and Spring Data GemFire | ||
Starter for using Spring Data JPA with Hibernate | ||
Starter for using Spring Data LDAP | ||
Starter for using MongoDB document-oriented database and Spring Data MongoDB | ||
Starter for using Neo4j graph database and Spring Data Neo4j | ||
Starter for using Redis key-value data store with Spring Data Redis and the Jedis client | ||
Starter for exposing Spring Data repositories over REST using Spring Data REST | ||
Starter for using the Apache Solr search platform with Spring Data Solr | ||
Starter for building MVC web applications using FreeMarker views | ||
Starter for building MVC web applications using Groovy Templates views | ||
Starter for building hypermedia-based RESTful web application with Spring MVC and Spring HATEOAS | ||
Starter for using Spring Integration | ||
Starter for using JDBC with the Tomcat JDBC connection pool | ||
Starter for building RESTful web applications using JAX-RS and Jersey. An alternative to | ||
Starter for using jOOQ to access SQL databases. An alternative to | ||
Starter for JTA transactions using Atomikos | ||
Starter for JTA transactions using Bitronix | ||
Spring Boot Narayana JTA Starter | ||
Starter for using Java Mail and Spring Framework’s email sending support | ||
Starter for building web applications using Spring Mobile | ||
Starter for building MVC web applications using Mustache views | ||
Starter for using Spring Security | ||
Starter for using Spring Social Facebook | ||
Stater for using Spring Social LinkedIn | ||
Starter for using Spring Social Twitter | ||
Starter for testing Spring Boot applications with libraries including JUnit, Hamcrest and Mockito | ||
Starter for building MVC web applications using Thymeleaf views | ||
Starter for using Java Bean Validation with Hibernate Validator | ||
Starter for building web, including RESTful, applications using Spring MVC. Uses Tomcat as the default embedded container | ||
Starter for using Spring Web Services | ||
Starter for building WebSocket applications using Spring Framework’s WebSocket support |
In addition to the application starters, the following starters can be used to add production ready features:
Table 13.2. Spring Boot production starters
Name | Description | Pom |
---|---|---|
Starter for using Spring Boot’s Actuator which provides production ready features to help you monitor and manage your application | ||
Starter for using the CRaSH remote shell to monitor and manage your application over SSH. Deprecated since 1.5 |
Finally, Spring Boot also includes some starters that can be used if you want to exclude or swap specific technical facets:
Table 13.3. Spring Boot technical starters
Name | Description | Pom |
---|---|---|
Starter for using Jetty as the embedded servlet container. An alternative to | ||
Starter for using Log4j2 for logging. An alternative to | ||
Starter for logging using Logback. Default logging starter | ||
Starter for using Tomcat as the embedded servlet container. Default servlet container starter used by | ||
Starter for using Undertow as the embedded servlet container. An alternative to |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
For a list of additional community contributed starters, see the
README file in the
|
Spring Boot does not require any specific code layout to work, however, there are some best practices that help.
When a class doesn’t include a package
declaration it is considered to be in the
“default package”. The use of the “default package” is generally discouraged, and
should be avoided. It can cause particular problems for Spring Boot applications that
use @ComponentScan
, @EntityScan
or @SpringBootApplication
annotations, since every
class from every jar, will be read.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
We recommend that you follow Java’s recommended package naming conventions
and use a reversed domain name (for example, |
We generally recommend that you locate your main application class in a root package
above other classes. The @SpringBootApplication
annotation is often placed on your main class, and it
implicitly defines a base “search package” for certain items. For example, if you are
writing a JPA application, the package of the @SpringBootApplication
annotated class
will be used to search for @Entity
items. Using a root package also allows component
scan to apply only on your project.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you don’t want to use |
Here is a typical layout:
com +- example +- myproject +- Application.java | +- domain | +- Customer.java | +- CustomerRepository.java | +- service | +- CustomerService.java | +- web +- CustomerController.java
The Application.java
file would declare the main
method, along with the basic
@SpringBootApplication
.
package com.example.myproject; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication @SpringBootApplication public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }
Spring Boot favors Java-based configuration. Although it is possible to call
SpringApplication.run()
with an XML source, we generally recommend that your primary
source is a @Configuration
class. Usually the class that defines the main
method
is also a good candidate as the primary @Configuration
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Many Spring configuration examples have been published on the Internet that use XML
configuration. Always try to use the equivalent Java-based configuration if possible.
Searching for |
You don’t need to put all your @Configuration
into a single class. The @Import
annotation can be used to import additional configuration classes. Alternatively, you
can use @ComponentScan
to automatically pick up all Spring components, including
@Configuration
classes.
Spring Boot auto-configuration attempts to automatically configure your Spring
application based on the jar dependencies that you have added. For example, If
HSQLDB
is on your classpath, and you have not manually configured any database
connection beans, then we will auto-configure an in-memory database.
You need to opt-in to auto-configuration by adding the @EnableAutoConfiguration
or
@SpringBootApplication
annotations to one of your @Configuration
classes.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You should only ever add one |
Auto-configuration is noninvasive, at any point you can start to define your own
configuration to replace specific parts of the auto-configuration. For example, if
you add your own DataSource
bean, the default embedded database support will back away.
If you need to find out what auto-configuration is currently being applied, and why,
start your application with the --debug
switch. This will enable debug logs for a
selection of core loggers and log an auto-configuration report to the console.
If you find that specific auto-configure classes are being applied that you don’t want,
you can use the exclude attribute of @EnableAutoConfiguration
to disable them.
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.*; import org.springframework.context.annotation.*; @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration(exclude={DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class}) public class MyConfiguration { }
If the class is not on the classpath, you can use the excludeName
attribute of
the annotation and specify the fully qualified name instead. Finally, you can also
control the list of auto-configuration classes to exclude via the
spring.autoconfigure.exclude
property.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can define exclusions both at the annotation level and using the property. |
You are free to use any of the standard Spring Framework techniques to define your beans
and their injected dependencies. For simplicity, we often find that using @ComponentScan
to find your beans, in combination with @Autowired
constructor injection works well.
If you structure your code as suggested above (locating your application class in a root
package), you can add @ComponentScan
without any arguments. All of your application
components (@Component
, @Service
, @Repository
, @Controller
etc.) will be
automatically registered as Spring Beans.
Here is an example @Service
Bean that uses constructor injection to obtain a
required RiskAssessor
bean.
package com.example.service; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class DatabaseAccountService implements AccountService { private final RiskAssessor riskAssessor; @Autowired public DatabaseAccountService(RiskAssessor riskAssessor) { this.riskAssessor = riskAssessor; } // ... }
And if a bean has one constructor, you can omit the @Autowired
.
@Service public class DatabaseAccountService implements AccountService { private final RiskAssessor riskAssessor; public DatabaseAccountService(RiskAssessor riskAssessor) { this.riskAssessor = riskAssessor; } // ... }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Notice how using constructor injection allows the |
Many Spring Boot developers like their apps to use auto-configuration, component scan and
be able to define extra configuration on their "application class". A single
@SpringBootApplication
annotation can be used to enable those three features, that is:
@EnableAutoConfiguration
: enable Spring Boot’s
auto-configuration mechanism@ComponentScan
: enable @Component
scan on the package where the application is
located (see the best practices)@Configuration
: allow to register extra beans in the context or import additional
configuration classesThe @SpringBootApplication
annotation is equivalent to using @Configuration
,
@EnableAutoConfiguration
and @ComponentScan
with their default attributes:
package com.example.myproject; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; @SpringBootApplication // same as @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @ComponentScan public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
|
![]() | Note |
---|---|
None of these features are mandatory and you may chose to replace this single annotation by any of the features that it enables. For instance, you may not want to use component scan in your application: package com.example.myproject; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import; @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @Import({ MyConfig.class, MyAnotherConfig.class }) public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } } In this example, |
One of the biggest advantages of packaging your application as jar and using an embedded HTTP server is that you can run your application as you would any other. Debugging Spring Boot applications is also easy; you don’t need any special IDE plugins or extensions.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
This section only covers jar based packaging, If you choose to package your application as a war file you should refer to your server and IDE documentation. |
You can run a Spring Boot application from your IDE as a simple Java application, however,
first you will need to import your project. Import steps will vary depending on your IDE
and build system. Most IDEs can import Maven projects directly, for example Eclipse users
can select Import…
→ Existing Maven Projects
from the File
menu.
If you can’t directly import your project into your IDE, you may be able to generate IDE metadata using a build plugin. Maven includes plugins for Eclipse and IDEA; Gradle offers plugins for various IDEs.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you accidentally run a web application twice you will see a “Port already in
use” error. STS users can use the |
If you use the Spring Boot Maven or Gradle plugins to create an executable jar you can
run your application using java -jar
. For example:
$ java -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
It is also possible to run a packaged application with remote debugging support enabled. This allows you to attach a debugger to your packaged application:
$ java -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n \ -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
The Spring Boot Maven plugin includes a run
goal which can be used to quickly compile
and run your application. Applications run in an exploded form just like in your IDE.
$ mvn spring-boot:run
You might also want to use the useful operating system environment variable:
$ export MAVEN_OPTS=-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=128M
The Spring Boot Gradle plugin also includes a bootRun
task which can be used to run
your application in an exploded form. The bootRun
task is added whenever you import
the spring-boot-gradle-plugin
:
$ gradle bootRun
You might also want to use this useful operating system environment variable:
$ export JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=128M
Since Spring Boot applications are just plain Java applications, JVM hot-swapping should
work out of the box. JVM hot swapping is somewhat limited with the bytecode that it can
replace, for a more complete solution
JRebel or the
Spring Loaded project can be used. The
spring-boot-devtools
module also includes support for quick application restarts.
See the Chapter 20, Developer tools section below and the Hot swapping “How-to” for details.
Spring Boot includes an additional set of tools that can make the application
development experience a little more pleasant. The spring-boot-devtools
module can be
included in any project to provide additional development-time features. To include
devtools support, simply add the module dependency to your build:
Maven.
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> </dependencies>
Gradle.
dependencies {
compileOnly("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools")
}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Developer tools are automatically disabled when running a fully packaged
application. If your application is launched using |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
repackaged archives do not contain devtools by default. If you want to use
certain remote devtools feature, you’ll need to disable the
|
Several of the libraries supported by Spring Boot use caches to improve performance. For example, template engines will cache compiled templates to avoid repeatedly parsing template files. Also, Spring MVC can add HTTP caching headers to responses when serving static resources.
Whilst caching is very beneficial in production, it can be counter productive during development, preventing you from seeing the changes you just made in your application. For this reason, spring-boot-devtools will disable those caching options by default.
Cache options are usually configured by settings in your application.properties
file.
For example, Thymeleaf offers the spring.thymeleaf.cache
property. Rather than needing
to set these properties manually, the spring-boot-devtools
module will automatically
apply sensible development-time configuration.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
For a complete list of the properties that are applied see DevToolsPropertyDefaultsPostProcessor. |
Applications that use spring-boot-devtools
will automatically restart whenever files
on the classpath change. This can be a useful feature when working in an IDE as it gives
a very fast feedback loop for code changes. By default, any entry on the classpath that
points to a folder will be monitored for changes. Note that certain resources such as
static assets and view templates do not need to
restart the application.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can also start your application via the supported build plugins (i.e. Maven and Gradle) as long as forking is enabled since DevTools need an isolated application classloader to operate properly. Gradle and Maven do that by default when they detect DevTools on the classpath. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Automatic restart works very well when used with LiveReload. See below for details. If you use JRebel automatic restarts will be disabled in favor of dynamic class reloading. Other devtools features (such as LiveReload and property overrides) can still be used. |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
DevTools relies on the application context’s shutdown hook to close it during a
restart. It will not work correctly if you have disabled the shutdown hook (
|
![]() | Note |
---|---|
When deciding if an entry on the classpath should trigger a restart when it changes,
DevTools automatically ignores projects named |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
DevTools needs to customize the |
Certain resources don’t necessarily need to trigger a restart when they are changed. For
example, Thymeleaf templates can just be edited in-place. By default changing resources
in /META-INF/maven
, /META-INF/resources
, /resources
, /static
, /public
or
/templates
will not trigger a restart but will trigger a
live reload. If you want to customize these exclusions
you can use the spring.devtools.restart.exclude
property. For example, to exclude only
/static
and /public
you would set the following:
spring.devtools.restart.exclude=static/**,public/**
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
if you want to keep those defaults and add additional exclusions, use the
|
You may want your application to be restarted or reloaded when you make changes to files
that are not on the classpath. To do so, use the
spring.devtools.restart.additional-paths
property to configure additional paths to watch
for changes. You can use the spring.devtools.restart.exclude
property
described above to control whether changes
beneath the additional paths will trigger a full restart or just a
live reload.
If you don’t want to use the restart feature you can disable it using the
spring.devtools.restart.enabled
property. In most cases you can set this in your
application.properties
(this will still initialize the restart classloader but it won’t
watch for file changes).
If you need to completely disable restart support, for example, because it doesn’t work
with a specific library, you need to set a System
property before calling
SpringApplication.run(…)
. For example:
public static void main(String[] args) { System.setProperty("spring.devtools.restart.enabled", "false"); SpringApplication.run(MyApp.class, args); }
If you work with an IDE that continuously compiles changed files, you might prefer to trigger restarts only at specific times. To do this you can use a “trigger file”, which is a special file that must be modified when you want to actually trigger a restart check. Changing the file only triggers the check and the restart will only occur if Devtools has detected it has to do something. The trigger file could be updated manually, or via an IDE plugin.
To use a trigger file use the spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file
property.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You might want to set |
As described in the Restart vs Reload section above, restart functionality is implemented by using two classloaders. For most applications this approach works well, however, sometimes it can cause classloading issues.
By default, any open project in your IDE will be loaded using the “restart” classloader,
and any regular .jar
file will be loaded using the “base” classloader. If you work on
a multi-module project, and not each module is imported into your IDE, you may need to
customize things. To do this you can create a META-INF/spring-devtools.properties
file.
The spring-devtools.properties
file can contain restart.exclude.
and
restart.include.
prefixed properties. The include
elements are items that should be
pulled up into the “restart” classloader, and the exclude
elements are items that
should be pushed down into the “base” classloader. The value of the property is a regex
pattern that will be applied to the classpath.
For example:
restart.exclude.companycommonlibs=/mycorp-common-[\\w-]+\.jar restart.include.projectcommon=/mycorp-myproj-[\\w-]+\.jar
![]() | Note |
---|---|
All property keys must be unique. As long as a property starts with
|
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
All |
Restart functionality does not work well with objects that are deserialized using a
standard ObjectInputStream
. If you need to deserialize data, you may need to use Spring’s
ConfigurableObjectInputStream
in combination with
Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader()
.
Unfortunately, several third-party libraries deserialize without considering the context classloader. If you find such a problem, you will need to request a fix with the original authors.
The spring-boot-devtools
module includes an embedded LiveReload server that can be used
to trigger a browser refresh when a resource is changed. LiveReload browser extensions are
freely available for Chrome, Firefox and Safari from
livereload.com.
If you don’t want to start the LiveReload server when your application runs you can set
the spring.devtools.livereload.enabled
property to false
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can only run one LiveReload server at a time. Before starting your application, ensure that no other LiveReload servers are running. If you start multiple applications from your IDE, only the first will have LiveReload support. |
You can configure global devtools settings by adding a file named
.spring-boot-devtools.properties
to your $HOME
folder (note that the filename starts
with “.”). Any properties added to this file will apply to all Spring Boot
applications on your machine that use devtools. For example, to configure restart to
always use a trigger file, you would add
the following:
~/.spring-boot-devtools.properties.
spring.devtools.reload.trigger-file=.reloadtrigger
The Spring Boot developer tools are not just limited to local development. You can also
use several features when running applications remotely. Remote support is opt-in, to
enable it you need to make sure that devtools
is included in the repackaged archive:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <excludeDevtools>false</excludeDevtools> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
Then you need to set a spring.devtools.remote.secret
property, for example:
spring.devtools.remote.secret=mysecret
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
Enabling |
Remote devtools support is provided in two parts; there is a server side endpoint that
accepts connections, and a client application that you run in your IDE. The server
component is automatically enabled when the spring.devtools.remote.secret
property
is set. The client component must be launched manually.
The remote client application is designed to be run from within your IDE. You need to run
org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication
using the same classpath as
the remote project that you’re connecting to. The non-option argument passed to the
application should be the remote URL that you are connecting to.
For example, if you are using Eclipse or STS, and you have a project named my-app
that
you’ve deployed to Cloud Foundry, you would do the following:
Run Configurations…
from the Run
menu.Java Application
“launch configuration”.my-app
project.org.springframework.boot.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication
as the main class.https://myapp.cfapps.io
to the Program arguments
(or whatever your remote
URL is).A running remote client will look like this:
. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ ___ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | | _ \___ _ __ ___| |_ ___ \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| []::::::[] / -_) ' \/ _ \ _/ -_) ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | |_|_\___|_|_|_\___/\__\___|/ / / / =========|_|==============|___/===================================/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot Remote :: 1.5.14.RELEASE 2015-06-10 18:25:06.632 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication : Starting RemoteSpringApplication on pwmbp with PID 14938 (/Users/pwebb/projects/spring-boot/code/spring-boot-devtools/target/classes started by pwebb in /Users/pwebb/projects/spring-boot/code/spring-boot-samples/spring-boot-sample-devtools) 2015-06-10 18:25:06.671 INFO 14938 --- [ main] s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@2a17b7b6: startup date [Wed Jun 10 18:25:06 PDT 2015]; root of context hierarchy 2015-06-10 18:25:07.043 WARN 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.d.r.c.RemoteClientConfiguration : The connection to http://localhost:8080 is insecure. You should use a URL starting with 'https://'. 2015-06-10 18:25:07.074 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.d.a.OptionalLiveReloadServer : LiveReload server is running on port 35729 2015-06-10 18:25:07.130 INFO 14938 --- [ main] o.s.b.devtools.RemoteSpringApplication : Started RemoteSpringApplication in 0.74 seconds (JVM running for 1.105)
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Because the remote client is using the same classpath as the real application it
can directly read application properties. This is how the |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
It’s always advisable to use |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you need to use a proxy to access the remote application, configure the
|
The remote client will monitor your application classpath for changes in the same way as the local restart. Any updated resource will be pushed to the remote application and (if required) trigger a restart. This can be quite helpful if you are iterating on a feature that uses a cloud service that you don’t have locally. Generally remote updates and restarts are much quicker than a full rebuild and deploy cycle.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Files are only monitored when the remote client is running. If you change a file before starting the remote client, it won’t be pushed to the remote server. |
Java remote debugging is useful when diagnosing issues on a remote application. Unfortunately, it’s not always possible to enable remote debugging when your application is deployed outside of your data center. Remote debugging can also be tricky to setup if you are using a container based technology such as Docker.
To help work around these limitations, devtools supports tunneling of remote debug traffic
over HTTP. The remote client provides a local server on port 8000
that you can attach
a remote debugger to. Once a connection is established, debug traffic is sent over HTTP
to the remote application. You can use the spring.devtools.remote.debug.local-port
property if you want to use a different port.
You’ll need to ensure that your remote application is started with remote debugging
enabled. Often this can be achieved by configuring JAVA_OPTS
. For example, with
Cloud Foundry you can add the following to your manifest.yml
:
--- env: JAVA_OPTS: "-Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,suspend=n"
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Notice that you don’t need to pass an |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Debugging a remote service over the Internet can be slow and you might need to
increase timeouts in your IDE. For example, in Eclipse you can select |
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
When using the remote debug tunnel with IntelliJ IDEA, all breakpoints must be configured to suspend the thread rather than the VM. By default, breakpoints in IntelliJ IDEA suspend the entire VM rather than only suspending the thread that hit the breakpoint. This has the unwanted side-effect of suspending the thread that manages the remote debug tunnel, causing your debugging session to freeze. When using the remote debug tunnel with IntelliJ IDEA, all breakpoints should be configured to suspend the thread rather than the VM. Please see IDEA-165769 for further details. |
Executable jars can be used for production deployment. As they are self-contained, they are also ideally suited for cloud-based deployment.
For additional “production ready” features, such as health, auditing and metric REST
or JMX end-points; consider adding spring-boot-actuator
. See
Part V, “Spring Boot Actuator: Production-ready features” for details.
You should now have good understanding of how you can use Spring Boot along with some best practices that you should follow. You can now go on to learn about specific Spring Boot features in depth, or you could skip ahead and read about the “production ready” aspects of Spring Boot.
This section dives into the details of Spring Boot. Here you can learn about the key features that you will want to use and customize. If you haven’t already, you might want to read the Part II, “Getting started” and Part III, “Using Spring Boot” sections so that you have a good grounding of the basics.
The SpringApplication
class provides a convenient way to bootstrap a Spring application
that will be started from a main()
method. In many situations you can just delegate to
the static SpringApplication.run
method:
public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(MySpringConfiguration.class, args); }
When your application starts you should see something similar to the following:
. ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: v1.5.14.RELEASE 2013-07-31 00:08:16.117 INFO 56603 --- [ main] o.s.b.s.app.SampleApplication : Starting SampleApplication v0.1.0 on mycomputer with PID 56603 (/apps/myapp.jar started by pwebb) 2013-07-31 00:08:16.166 INFO 56603 --- [ main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@6e5a8246: startup date [Wed Jul 31 00:08:16 PDT 2013]; root of context hierarchy 2014-03-04 13:09:54.912 INFO 41370 --- [ main] .t.TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory : Server initialized with port: 8080 2014-03-04 13:09:56.501 INFO 41370 --- [ main] o.s.b.s.app.SampleApplication : Started SampleApplication in 2.992 seconds (JVM running for 3.658)
By default INFO
logging messages will be shown, including some relevant startup details
such as the user that launched the application.
If your application fails to start, registered FailureAnalyzers
get a chance to provide
a dedicated error message and a concrete action to fix the problem. For instance if you
start a web application on port 8080
and that port is already in use, you should see
something similar to the following:
*************************** APPLICATION FAILED TO START *************************** Description: Embedded servlet container failed to start. Port 8080 was already in use. Action: Identify and stop the process that's listening on port 8080 or configure this application to listen on another port.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Spring Boot provides numerous |
If no failure analyzers are able to handle the exception, you can still display the full
auto-configuration report to better understand what went wrong. To do so you need to
enable the debug
property or
enable DEBUG
logging for
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.logging.AutoConfigurationReportLoggingInitializer
.
For instance, if you are running your application using java -jar
you can enable the
debug
property as follows:
$ java -jar myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar --debug
The banner that is printed on start up can be changed by adding a banner.txt
file
to your classpath, or by setting banner.location
to the location of such a file.
If the file has an unusual encoding you can set banner.charset
(default is UTF-8
).
In addition to a text file, you can also add a banner.gif
, banner.jpg
or banner.png
image file to your classpath, or set a banner.image.location
property. Images will be
converted into an ASCII art representation and printed above any text banner.
Inside your banner.txt
file you can use any of the following placeholders:
Table 23.1. Banner variables
Variable | Description |
---|---|
| The version number of your application as declared in |
| The version number of your application as declared in |
| The Spring Boot version that you are using. For example |
| The Spring Boot version that you are using formatted for display (surrounded with
brackets and prefixed with |
| Where |
| The title of your application as declared in |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
You can also use the spring.main.banner-mode
property to determine if the banner has
to be printed on System.out
(console
), using the configured logger (log
) or not
at all (off
).
The printed banner will be registered as a singleton bean under the name
springBootBanner
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
YAML maps spring: main: banner-mode: "off" |
If the SpringApplication
defaults aren’t to your taste you can instead create a local
instance and customize it. For example, to turn off the banner you would write:
public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication app = new SpringApplication(MySpringConfiguration.class); app.setBannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF); app.run(args); }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The constructor arguments passed to |
It is also possible to configure the SpringApplication
using an application.properties
file. See Chapter 24, Externalized Configuration for details.
For a complete list of the configuration options, see the
SpringApplication
Javadoc.
If you need to build an ApplicationContext
hierarchy (multiple contexts with a
parent/child relationship), or if you just prefer using a ‘fluent’ builder API, you
can use the SpringApplicationBuilder
.
The SpringApplicationBuilder
allows you to chain together multiple method calls, and
includes parent
and child
methods that allow you to create a hierarchy.
For example:
new SpringApplicationBuilder() .sources(Parent.class) .child(Application.class) .bannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF) .run(args);
![]() | Note |
---|---|
There are some restrictions when creating an |
In addition to the usual Spring Framework events, such as
ContextRefreshedEvent
,
a SpringApplication
sends some additional application events.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Some events are actually triggered before the If you want those listeners to be registered automatically regardless of the way the
application is created you can add a org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener=com.example.project.MyListener |
Application events are sent in the following order, as your application runs:
ApplicationStartingEvent
is sent at the start of a run, but before any
processing except the registration of listeners and initializers.ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent
is sent when the Environment
to be used in
the context is known, but before the context is created.ApplicationPreparedEvent
is sent just before the refresh is started, but after bean
definitions have been loaded.ApplicationReadyEvent
is sent after the refresh and any related callbacks have
been processed to indicate the application is ready to service requests.ApplicationFailedEvent
is sent if there is an exception on startup.![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You often won’t need to use application events, but it can be handy to know that they exist. Internally, Spring Boot uses events to handle a variety of tasks. |
Application events are sent using Spring Framework’s event publishing mechanism. Part of
this mechanism ensures that an event published to the listeners in a child context
is also published to the listeners in any ancestors contexts. As a result of this, if
your application uses a hierarchy of SpringApplication
instances, a listener may
receive multiple instances of the same type of application event.
To allow your listener to distinguish between an event for its context and an event for
a descendant context, it should request that its application context is injected and
then compare the injected context with context of the event. The context can be injected
by implementing ApplicationContextAware
or, if the listener is a bean, using @Autowired
.
A SpringApplication
will attempt to create the right type of ApplicationContext
on
your behalf. By default, an AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
or
AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext
will be used, depending on whether you
are developing a web application or not.
The algorithm used to determine a ‘web environment’ is fairly simplistic (based on the
presence of a few classes). You can use setWebEnvironment(boolean webEnvironment)
if
you need to override the default.
It is also possible to take complete control of the ApplicationContext
type that will
be used by calling setApplicationContextClass(…)
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
It is often desirable to call |
If you need to access the application arguments that were passed to
SpringApplication.run(…)
you can inject a
org.springframework.boot.ApplicationArguments
bean. The ApplicationArguments
interface
provides access to both the raw String[]
arguments as well as parsed option
and
non-option
arguments:
import org.springframework.boot.* import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.* import org.springframework.stereotype.* @Component public class MyBean { @Autowired public MyBean(ApplicationArguments args) { boolean debug = args.containsOption("debug"); List<String> files = args.getNonOptionArgs(); // if run with "--debug logfile.txt" debug=true, files=["logfile.txt"] } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Spring Boot will also register a |
If you need to run some specific code once the SpringApplication
has started, you can
implement the ApplicationRunner
or CommandLineRunner
interfaces. Both interfaces work
in the same way and offer a single run
method which will be called just before
SpringApplication.run(…)
completes.
The CommandLineRunner
interfaces provides access to application arguments as a simple
string array, whereas the ApplicationRunner
uses the ApplicationArguments
interface
discussed above.
import org.springframework.boot.* import org.springframework.stereotype.* @Component public class MyBean implements CommandLineRunner { public void run(String... args) { // Do something... } }
You can additionally implement the org.springframework.core.Ordered
interface or use the
org.springframework.core.annotation.Order
annotation if several CommandLineRunner
or
ApplicationRunner
beans are defined that must be called in a specific order.
Each SpringApplication
will register a shutdown hook with the JVM to ensure that the
ApplicationContext
is closed gracefully on exit. All the standard Spring lifecycle
callbacks (such as the DisposableBean
interface, or the @PreDestroy
annotation) can
be used.
In addition, beans may implement the org.springframework.boot.ExitCodeGenerator
interface if they wish to return a specific exit code when SpringApplication.exit()
is called. This exit code can then be passed to System.exit()
to return it as a status
code.
@SpringBootApplication public class ExitCodeApplication { @Bean public ExitCodeGenerator exitCodeGenerator() { return new ExitCodeGenerator() { @Override public int getExitCode() { return 42; } }; } public static void main(String[] args) { System.exit(SpringApplication .exit(SpringApplication.run(ExitCodeApplication.class, args))); } }
Also, the ExitCodeGenerator
interface may be implemented by exceptions. When such an
exception is encountered, Spring Boot will return the exit code provided by the
implemented getExitCode()
method.
It is possible to enable admin-related features for the application by specifying the
spring.application.admin.enabled
property. This exposes the
SpringApplicationAdminMXBean
on the platform MBeanServer
. You could use this feature to administer your Spring Boot
application remotely. This could also be useful for any service wrapper implementation.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you want to know on which HTTP port the application is running, get the property
with key |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Take care when enabling this feature as the MBean exposes a method to shutdown the application. |
Spring Boot allows you to externalize your configuration so you can work with the same
application code in different environments. You can use properties files, YAML files,
environment variables and command-line arguments to externalize configuration. Property
values can be injected directly into your beans using the @Value
annotation, accessed
via Spring’s Environment
abstraction or
bound to structured objects
via @ConfigurationProperties
.
Spring Boot uses a very particular PropertySource
order that is designed to allow
sensible overriding of values. Properties are considered in the following order:
~/.spring-boot-devtools.properties
when devtools is active).@TestPropertySource
annotations on your tests.@SpringBootTest#properties
annotation attribute on your tests.SPRING_APPLICATION_JSON
(inline JSON embedded in an environment
variable or system property)ServletConfig
init parameters.ServletContext
init parameters.java:comp/env
.System.getProperties()
).RandomValuePropertySource
that only has properties in random.*
.application-{profile}.properties
and YAML variants)application-{profile}.properties
and YAML variants)application.properties
and YAML
variants).application.properties
and YAML
variants).@PropertySource
annotations on your @Configuration
classes.SpringApplication.setDefaultProperties
).To provide a concrete example, suppose you develop a @Component
that uses a
name
property:
import org.springframework.stereotype.* import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.* @Component public class MyBean { @Value("${name}") private String name; // ... }
On your application classpath (e.g. inside your jar) you can have an
application.properties
that provides a sensible default property value for name
. When
running in a new environment, an application.properties
can be provided outside of your
jar that overrides the name
; and for one-off testing, you can launch with a specific
command line switch (e.g. java -jar app.jar --name="Spring"
).
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The $ SPRING_APPLICATION_JSON='{"foo":{"bar":"spam"}}' java -jar myapp.jar In this example you will end up with $ java -Dspring.application.json='{"foo":"bar"}' -jar myapp.jar or command line argument: $ java -jar myapp.jar --spring.application.json='{"foo":"bar"}' or as a JNDI variable |
The RandomValuePropertySource
is useful for injecting random values (e.g. into secrets
or test cases). It can produce integers, longs, uuids or strings, e.g.
my.secret=${random.value} my.number=${random.int} my.bignumber=${random.long} my.uuid=${random.uuid} my.number.less.than.ten=${random.int(10)} my.number.in.range=${random.int[1024,65536]}
The random.int*
syntax is OPEN value (,max) CLOSE
where the OPEN,CLOSE
are any
character and value,max
are integers. If max
is provided then value
is the minimum
value and max
is the maximum (exclusive).
By default SpringApplication
will convert any command line option arguments (starting
with ‘--’, e.g. --server.port=9000
) to a property
and add it to the Spring
Environment
. As mentioned above, command line properties always take precedence over
other property sources.
If you don’t want command line properties to be added to the Environment
you can disable
them using SpringApplication.setAddCommandLineProperties(false)
.
SpringApplication
will load properties from application.properties
files in the
following locations and add them to the Spring Environment
:
/config
subdirectory of the current directory./config
packageThe list is ordered by precedence (properties defined in locations higher in the list override those defined in lower locations).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can also use YAML ('.yml') files as an alternative to '.properties'. |
If you don’t like application.properties
as the configuration file name you can switch
to another by specifying a spring.config.name
environment property. You can also refer
to an explicit location using the spring.config.location
environment property
(comma-separated list of directory locations, or file paths).
$ java -jar myproject.jar --spring.config.name=myproject
or
$ java -jar myproject.jar --spring.config.location=classpath:/default.properties,classpath:/override.properties
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
|
If spring.config.location
contains directories (as opposed to files) they should end
in /
(and will be appended with the names generated from spring.config.name
before
being loaded, including profile-specific file names). Files specified in
spring.config.location
are used as-is, with no support for profile-specific variants,
and will be overridden by any profile-specific properties.
Config locations are searched in reverse order. By default, the configured locations are
classpath:/,classpath:/config/,file:./,file:./config/
. The resulting search order is:
file:./config/
file:./
classpath:/config/
classpath:/
When custom config locations are configured, they are used in addition to the default
locations. Custom locations are searched before the default locations. For example,
if custom locations classpath:/custom-config/,file:./custom-config/
are configured,
the search order becomes:
file:./custom-config/
classpath:custom-config/
file:./config/
file:./
classpath:/config/
classpath:/
This search ordering allows you to specify default values in one configuration file
and then selectively override those values in another. You can provide default values
for you application in application.properties
(or whatever other basename you choose
with spring.config.name
) in one of the default locations. These default values can
then be overriden at runtime with a different file located in one of the custom
locations.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you use environment variables rather than system properties, most operating
systems disallow period-separated key names, but you can use underscores instead (e.g.
|
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are running in a container then JNDI properties (in |
In addition to application.properties
files, profile-specific properties can also be
defined using the naming convention application-{profile}.properties
. The
Environment
has a set of default profiles (by default [default]
) which are
used if no active profiles are set (i.e. if no profiles are explicitly activated
then properties from application-default.properties
are loaded).
Profile-specific properties are loaded from the same locations as standard
application.properties
, with profile-specific files always overriding the non-specific
ones irrespective of whether the profile-specific files are inside or outside your
packaged jar.
If several profiles are specified, a last wins strategy applies. For example, profiles
specified by the spring.profiles.active
property are added after those configured via
the SpringApplication
API and therefore take precedence.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you have specified any files in |
The values in application.properties
are filtered through the existing Environment
when they are used so you can refer back to previously defined values (e.g. from System
properties).
app.name=MyApp app.description=${app.name} is a Spring Boot application
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can also use this technique to create ‘short’ variants of existing Spring Boot properties. See the Section 72.4, “Use ‘short’ command line arguments” how-to for details. |
YAML is a superset of JSON, and as such is a very convenient format
for specifying hierarchical configuration data. The SpringApplication
class will
automatically support YAML as an alternative to properties whenever you have the
SnakeYAML library on your classpath.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you use ‘Starters’ SnakeYAML will be automatically provided via
|
Spring Framework provides two convenient classes that can be used to load YAML documents.
The YamlPropertiesFactoryBean
will load YAML as Properties
and the
YamlMapFactoryBean
will load YAML as a Map
.
For example, the following YAML document:
environments: dev: url: http://dev.bar.com name: Developer Setup prod: url: http://foo.bar.com name: My Cool App
Would be transformed into these properties:
environments.dev.url=http://dev.bar.com environments.dev.name=Developer Setup environments.prod.url=http://foo.bar.com environments.prod.name=My Cool App
YAML lists are represented as property keys with [index]
dereferencers,
for example this YAML:
my: servers: - dev.bar.com - foo.bar.com
Would be transformed into these properties:
my.servers[0]=dev.bar.com my.servers[1]=foo.bar.com
To bind to properties like that using the Spring DataBinder
utilities (which is what
@ConfigurationProperties
does) you need to have a property in the target bean of type
java.util.List
(or Set
) and you either need to provide a setter, or initialize it
with a mutable value, e.g. this will bind to the properties above
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="my") public class Config { private List<String> servers = new ArrayList<String>(); public List<String> getServers() { return this.servers; } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Extra care is required when configuring lists that way as overriding will not work as you
would expect. In the example above, when my: servers: dev.bar.com,foo.bar.com |
The YamlPropertySourceLoader
class can be used to expose YAML as a PropertySource
in the Spring Environment
. This allows you to use the familiar @Value
annotation with
placeholders syntax to access YAML properties.
You can specify multiple profile-specific YAML documents in a single file by
using a spring.profiles
key to indicate when the document applies. For example:
server: address: 192.168.1.100 --- spring: profiles: development server: address: 127.0.0.1 --- spring: profiles: production server: address: 192.168.1.120
In the example above, the server.address
property will be 127.0.0.1
if the
development
profile is active. If the development
and production
profiles are not
enabled, then the value for the property will be 192.168.1.100
.
The default profiles are activated if none are explicitly active when the application
context starts. So in this YAML we set a value for security.user.password
that is
only available in the "default" profile:
server: port: 8000 --- spring: profiles: default security: user: password: weak
whereas in this example, the password is always set because it isn’t attached to any profile, and it would have to be explicitly reset in all other profiles as necessary:
server: port: 8000 security: user: password: weak
Spring profiles designated using the "spring.profiles" element may optionally be negated
using the !
character. If both negated and non-negated profiles are specified for
a single document, at least one non-negated profile must match and no negated profiles
may match.
YAML files can’t be loaded via the @PropertySource
annotation. So in the
case that you need to load values that way, you need to use a properties file.
As we have seen above, any YAML content is ultimately transformed to properties. That process may be counter intuitive when overriding “list” properties via a profile.
For example, assume a MyPojo
object with name
and description
attributes
that are null
by default. Let’s expose a list of MyPojo
from FooProperties
:
@ConfigurationProperties("foo") public class FooProperties { private final List<MyPojo> list = new ArrayList<>(); public List<MyPojo> getList() { return this.list; } }
Consider the following configuration:
foo: list: - name: my name description: my description --- spring: profiles: dev foo: list: - name: my another name
If the dev
profile isn’t active, FooProperties.list
will contain one MyPojo
entry
as defined above. If the dev
profile is enabled however, the list
will still
only contain one entry (with name “my another name” and description null
). This
configuration will not add a second MyPojo
instance to the list, and it won’t merge
the items.
When a collection is specified in multiple profiles, the one with highest priority is used (and only that one):
foo: list: - name: my name description: my description - name: another name description: another description --- spring: profiles: dev foo: list: - name: my another name
In the example above, considering that the dev
profile is active, FooProperties.list
will contain one MyPojo
entry (with name “my another name” and description null
).
Using the @Value("${property}")
annotation to inject configuration properties can
sometimes be cumbersome, especially if you are working with multiple properties or your
data is hierarchical in nature. Spring Boot provides an alternative method of working with
properties that allows strongly typed beans to govern and validate the configuration of
your application.
package com.example; import java.net.InetAddress; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; @ConfigurationProperties("foo") public class FooProperties { private boolean enabled; private InetAddress remoteAddress; private final Security security = new Security(); public boolean isEnabled() { ... } public void setEnabled(boolean enabled) { ... } public InetAddress getRemoteAddress() { ... } public void setRemoteAddress(InetAddress remoteAddress) { ... } public Security getSecurity() { ... } public static class Security { private String username; private String password; private List<String> roles = new ArrayList<>(Collections.singleton("USER")); public String getUsername() { ... } public void setUsername(String username) { ... } public String getPassword() { ... } public void setPassword(String password) { ... } public List<String> getRoles() { ... } public void setRoles(List<String> roles) { ... } } }
The POJO above defines the following properties:
foo.enabled
, false
by defaultfoo.remote-address
, with a type that can be coerced from String
foo.security.username
, with a nested "security" whose name is determined by the name
of the property. In particular the return type is not used at all there and could have
been SecurityProperties
foo.security.password
foo.security.roles
, with a collection of String
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Getters and setters are usually mandatory, since binding is via standard Java Beans property descriptors, just like in Spring MVC. There are cases where a setter may be omitted:
Some people use Project Lombok to add getters and setters automatically. Make sure that Lombok doesn’t generate any particular constructor for such type as it will be used automatically by the container to instantiate the object. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See also the differences between |
You also need to list the properties classes to register in the
@EnableConfigurationProperties
annotation:
@Configuration @EnableConfigurationProperties(FooProperties.class) public class MyConfiguration { }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
When The bean name in the example above will be |
Even if the configuration above will create a regular bean for FooProperties
, we
recommend that @ConfigurationProperties
only deal with the environment and in particular
does not inject other beans from the context. Having said that, The
@EnableConfigurationProperties
annotation is also automatically applied to your project
so that any existing bean annotated with @ConfigurationProperties
will be configured
from the Environment
. You could shortcut MyConfiguration
above by making sure
FooProperties
is already a bean:
@Component @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="foo") public class FooProperties { // ... see above }
This style of configuration works particularly well with the
SpringApplication
external YAML configuration:
# application.yml foo: remote-address: 192.168.1.1 security: username: foo roles: - USER - ADMIN # additional configuration as required
To work with @ConfigurationProperties
beans you can just inject them in the same way
as any other bean.
@Service public class MyService { private final FooProperties properties; @Autowired public MyService(FooProperties properties) { this.properties = properties; } //... @PostConstruct public void openConnection() { Server server = new Server(this.properties.getRemoteAddress()); // ... } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Using |
As well as using @ConfigurationProperties
to annotate a class, you can also use it
on public @Bean
methods. This can be particularly useful when you want to bind
properties to third-party components that are outside of your control.
To configure a bean from the Environment
properties, add @ConfigurationProperties
to
its bean registration:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "bar") @Bean public BarComponent barComponent() { ... }
Any property defined with the bar
prefix will be mapped onto that BarComponent
bean
in a similar manner as the FooProperties
example above.
Spring Boot uses some relaxed rules for binding Environment
properties to
@ConfigurationProperties
beans, so there doesn’t need to be an exact match between
the Environment
property name and the bean property name. Common examples where this
is useful include dashed separated (e.g. context-path
binds to contextPath
), and
capitalized (e.g. PORT
binds to port
) environment properties.
For example, given the following @ConfigurationProperties
class:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="person") public class OwnerProperties { private String firstName; public String getFirstName() { return this.firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } }
The following properties names can all be used:
Table 24.1. relaxed binding
Property | Note |
---|---|
| Standard camel case syntax. |
| Dashed notation, recommended for use in |
| Underscore notation, alternative format for use in |
| Upper case format. Recommended when using a system environment variables. |
Spring will attempt to coerce the external application properties to the right type when
it binds to the @ConfigurationProperties
beans. If you need custom type conversion you
can provide a ConversionService
bean (with bean id conversionService
) or custom
property editors (via a CustomEditorConfigurer
bean) or custom Converters
(with
bean definitions annotated as @ConfigurationPropertiesBinding
).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
As this bean is requested very early during the application lifecycle, make sure to
limit the dependencies that your |
Spring Boot will attempt to validate @ConfigurationProperties
classes whenever they
are annotated with Spring’s @Validated
annotation. You can use JSR-303 javax.validation
constraint annotations directly on your configuration class. Simply ensure that a
compliant JSR-303 implementation is on your classpath, then add constraint annotations to
your fields:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="foo") @Validated public class FooProperties { @NotNull private InetAddress remoteAddress; // ... getters and setters }
In order to validate values of nested properties, you must annotate the associated field
as @Valid
to trigger its validation. For example, building upon the above
FooProperties
example:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="connection") @Validated public class FooProperties { @NotNull private InetAddress remoteAddress; @Valid private final Security security = new Security(); // ... getters and setters public static class Security { @NotEmpty public String username; // ... getters and setters } }
You can also add a custom Spring Validator
by creating a bean definition called
configurationPropertiesValidator
. The @Bean
method should be declared static
. The
configuration properties validator is created very early in the application’s lifecycle
and declaring the @Bean
method as static allows the bean to be created without having to
instantiate the @Configuration
class. This avoids any problems that may be caused by
early instantiation. There is a
property
validation sample so you can see how to set things up.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
@Value
is a core container feature and it does not provide the same features as
type-safe Configuration Properties. The table below summarizes the features that are
supported by @ConfigurationProperties
and @Value
:
Feature | @ConfigurationProperties | @Value |
---|---|---|
Yes | No | |
Yes | No | |
| No | Yes |
If you define a set of configuration keys for your own components, we recommend you to
group them in a POJO annotated with @ConfigurationProperties
. Please also be aware
that since @Value
does not support relaxed binding, it isn’t a great candidate if you
need to provide the value using environment variables.
Finally, while you can write a SpEL
expression in @Value
, such expressions are not
processed from Application
property files.
Spring Profiles provide a way to segregate parts of your application configuration and
make it only available in certain environments. Any @Component
or @Configuration
can
be marked with @Profile
to limit when it is loaded:
@Configuration @Profile("production") public class ProductionConfiguration { // ... }
In the normal Spring way, you can use a spring.profiles.active
Environment
property to specify which profiles are active. You can
specify the property in any of the usual ways, for example you could
include it in your application.properties
:
spring.profiles.active=dev,hsqldb
or specify on the command line using the switch --spring.profiles.active=dev,hsqldb
.
The spring.profiles.active
property follows the same ordering rules as other
properties, the highest PropertySource
will win. This means that you can specify
active profiles in application.properties
then replace them using the command line
switch.
Sometimes it is useful to have profile-specific properties that add to the active
profiles rather than replace them. The spring.profiles.include
property can be used
to unconditionally add active profiles. The SpringApplication
entry point also has
a Java API for setting additional profiles (i.e. on top of those activated by the
spring.profiles.active
property): see the setAdditionalProfiles()
method.
For example, when an application with following properties is run using the switch
--spring.profiles.active=prod
the proddb
and prodmq
profiles will also be activated:
--- my.property: fromyamlfile --- spring.profiles: prod spring.profiles.include: - proddb - prodmq
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Remember that the |
You can programmatically set active profiles by calling
SpringApplication.setAdditionalProfiles(…)
before your application runs. It is also
possible to activate profiles using Spring’s ConfigurableEnvironment
interface.
Profile-specific variants of both application.properties
(or application.yml
) and
files referenced via @ConfigurationProperties
are considered as files are loaded.
See Section 24.4, “Profile-specific properties” for details.
Spring Boot uses Commons Logging for all internal logging, but leaves the underlying log implementation open. Default configurations are provided for Java Util Logging, Log4J2 and Logback. In each case loggers are pre-configured to use console output with optional file output also available.
By default, If you use the ‘Starters’, Logback will be used for logging. Appropriate Logback routing is also included to ensure that dependent libraries that use Java Util Logging, Commons Logging, Log4J or SLF4J will all work correctly.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
There are a lot of logging frameworks available for Java. Don’t worry if the above list seems confusing. Generally you won’t need to change your logging dependencies and the Spring Boot defaults will work just fine. |
The default log output from Spring Boot looks like this:
2014-03-05 10:57:51.112 INFO 45469 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/7.0.52 2014-03-05 10:57:51.253 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext 2014-03-05 10:57:51.253 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 1358 ms 2014-03-05 10:57:51.698 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.e.ServletRegistrationBean : Mapping servlet: 'dispatcherServlet' to [/] 2014-03-05 10:57:51.702 INFO 45469 --- [ost-startStop-1] o.s.b.c.embedded.FilterRegistrationBean : Mapping filter: 'hiddenHttpMethodFilter' to: [/*]
The following items are output:
ERROR
, WARN
, INFO
, DEBUG
or TRACE
.---
separator to distinguish the start of actual log messages.![]() | Note |
---|---|
Logback does not have a |
The default log configuration will echo messages to the console as they are written. By
default ERROR
, WARN
and INFO
level messages are logged. You can also enable a
“debug” mode by starting your application with a --debug
flag.
$ java -jar myapp.jar --debug
![]() | Note |
---|---|
you can also specify |
When the debug mode is enabled, a selection of core loggers (embedded container, Hibernate
and Spring Boot) are configured to output more information. Enabling the debug mode does
not configure your application to log all messages with DEBUG
level.
Alternatively, you can enable a “trace” mode by starting your application with a
--trace
flag (or trace=true
in your application.properties
). This will enable trace
logging for a selection of core loggers (embedded container, Hibernate schema generation
and the whole Spring portfolio).
If your terminal supports ANSI, color output will be used to aid readability. You can set
spring.output.ansi.enabled
to a
supported value to override the auto
detection.
Color coding is configured using the %clr
conversion word. In its simplest form the
converter will color the output according to the log level, for example:
%clr(%5p)
The mapping of log level to a color is as follows:
Level | Color |
---|---|
| Red |
| Red |
| Yellow |
| Green |
| Green |
| Green |
Alternatively, you can specify the color or style that should be used by providing it as an option to the conversion. For example, to make the text yellow:
%clr(%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS}){yellow}
The following colors and styles are supported:
blue
cyan
faint
green
magenta
red
yellow
By default, Spring Boot will only log to the console and will not write log files. If you
want to write log files in addition to the console output you need to set a
logging.file
or logging.path
property (for example in your application.properties
).
The following table shows how the logging.*
properties can be used together:
Table 26.1. Logging properties
logging.file | logging.path | Example | Description |
---|---|---|---|
(none) | (none) | Console only logging. | |
Specific file | (none) |
| Writes to the specified log file. Names can be an exact location or relative to the current directory. |
(none) | Specific directory |
| Writes |
Log files will rotate when they reach 10 MB and as with console output, ERROR
, WARN
and INFO
level messages are logged by default.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The logging system is initialized early in the application lifecycle and as such
logging properties will not be found in property files loaded via |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Logging properties are independent of the actual logging infrastructure. As a
result, specific configuration keys (such as |
All the supported logging systems can have the logger levels set in the Spring
Environment
(so for example in application.properties
) using
‘logging.level.*=LEVEL’ where ‘LEVEL’ is one of TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR,
FATAL, OFF. The root
logger can be configured using logging.level.root
.
Example application.properties
:
logging.level.root=WARN logging.level.org.springframework.web=DEBUG logging.level.org.hibernate=ERROR
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default Spring Boot remaps Thymeleaf |
The various logging systems can be activated by including the appropriate libraries on
the classpath, and further customized by providing a suitable configuration file in the
root of the classpath, or in a location specified by the Spring Environment
property
logging.config
.
You can force Spring Boot to use a particular logging system using the
org.springframework.boot.logging.LoggingSystem
system property. The value should be
the fully-qualified class name of a LoggingSystem
implementation. You can also disable
Spring Boot’s logging configuration entirely by using a value of none
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Since logging is initialized before the |
Depending on your logging system, the following files will be loaded:
Logging System | Customization |
---|---|
Logback |
|
Log4j2 |
|
JDK (Java Util Logging) |
|
![]() | Note |
---|---|
When possible we recommend that you use the |
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
There are known classloading issues with Java Util Logging that cause problems when running from an ‘executable jar’. We recommend that you avoid it if at all possible. |
To help with the customization some other properties are transferred from the Spring
Environment
to System properties:
Spring Environment | System Property | Comments |
---|---|---|
|
| The conversion word that’s used when logging exceptions. |
|
| Used in default log configuration if defined. |
|
| Used in default log configuration if defined. |
|
| The log pattern to use on the console (stdout). (Only supported with the default logback setup.) |
|
| The log pattern to use in a file (if LOG_FILE enabled). (Only supported with the default logback setup.) |
|
| The format to use to render the log level (default |
|
| The current process ID (discovered if possible and when not already defined as an OS environment variable). |
All the logging systems supported can consult System properties when parsing their
configuration files. See the default configurations in spring-boot.jar
for examples.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you want to use a placeholder in a logging property, you should use
Spring Boot’s syntax and not
the syntax of the underlying framework. Notably, if you’re using Logback, you should use
|
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can add MDC and other ad-hoc content to log lines by overriding
only the 2015-09-30 12:30:04.031 user:juergen INFO 22174 --- [ nio-8080-exec-0] demo.Controller Handling authenticated request |
Spring Boot includes a number of extensions to Logback which can help with advanced
configuration. You can use these extensions in your logback-spring.xml
configuration
file.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You cannot use extensions in the standard |
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
The extensions cannot be used with Logback’s configuration scanning. If you attempt to do so, making changes to the configuration file will result in an error similar to one of the following being logged: |
ERROR in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.spi.Interpreter@4:71 - no applicable action for [springProperty], current ElementPath is [[configuration][springProperty]] ERROR in ch.qos.logback.core.joran.spi.Interpreter@4:71 - no applicable action for [springProfile], current ElementPath is [[configuration][springProfile]]
The <springProfile>
tag allows you to optionally include or exclude sections of
configuration based on the active Spring profiles. Profile sections are supported anywhere
within the <configuration>
element. Use the name
attribute to specify which profile
accepts the configuration. Multiple profiles can be specified using a comma-separated
list.
<springProfile name="staging"> <!-- configuration to be enabled when the "staging" profile is active --> </springProfile> <springProfile name="dev, staging"> <!-- configuration to be enabled when the "dev" or "staging" profiles are active --> </springProfile> <springProfile name="!production"> <!-- configuration to be enabled when the "production" profile is not active --> </springProfile>
The <springProperty>
tag allows you to surface properties from the Spring Environment
for use within Logback. This can be useful if you want to access values from your
application.properties
file in your logback configuration. The tag works in a similar
way to Logback’s standard <property>
tag, but rather than specifying a direct value
you specify the source
of the property (from the Environment
). You can use the scope
attribute if you need to store the property somewhere other than in local
scope. If
you need a fallback value in case the property is not set in the Environment
, you can
use the defaultValue
attribute.
<springProperty scope="context" name="fluentHost" source="myapp.fluentd.host" defaultValue="localhost"/> <appender name="FLUENT" class="ch.qos.logback.more.appenders.DataFluentAppender"> <remoteHost>${fluentHost}</remoteHost> ... </appender>
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
Spring Boot is well suited for web application development. You can easily create a
self-contained HTTP server using embedded Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow. Most web
applications will use the spring-boot-starter-web
module to get up and running quickly.
If you haven’t yet developed a Spring Boot web application you can follow the "Hello World!" example in the Getting started section.
The Spring Web MVC framework (often referred to as simply ‘Spring MVC’) is a rich
‘model view controller’ web framework. Spring MVC lets you create special @Controller
or @RestController
beans to handle incoming HTTP requests. Methods in your controller
are mapped to HTTP using @RequestMapping
annotations.
Here is a typical example @RestController
to serve JSON data:
@RestController @RequestMapping(value="/users") public class MyRestController { @RequestMapping(value="/{user}", method=RequestMethod.GET) public User getUser(@PathVariable Long user) { // ... } @RequestMapping(value="/{user}/customers", method=RequestMethod.GET) List<Customer> getUserCustomers(@PathVariable Long user) { // ... } @RequestMapping(value="/{user}", method=RequestMethod.DELETE) public User deleteUser(@PathVariable Long user) { // ... } }
Spring MVC is part of the core Spring Framework and detailed information is available in the reference documentation. There are also several guides available at spring.io/guides that cover Spring MVC.
Spring Boot provides auto-configuration for Spring MVC that works well with most applications.
The auto-configuration adds the following features on top of Spring’s defaults:
ContentNegotiatingViewResolver
and BeanNameViewResolver
beans.Converter
, GenericConverter
, Formatter
beans.HttpMessageConverters
(see below).MessageCodesResolver
(see below).index.html
support.Favicon
support (see below).ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer
bean (see below).If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and
you just want to add additional MVC configuration (interceptors,
formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration
class of type
WebMvcConfigurerAdapter
, but without @EnableWebMvc
. If you wish to provide custom
instances of RequestMappingHandlerMapping
, RequestMappingHandlerAdapter
or
ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver
you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter
instance providing such components.
If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration
annotated with @EnableWebMvc
.
Spring MVC uses the HttpMessageConverter
interface to convert HTTP requests and
responses. Sensible defaults are included out of the box, for example Objects can be
automatically converted to JSON (using the Jackson library) or XML (using the Jackson
XML extension if available, else using JAXB). Strings are encoded using UTF-8
by
default.
If you need to add or customize converters you can use Spring Boot’s
HttpMessageConverters
class:
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMessageConverters; import org.springframework.context.annotation.*; import org.springframework.http.converter.*; @Configuration public class MyConfiguration { @Bean public HttpMessageConverters customConverters() { HttpMessageConverter<?> additional = ... HttpMessageConverter<?> another = ... return new HttpMessageConverters(additional, another); } }
Any HttpMessageConverter
bean that is present in the context will be added to the list
of converters. You can also override default converters that way.
If you’re using Jackson to serialize and deserialize JSON data, you might want to write
your own JsonSerializer
and JsonDeserializer
classes. Custom serializers are usually
registered with Jackson via a Module,
but Spring Boot provides an alternative @JsonComponent
annotation which makes it easier
to directly register Spring Beans.
You can use @JsonComponent
directly on JsonSerializer
or JsonDeserializer
implementations. You can also use it on classes that contains serializers/deserializers as
inner-classes. For example:
import java.io.*; import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.*; import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.*; import org.springframework.boot.jackson.*; @JsonComponent public class Example { public static class Serializer extends JsonSerializer<SomeObject> { // ... } public static class Deserializer extends JsonDeserializer<SomeObject> { // ... } }
All @JsonComponent
beans in the ApplicationContext
will be automatically registered
with Jackson, and since @JsonComponent
is meta-annotated with @Component
, the usual
component-scanning rules apply.
Spring Boot also provides
JsonObjectSerializer
and
JsonObjectDeserializer
base
classes which provide useful alternatives to the standard Jackson versions when
serializing Objects. See the Javadoc for details.
Spring MVC has a strategy for generating error codes for rendering error messages
from binding errors: MessageCodesResolver
. Spring Boot will create one for you if
you set the spring.mvc.message-codes-resolver.format
property PREFIX_ERROR_CODE
or
POSTFIX_ERROR_CODE
(see the enumeration in DefaultMessageCodesResolver.Format
).
By default Spring Boot will serve static content from a directory called /static
(or
/public
or /resources
or /META-INF/resources
) in the classpath or from the root
of the ServletContext
. It uses the ResourceHttpRequestHandler
from Spring MVC so you
can modify that behavior by adding your own WebMvcConfigurerAdapter
and overriding the
addResourceHandlers
method.
In a stand-alone web application the default servlet from the container is also
enabled, and acts as a fallback, serving content from the root of the ServletContext
if
Spring decides not to handle it. Most of the time this will not happen (unless you modify
the default MVC configuration) because Spring will always be able to handle requests
through the DispatcherServlet
.
By default, resources are mapped on /**
but you can tune that via
spring.mvc.static-path-pattern
. For instance, relocating all resources to /resources/**
can be achieved as follows:
spring.mvc.static-path-pattern=/resources/**
You can also customize the static resource locations using
spring.resources.static-locations
(replacing the default values with a list of directory
locations). If you do this the default welcome page detection will switch to your custom
locations. So if there is an index.html
in any of your locations on startup, it will be
the home page of the application.
In addition to the ‘standard’ static resource locations above, a special case is made
for Webjars content. Any resources with a path in /webjars/**
will be served from jar files if they are packaged in the Webjars format.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Do not use the |
Spring Boot also supports advanced resource handling features provided by Spring MVC, allowing use cases such as cache busting static resources or using version agnostic URLs for Webjars.
To use version agnostic URLs for Webjars, simply add the webjars-locator
dependency.
Then declare your Webjar, taking jQuery for example, as "/webjars/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"
which results in "/webjars/jquery/x.y.z/dist/jquery.min.js"
where x.y.z
is the Webjar
version.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using JBoss, you’ll need to declare the |
To use cache busting, the following configuration will configure a cache busting
solution for all static resources, effectively adding a content hash in URLs, such as
<link href="/css/spring-2a2d595e6ed9a0b24f027f2b63b134d6.css"/>
:
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=true spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/**
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Links to resources are rewritten at runtime in template, thanks to a
|
When loading resources dynamically with, for example, a JavaScript module loader, renaming files is not an option. That’s why other strategies are also supported and can be combined. A "fixed" strategy will add a static version string in the URL, without changing the file name:
spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=true spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/** spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.enabled=true spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.paths=/js/lib/ spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.version=v12
With this configuration, JavaScript modules located under "/js/lib/"
will use a fixed
versioning strategy "/v12/js/lib/mymodule.js"
while other resources will still use
the content one <link href="/css/spring-2a2d595e6ed9a0b24f027f2b63b134d6.css"/>
.
See ResourceProperties
for more of the supported options.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
This feature has been thoroughly described in a dedicated blog post and in Spring Framework’s reference documentation. |
Spring Boot looks for a favicon.ico
in the configured static content locations and the
root of the classpath (in that order). If such file is present, it is automatically used
as the favicon of the application.
Spring MVC uses a WebBindingInitializer
to initialize a WebDataBinder
for a particular
request. If you create your own ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer
@Bean
, Spring Boot
will automatically configure Spring MVC to use it.
As well as REST web services, you can also use Spring MVC to serve dynamic HTML content. Spring MVC supports a variety of templating technologies including Thymeleaf, FreeMarker and JSPs. Many other templating engines also ship their own Spring MVC integrations.
Spring Boot includes auto-configuration support for the following templating engines:
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
JSPs should be avoided if possible, there are several known limitations when using them with embedded servlet containers. |
When you’re using one of these templating engines with the default configuration, your
templates will be picked up automatically from src/main/resources/templates
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
IntelliJ IDEA orders the classpath differently depending on how you run your
application. Running your application in the IDE via its main method will result in a
different ordering to when you run your application using Maven or Gradle or from its
packaged jar. This can cause Spring Boot to fail to find the templates on the classpath.
If you’re affected by this problem you can reorder the classpath in the IDE to place the
module’s classes and resources first. Alternatively, you can configure the template prefix
to search every templates directory on the classpath: |
Spring Boot provides an /error
mapping by default that handles all errors in a sensible
way, and it is registered as a ‘global’ error page in the servlet container. For machine
clients it will produce a JSON response with details of the error, the HTTP status and the
exception message. For browser clients there is a ‘whitelabel’ error view that renders
the same data in HTML format (to customize it just add a View
that resolves to
‘error’). To replace the default behaviour completely you can implement
ErrorController
and register a bean definition of that type, or simply add a bean of
type ErrorAttributes
to use the existing mechanism but replace the contents.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
You can also define a @ControllerAdvice
to customize the JSON document to return for a
particular controller and/or exception type.
@ControllerAdvice(basePackageClasses = FooController.class) public class FooControllerAdvice extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler { @ExceptionHandler(YourException.class) @ResponseBody ResponseEntity<?> handleControllerException(HttpServletRequest request, Throwable ex) { HttpStatus status = getStatus(request); return new ResponseEntity<>(new CustomErrorType(status.value(), ex.getMessage()), status); } private HttpStatus getStatus(HttpServletRequest request) { Integer statusCode = (Integer) request.getAttribute("javax.servlet.error.status_code"); if (statusCode == null) { return HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR; } return HttpStatus.valueOf(statusCode); } }
In the example above, if YourException
is thrown by a controller defined in the same
package as FooController
, a json representation of the CustomErrorType
POJO will be
used instead of the ErrorAttributes
representation.
If you want to display a custom HTML error page for a given status code, you add a file to
an /error
folder. Error pages can either be static HTML (i.e. added under any of the
static resource folders) or built using templates. The name of the file should be the
exact status code or a series mask.
For example, to map 404
to a static HTML file, your folder structure would look like
this:
src/ +- main/ +- java/ | + <source code> +- resources/ +- public/ +- error/ | +- 404.html +- <other public assets>
To map all 5xx
errors using a FreeMarker template, you’d have a structure like this:
src/ +- main/ +- java/ | + <source code> +- resources/ +- templates/ +- error/ | +- 5xx.ftl +- <other templates>
For more complex mappings you can also add beans that implement the ErrorViewResolver
interface.
public class MyErrorViewResolver implements ErrorViewResolver { @Override public ModelAndView resolveErrorView(HttpServletRequest request, HttpStatus status, Map<String, Object> model) { // Use the request or status to optionally return a ModelAndView return ... } }
You can also use regular Spring MVC features like
@ExceptionHandler
methods and
@ControllerAdvice
. The ErrorController
will then pick up any unhandled exceptions.
For applications that aren’t using Spring MVC, you can use the ErrorPageRegistrar
interface to directly register ErrorPages
. This abstraction works directly with the
underlying embedded servlet container and will work even if you don’t have a Spring MVC
DispatcherServlet
.
@Bean public ErrorPageRegistrar errorPageRegistrar(){ return new MyErrorPageRegistrar(); } // ... private static class MyErrorPageRegistrar implements ErrorPageRegistrar { @Override public void registerErrorPages(ErrorPageRegistry registry) { registry.addErrorPages(new ErrorPage(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "/400")); } }
N.B. if you register an ErrorPage
with a path that will end up being handled by a
Filter
(e.g. as is common with some non-Spring web frameworks, like Jersey and Wicket),
then the Filter
has to be explicitly registered as an ERROR
dispatcher, e.g.
@Bean public FilterRegistrationBean myFilter() { FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean(); registration.setFilter(new MyFilter()); ... registration.setDispatcherTypes(EnumSet.allOf(DispatcherType.class)); return registration; }
(the default FilterRegistrationBean
does not include the ERROR
dispatcher type).
When deployed to a servlet container, a Spring Boot uses its error page filter to forward
a request with an error status to the appropriate error page. The request can only be
forwarded to the correct error page if the response has not already been committed. By
default, WebSphere Application Server 8.0 and later commits the response upon successful
completion of a servlet’s service method. You should disable this behaviour by setting
com.ibm.ws.webcontainer.invokeFlushAfterService
to false
If you’re developing a RESTful API that makes use of hypermedia, Spring Boot provides
auto-configuration for Spring HATEOAS that works well with most applications. The
auto-configuration replaces the need to use @EnableHypermediaSupport
and registers a
number of beans to ease building hypermedia-based applications including a
LinkDiscoverers
(for client side support) and an ObjectMapper
configured to correctly
marshal responses into the desired representation. The ObjectMapper
will be customized
based on the spring.jackson.*
properties or a Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
bean if one
exists.
You can take control of Spring HATEOAS’s configuration by using
@EnableHypermediaSupport
. Note that this will disable the ObjectMapper
customization
described above.
Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is a W3C specification implemented by most browsers that allows you to specify in a flexible way what kind of cross domain requests are authorized, instead of using some less secure and less powerful approaches like IFRAME or JSONP.
As of version 4.2, Spring MVC supports CORS out of the box.
Using controller method CORS
configuration with
@CrossOrigin
annotations in your Spring Boot application does not require any specific configuration.
Global CORS configuration can be defined
by registering a WebMvcConfigurer
bean with a customized addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry)
method:
@Configuration public class MyConfiguration { @Bean public WebMvcConfigurer corsConfigurer() { return new WebMvcConfigurerAdapter() { @Override public void addCorsMappings(CorsRegistry registry) { registry.addMapping("/api/**"); } }; } }
If you prefer the JAX-RS programming model for REST endpoints you can use one of the
available implementations instead of Spring MVC. Jersey 1.x and Apache CXF work quite
well out of the box if you just register their Servlet
or Filter
as a @Bean
in your
application context. Jersey 2.x has some native Spring support so we also provide
auto-configuration support for it in Spring Boot together with a starter.
To get started with Jersey 2.x just include the spring-boot-starter-jersey
as a
dependency and then you need one @Bean
of type ResourceConfig
in which you register
all the endpoints:
@Component public class JerseyConfig extends ResourceConfig { public JerseyConfig() { register(Endpoint.class); } }
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
Jersey’s support for scanning executable archives is rather limited. For example,
it cannot scan for endpoints in a package found in |
You can also register an arbitrary number of beans implementing ResourceConfigCustomizer
for more advanced customizations.
All the registered endpoints should be @Components
with HTTP resource annotations
(@GET
etc.), e.g.
@Component @Path("/hello") public class Endpoint { @GET public String message() { return "Hello"; } }
Since the Endpoint
is a Spring @Component
its lifecycle is managed by Spring and you
can @Autowired
dependencies and inject external configuration with @Value
. The Jersey
servlet will be registered and mapped to /*
by default. You can change the mapping
by adding @ApplicationPath
to your ResourceConfig
.
By default Jersey will be set up as a Servlet in a @Bean
of type
ServletRegistrationBean
named jerseyServletRegistration
. By default, the servlet will
be initialized lazily but you can customize it with
spring.jersey.servlet.load-on-startup
.You can disable or override that bean by creating
one of your own with the same name. You can also use a Filter instead of a Servlet by
setting spring.jersey.type=filter
(in which case the @Bean
to replace or override is
jerseyFilterRegistration
). The servlet has an @Order
which you can set with
spring.jersey.filter.order
. Both the Servlet and the Filter registrations can be given
init parameters using spring.jersey.init.*
to specify a map of properties.
There is a Jersey sample so
you can see how to set things up. There is also a
Jersey 1.x sample. Note that
in the Jersey 1.x sample that the spring-boot maven plugin has been configured to unpack
some Jersey jars so they can be scanned by the JAX-RS implementation (because the sample
asks for them to be scanned in its Filter
registration). You may need to do the same if
any of your JAX-RS resources are packaged as nested jars.
Spring Boot includes support for embedded Tomcat, Jetty, and Undertow servers. Most
developers will simply use the appropriate ‘Starter’ to obtain a fully configured
instance. By default the embedded server will listen for HTTP requests on port 8080
.
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
If you choose to use Tomcat on CentOS be aware that, by default, a temporary
directory is used to store compiled JSPs, file uploads etc. This directory may be
deleted by |
When using an embedded servlet container you can register Servlets, Filters and all the
listeners from the Servlet spec (e.g. HttpSessionListener
) either by using Spring beans
or by scanning for Servlet components.
Any Servlet
, Filter
or Servlet *Listener
instance that is a Spring bean will be
registered with the embedded container. This can be particularly convenient if you want to
refer to a value from your application.properties
during configuration.
By default, if the context contains only a single Servlet it will be mapped to /
. In the
case of multiple Servlet beans the bean name will be used as a path prefix. Filters will
map to /*
.
If convention-based mapping is not flexible enough you can use the
ServletRegistrationBean
, FilterRegistrationBean
and ServletListenerRegistrationBean
classes for complete control.
Embedded servlet containers will not directly execute the Servlet 3.0+
javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer
interface, or Spring’s
org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer
interface. This is an intentional
design decision intended to reduce the risk that 3rd party libraries designed to run
inside a war will break Spring Boot applications.
If you need to perform servlet context initialization in a Spring Boot application, you
should register a bean that implements the
org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.ServletContextInitializer
interface. The
single onStartup
method provides access to the ServletContext
, and can easily be used
as an adapter to an existing WebApplicationInitializer
if necessary.
When using an embedded container, automatic registration of @WebServlet
, @WebFilter
,
and @WebListener
annotated classes can be enabled using @ServletComponentScan
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
|
Under the hood Spring Boot uses a new type of ApplicationContext
for embedded servlet
container support. The EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
is a special type of
WebApplicationContext
that bootstraps itself by searching for a single
EmbeddedServletContainerFactory
bean. Usually a TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
,
JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
, or UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
will
have been auto-configured.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You usually won’t need to be aware of these implementation classes. Most
applications will be auto-configured and the appropriate |
Common servlet container settings can be configured using Spring Environment
properties. Usually you would define the properties in your application.properties
file.
Common server settings include:
server.port
), interface
address to bind to server.address
, etc.server.session.persistence
),
session timeout (server.session.timeout
), location of session data
(server.session.store-dir
) and session-cookie configuration (server.session.cookie.*
).server.error.path
), etc.Spring Boot tries as much as possible to expose common settings but this is not always
possible. For those cases, dedicated namespaces offer server-specific customizations (see
server.tomcat
and server.undertow
). For instance,
access logs can be configured with specific
features of the embedded servlet container.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See the |
If you need to configure your embedded servlet container programmatically you can
register a Spring bean that implements the EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
interface.
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
provides access to the
ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer
which includes numerous customization setter
methods.
import org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.*; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class CustomizationBean implements EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer { @Override public void customize(ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer container) { container.setPort(9000); } }
If the above customization techniques are too limited, you can register the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
, JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
or
UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
bean yourself.
@Bean public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() { TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory(); factory.setPort(9000); factory.setSessionTimeout(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES); factory.addErrorPages(new ErrorPage(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, "/notfound.html")); return factory; }
Setters are provided for many configuration options. Several protected method ‘hooks’ are also provided should you need to do something more exotic. See the source code documentation for details.
When running a Spring Boot application that uses an embedded servlet container (and is packaged as an executable archive), there are some limitations in the JSP support.
java -jar
, and will also be deployable to any standard
container. JSPs are not supported when using an executable jar.error.jsp
page won’t override the default view for
error handling,
custom error pages should be used
instead.There is a JSP sample so you can see how to set things up.
If Spring Security is on the classpath then web applications will be secure by default
with ‘basic’ authentication on all HTTP endpoints. To add method-level security to a web
application you can also add @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity
with your desired settings.
Additional information can be found in the Spring
Security Reference.
The default AuthenticationManager
has a single user (‘user’ username and random
password, printed at INFO level when the application starts up)
Using default security password: 78fa095d-3f4c-48b1-ad50-e24c31d5cf35
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you fine-tune your logging configuration, ensure that the
|
You can change the password by providing a security.user.password
. This and other useful
properties are externalized via
SecurityProperties
(properties prefix "security").
The default security configuration is implemented in SecurityAutoConfiguration
and in
the classes imported from there (SpringBootWebSecurityConfiguration
for web security
and AuthenticationManagerConfiguration
for authentication configuration which is also
relevant in non-web applications). To switch off the default web application security
configuration completely you can add a bean with @EnableWebSecurity
(this does not
disable the authentication manager configuration or Actuator’s security).
To customize it you normally use external properties and beans of type
WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
(e.g. to add form-based login).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you add |
To also switch off the authentication manager configuration
you can add a bean of type AuthenticationManager
, or else configure the
global AuthenticationManager
by autowiring an AuthenticationManagerBuilder
into
a method in one of your @Configuration
classes. There are several secure applications in
the Spring Boot samples to get you started with common
use cases.
The basic features you get out of the box in a web application are:
AuthenticationManager
bean with in-memory store and a single user (see
SecurityProperties.User
for the properties of the user)./css/**
, /js/**
,
/images/**
, /webjars/**
and **/favicon.ico
).ApplicationEventPublisher
(successful and
unsuccessful authentication and access denied).All of the above can be switched on and off or modified using external properties
(security.*
). To override the access rules without changing any other auto-configured
features add a @Bean
of type WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
with
@Order(SecurityProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER)
and configure it to meet your needs.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default, a |
If you have spring-security-oauth2
on your classpath you can take advantage of some
auto-configuration to make it easy to set up Authorization or Resource Server. For full
details, see the Spring Security OAuth 2 Developers
Guide.
To create an Authorization Server and grant access tokens you need to use
@EnableAuthorizationServer
and provide security.oauth2.client.client-id
and
security.oauth2.client.client-secret]
properties. The client will be registered for you
in an in-memory repository.
Having done that you will be able to use the client credentials to create an access token, for example:
$ curl client:secret@localhost:8080/oauth/token -d grant_type=password -d username=user -d password=pwd
The basic auth credentials for the /token
endpoint are the client-id
and
client-secret
. The user credentials are the normal Spring Security user details (which
default in Spring Boot to “user” and a random password).
To switch off the auto-configuration and configure the Authorization Server features
yourself just add a @Bean
of type AuthorizationServerConfigurer
.
To use the access token you need a Resource Server (which can be the same as the
Authorization Server). Creating a Resource Server is easy, just add
@EnableResourceServer
and provide some configuration to allow the server to decode
access tokens. If your application is also an Authorization Server it already knows how
to decode tokens, so there is nothing else to do. If your app is a standalone service then you
need to give it some more configuration, one of the following options:
security.oauth2.resource.user-info-uri
to use the /me
resource (e.g.
https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/userinfo
on Pivotal Web Services (PWS))security.oauth2.resource.token-info-uri
to use the token decoding endpoint (e.g.
https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/check_token
on PWS).If you specify both the user-info-uri
and the token-info-uri
then you can set a flag
to say that one is preferred over the other (prefer-token-info=true
is the default).
Alternatively (instead of user-info-uri
or token-info-uri
) if the tokens are JWTs you
can configure a security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-value
to decode them locally (where the
key is a verification key). The verification key value is either a symmetric secret or
PEM-encoded RSA public key. If you don’t have the key and it’s public you can provide a
URI where it can be downloaded (as a JSON object with a “value” field) with
security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-uri
. E.g. on PWS:
$ curl https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/token_key {"alg":"SHA256withRSA","value":"-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\nMIIBI...\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n"}
Additionally, if your authorization server has an endpoint that returns a set of JSON Web Keys(JWKs),
you can configure security.oauth2.resource.jwk.key-set-uri
. E.g. on PWS:
$ curl https://uaa.run.pivotal.io/token_keys {"keys":[{"kid":"key-1","alg":"RS256","value":"-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\nMIIBI...\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n"]}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Configuring both JWT and JWK properties will cause an error. Only one of |
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
If you use the |
OAuth2 resources are protected by a filter chain with order
security.oauth2.resource.filter-order
and the default is after the filter protecting the
actuator endpoints by default (so actuator endpoints will stay on HTTP Basic unless you
change the order).
Google, and certain other 3rd party identity providers, are more strict about the token
type name that is sent in the headers to the user info endpoint. The default is “Bearer”
which suits most providers and matches the spec, but if you need to change it you can set
security.oauth2.resource.token-type
.
If you have a user-info-uri
, the resource server features use an OAuth2RestTemplate
internally to fetch user details for authentication. This is provided as a @Bean
of
type UserInfoRestTemplateFactory
. The default should be fine for most providers, but
occasionally you might need to add additional interceptors, or change the request
authenticator (which is how the token gets attached to outgoing requests). To add a
customization just create a bean of type UserInfoRestTemplateCustomizer
- it has a
single method that will be called after the bean is created but before it is initialized.
The rest template that is being customized here is only used internally to carry out
authentication. Alternatively, you could define your own UserInfoRestTemplateFactory
@Bean
to take full control.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
To set an RSA key value in YAML use the “pipe” continuation marker to split it over multiple lines (“|”) and remember to indent the key value (it’s a standard YAML language feature). Example: security: oauth2: resource: jwt: keyValue: | -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKC... -----END PUBLIC KEY----- |
To make your web-app into an OAuth2 client you can simply add @EnableOAuth2Client
and
Spring Boot will create a OAuth2ClientContext
and OAuth2ProtectedResourceDetails
that
are necessary to create an OAuth2RestOperations
. Spring Boot does not automatically
create such bean but you can easily create your own:
@Bean public OAuth2RestTemplate oauth2RestTemplate(OAuth2ClientContext oauth2ClientContext, OAuth2ProtectedResourceDetails details) { return new OAuth2RestTemplate(details, oauth2ClientContext); }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You may want to add a qualifier and review your configuration as more than one
|
This configuration uses security.oauth2.client.*
as credentials (the same as you might
be using in the Authorization Server), but in addition it will need to know the
authorization and token URIs in the Authorization Server. For example:
application.yml.
security: oauth2: client: clientId: bd1c0a783ccdd1c9b9e4 clientSecret: 1a9030fbca47a5b2c28e92f19050bb77824b5ad1 accessTokenUri: https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token userAuthorizationUri: https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize clientAuthenticationScheme: form
An application with this configuration will redirect to Github for authorization when you
attempt to use the OAuth2RestTemplate
. If you are already signed into Github you won’t
even notice that it has authenticated. These specific credentials will only work if your
application is running on port 8080 (register your own client app in Github or other
provider for more flexibility).
To limit the scope that the client asks for when it obtains an access token you can set
security.oauth2.client.scope
(comma separated or an array in YAML). By default the scope
is empty and it is up to Authorization Server to decide what the defaults should be,
usually depending on the settings in the client registration that it holds.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
There is also a setting for |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
In a non-web application you can still create an |
An OAuth2 Client can be used to fetch user details from the provider (if such features are
available) and then convert them into an Authentication
token for Spring Security.
The Resource Server above support this via the user-info-uri
property This is the basis
for a Single Sign On (SSO) protocol based on OAuth2, and Spring Boot makes it easy to
participate by providing an annotation @EnableOAuth2Sso
. The Github client above can
protect all its resources and authenticate using the Github /user/
endpoint, by adding
that annotation and declaring where to find the endpoint (in addition to the
security.oauth2.client.*
configuration already listed above):
application.yml.
security: oauth2: ... resource: userInfoUri: https://api.github.com/user preferTokenInfo: false
Since all paths are secure by default, there is no “home” page that you can show to
unauthenticated users and invite them to login (by visiting the /login
path, or the
path specified by security.oauth2.sso.login-path
).
To customize the access rules or paths to protect, so you can add a “home” page for
instance, @EnableOAuth2Sso
can be added to a WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
and the
annotation will cause it to be decorated and enhanced with the necessary pieces to get
the /login
path working. For example, here we simply allow unauthenticated access
to the home page at "/" and keep the default for everything else:
@Configuration static class WebSecurityConfiguration extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter { @Override public void init(WebSecurity web) { web.ignoring().antMatchers("/"); } @Override protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception { http.antMatcher("/**").authorizeRequests().anyRequest().authenticated(); } }
If the Actuator is also in use, you will find:
AuditEvent
instances and published to the
AuditEventRepository
.ACTUATOR
role as well as the USER
role.The Actuator security features can be modified using external properties
(management.security.*
). To override the application access rules
add a @Bean
of type WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
and use
@Order(SecurityProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER)
if you don’t want to override
the actuator access rules, or @Order(ManagementServerProperties.ACCESS_OVERRIDE_ORDER)
if you do want to override the actuator access rules.
The Spring Framework provides extensive support for working with SQL databases. From
direct JDBC access using JdbcTemplate
to complete ‘object relational mapping’
technologies such as Hibernate. Spring Data provides an additional level of functionality,
creating Repository
implementations directly from interfaces and using conventions to
generate queries from your method names.
Java’s javax.sql.DataSource
interface provides a standard method of working with
database connections. Traditionally a DataSource uses a URL
along with some
credentials to establish a database connection.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check also the ‘How-to’ section for more advanced examples, typically to take full control over the configuration of the DataSource. |
It’s often convenient to develop applications using an in-memory embedded database. Obviously, in-memory databases do not provide persistent storage; you will need to populate your database when your application starts and be prepared to throw away data when your application ends.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The ‘How-to’ section includes a section on how to initialize a database |
Spring Boot can auto-configure embedded H2, HSQL and Derby databases. You don’t need to provide any connection URLs, simply include a build dependency to the embedded database that you want to use.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using this feature in your tests, you may notice that the same database is
reused by your whole test suite regardless of the number of application contexts that
you use. If you want to make sure that each context has a separate embedded database,
you should set |
For example, typical POM dependencies would be:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId> <artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You need a dependency on |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If, for whatever reason, you do configure the connection URL for an embedded
database, care should be taken to ensure that the database’s automatic shutdown is
disabled. If you’re using H2 you should use |
Production database connections can also be auto-configured using a pooling DataSource
.
Here’s the algorithm for choosing a specific implementation:
DataSource
for its performance and concurrency, so if
that is available we always choose it.If you use the spring-boot-starter-jdbc
or spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
‘starters’ you will automatically get a dependency to tomcat-jdbc
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can bypass that algorithm completely and specify the connection pool to use via
the |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Additional connection pools can always be configured manually. If you define your
own |
DataSource configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in
spring.datasource.*
. For example, you might declare the following section in
application.properties
:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test spring.datasource.username=dbuser spring.datasource.password=dbpass spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You should at least specify the url using the |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You often won’t need to specify the |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
For a pooling |
See DataSourceProperties
for more of the supported options. These are the standard options that work regardless of
the actual implementation. It is also possible to fine-tune implementation-specific
settings using their respective prefix (spring.datasource.tomcat.*
,
spring.datasource.hikari.*
, and spring.datasource.dbcp2.*
). Refer to the
documentation of the connection pool implementation you are using for more details.
For instance, if you are using the Tomcat connection pool you could customize many additional settings:
# Number of ms to wait before throwing an exception if no connection is available. spring.datasource.tomcat.max-wait=10000 # Maximum number of active connections that can be allocated from this pool at the same time. spring.datasource.tomcat.max-active=50 # Validate the connection before borrowing it from the pool. spring.datasource.tomcat.test-on-borrow=true
If you are deploying your Spring Boot application to an Application Server you might want to configure and manage your DataSource using your Application Servers built-in features and access it using JNDI.
The spring.datasource.jndi-name
property can be used as an alternative to the
spring.datasource.url
, spring.datasource.username
and spring.datasource.password
properties to access the DataSource
from a specific JNDI location. For example, the
following section in application.properties
shows how you can access a JBoss AS defined
DataSource
:
spring.datasource.jndi-name=java:jboss/datasources/customers
Spring’s JdbcTemplate
and NamedParameterJdbcTemplate
classes are auto-configured and
you can @Autowire
them directly into your own beans:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MyBean { private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) { this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate; } // ... }
The Java Persistence API is a standard technology that allows you to ‘map’ objects to
relational databases. The spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
POM provides a quick way to get
started. It provides the following key dependencies:
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
We won’t go into too many details of JPA or Spring Data here. You can follow the ‘Accessing Data with JPA’ guide from spring.io and read the Spring Data JPA and Hibernate reference documentation. |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default, Spring Boot uses Hibernate 5.0.x. However it’s also possible to use 4.3.x or 5.2.x if you wish. Please refer to the Hibernate 4 and Hibernate 5.2 samples to see how to do so. |
Traditionally, JPA ‘Entity’ classes are specified in a persistence.xml
file. With
Spring Boot this file is not necessary and instead ‘Entity Scanning’ is used. By default
all packages below your main configuration class (the one annotated with
@EnableAutoConfiguration
or @SpringBootApplication
) will be searched.
Any classes annotated with @Entity
, @Embeddable
or @MappedSuperclass
will be
considered. A typical entity class would look something like this:
package com.example.myapp.domain; import java.io.Serializable; import javax.persistence.*; @Entity public class City implements Serializable { @Id @GeneratedValue private Long id; @Column(nullable = false) private String name; @Column(nullable = false) private String state; // ... additional members, often include @OneToMany mappings protected City() { // no-args constructor required by JPA spec // this one is protected since it shouldn't be used directly } public City(String name, String state) { this.name = name; this.country = country; } public String getName() { return this.name; } public String getState() { return this.state; } // ... etc }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can customize entity scanning locations using the |
Spring Data JPA repositories are interfaces that you can define to access data. JPA
queries are created automatically from your method names. For example, a CityRepository
interface might declare a findAllByState(String state)
method to find all cities in a
given state.
For more complex queries you can annotate your method using Spring Data’s
Query
annotation.
Spring Data repositories usually extend from the
Repository
or
CrudRepository
interfaces.
If you are using auto-configuration, repositories will be searched from the package
containing your main configuration class (the one annotated with
@EnableAutoConfiguration
or @SpringBootApplication
) down.
Here is a typical Spring Data repository:
package com.example.myapp.domain; import org.springframework.data.domain.*; import org.springframework.data.repository.*; public interface CityRepository extends Repository<City, Long> { Page<City> findAll(Pageable pageable); City findByNameAndCountryAllIgnoringCase(String name, String country); }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
We have barely scratched the surface of Spring Data JPA. For complete details check their reference documentation. |
By default, JPA databases will be automatically created only if you use an embedded
database (H2, HSQL or Derby). You can explicitly configure JPA settings using
spring.jpa.*
properties. For example, to create and drop tables you can add the
following to your application.properties
.
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Hibernate’s own internal property name for this (if you happen to remember it
better) is |
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.globally_quoted_identifiers=true
passes hibernate.globally_quoted_identifiers
to the Hibernate entity manager.
By default the DDL execution (or validation) is deferred until the ApplicationContext
has started. There is also a spring.jpa.generate-ddl
flag, but it is not used if
Hibernate autoconfig is active because the ddl-auto
settings are more fine-grained.
If you are running a web application, Spring Boot will by default register
OpenEntityManagerInViewInterceptor
to apply the "Open EntityManager in View" pattern, i.e. to allow for lazy loading in web
views. If you don’t want this behavior you should set spring.jpa.open-in-view
to
false
in your application.properties
.
The H2 database provides a browser-based console that Spring Boot can auto-configure for you. The console will be auto-configured when the following conditions are met:
com.h2database:h2
is on the classpath![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you are not using Spring Boot’s developer tools, but would still like to make use
of H2’s console, then you can do so by configuring the |
By default the console will be available at /h2-console
. You can customize the console’s
path using the spring.h2.console.path
property.
When Spring Security is on the classpath and basic auth is enabled, the H2 console will be automatically secured using basic auth. The following properties can be used to customize the security configuration:
security.user.role
security.basic.authorize-mode
security.basic.enabled
Java Object Oriented Querying (jOOQ) is a popular product from Data Geekery which generates Java code from your database, and lets you build type safe SQL queries through its fluent API. Both the commercial and open source editions can be used with Spring Boot.
In order to use jOOQ type-safe queries, you need to generate Java classes from your
database schema. You can follow the instructions in the
jOOQ user manual. If you are using the
jooq-codegen-maven
plugin (and you also use the spring-boot-starter-parent
“parent POM”) you can safely omit the plugin’s <version>
tag. You can also use Spring
Boot defined version variables (e.g. h2.version
) to declare the plugin’s database
dependency. Here’s an example:
<plugin> <groupId>org.jooq</groupId> <artifactId>jooq-codegen-maven</artifactId> <executions> ... </executions> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>com.h2database</groupId> <artifactId>h2</artifactId> <version>${h2.version}</version> </dependency> </dependencies> <configuration> <jdbc> <driver>org.h2.Driver</driver> <url>jdbc:h2:~/yourdatabase</url> </jdbc> <generator> ... </generator> </configuration> </plugin>
The fluent API offered by jOOQ is initiated via the org.jooq.DSLContext
interface.
Spring Boot will auto-configure a DSLContext
as a Spring Bean and connect it to your
application DataSource
. To use the DSLContext
you can just @Autowire
it:
@Component public class JooqExample implements CommandLineRunner { private final DSLContext create; @Autowired public JooqExample(DSLContext dslContext) { this.create = dslContext; } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The jOOQ manual tends to use a variable named |
You can then use the DSLContext
to construct your queries:
public List<GregorianCalendar> authorsBornAfter1980() { return this.create.selectFrom(AUTHOR) .where(AUTHOR.DATE_OF_BIRTH.greaterThan(new GregorianCalendar(1980, 0, 1))) .fetch(AUTHOR.DATE_OF_BIRTH); }
You can customize the SQL dialect used by jOOQ by setting spring.jooq.sql-dialect
in
your application.properties
. For example, to specify Postgres you would add:
spring.jooq.sql-dialect=Postgres
More advanced customizations can be achieved by defining your own @Bean
definitions
which will be used when the jOOQ Configuration
is created. You can define beans for
the following jOOQ Types:
ConnectionProvider
TransactionProvider
RecordMapperProvider
RecordListenerProvider
ExecuteListenerProvider
VisitListenerProvider
You can also create your own org.jooq.Configuration
@Bean
if you want to take
complete control of the jOOQ configuration.
Spring Data provides additional projects that help you access a variety of NoSQL technologies including MongoDB, Neo4J, Elasticsearch, Solr, Redis, Gemfire, Cassandra, Couchbase and LDAP. Spring Boot provides auto-configuration for Redis, MongoDB, Neo4j, Elasticsearch, Solr Cassandra, Couchbase and LDAP; you can make use of the other projects, but you will need to configure them yourself. Refer to the appropriate reference documentation at projects.spring.io/spring-data.
Redis is a cache, message broker and richly-featured key-value store.
Spring Boot offers basic auto-configuration for the
Jedis client library and abstractions on top of it
provided by Spring Data Redis. There
is a spring-boot-starter-data-redis
‘Starter’ for collecting the dependencies in a
convenient way.
You can inject an auto-configured RedisConnectionFactory
, StringRedisTemplate
or
vanilla RedisTemplate
instance as you would any other Spring Bean. By default the
instance will attempt to connect to a Redis server using localhost:6379
:
@Component public class MyBean { private StringRedisTemplate template; @Autowired public MyBean(StringRedisTemplate template) { this.template = template; } // ... }
If you add a @Bean
of your own of any of the auto-configured types it will replace the
default (except in the case of RedisTemplate
the exclusion is based on the bean name
‘redisTemplate’ not its type). If commons-pool2
is on the classpath you will get a
pooled connection factory by default.
MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL document database that uses a
JSON-like schema instead of traditional table-based relational data. Spring Boot offers
several conveniences for working with MongoDB, including the
spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb
‘Starter’.
You can inject an auto-configured org.springframework.data.mongodb.MongoDbFactory
to
access Mongo databases. By default the instance will attempt to connect to a MongoDB
server using the URL mongodb://localhost/test
:
import org.springframework.data.mongodb.MongoDbFactory; import com.mongodb.DB; @Component public class MyBean { private final MongoDbFactory mongo; @Autowired public MyBean(MongoDbFactory mongo) { this.mongo = mongo; } // ... public void example() { DB db = mongo.getDb(); // ... } }
You can set spring.data.mongodb.uri
property to change the URL and configure
additional settings such as the replica set:
spring.data.mongodb.uri=mongodb://user:[email protected]:12345,mongo2.example.com:23456/test
Alternatively, as long as you’re using Mongo 2.x, specify a host
/port
. For example,
you might declare the following in your application.properties
:
spring.data.mongodb.host=mongoserver spring.data.mongodb.port=27017
![]() | Note |
---|---|
|
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you aren’t using Spring Data Mongo you can inject |
You can also declare your own MongoDbFactory
or Mongo
bean if you want to take
complete control of establishing the MongoDB connection.
Spring Data Mongo provides a
MongoTemplate
class that is very
similar in its design to Spring’s JdbcTemplate
. As with JdbcTemplate
Spring Boot
auto-configures a bean for you to simply inject:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.MongoTemplate; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MyBean { private final MongoTemplate mongoTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(MongoTemplate mongoTemplate) { this.mongoTemplate = mongoTemplate; } // ... }
See the MongoOperations
Javadoc for complete details.
Spring Data includes repository support for MongoDB. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier, the basic principle is that queries are constructed for you automatically based on method names.
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data MongoDB share the same common
infrastructure; so you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City
is now a Mongo data class rather than a JPA @Entity
, it will work in the same way.
package com.example.myapp.domain; import org.springframework.data.domain.*; import org.springframework.data.repository.*; public interface CityRepository extends Repository<City, Long> { Page<City> findAll(Pageable pageable); City findByNameAndCountryAllIgnoringCase(String name, String country); }
![]() | Tip |
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You can customize document scanning locations using the |
![]() | Tip |
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For complete details of Spring Data MongoDB, including its rich object mapping technologies, refer to their reference documentation. |
Spring Boot offers auto-configuration for
Embedded Mongo. To use
it in your Spring Boot application add a dependency on
de.flapdoodle.embed:de.flapdoodle.embed.mongo
.
The port that Mongo will listen on can be configured using the spring.data.mongodb.port
property. To use a randomly allocated free port use a value of zero. The MongoClient
created by MongoAutoConfiguration
will be automatically configured to use the randomly
allocated port.
![]() | Note |
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If you do not configure a custom port, the embedded support will use a random port by default (rather than 27017). |
If you have SLF4J on the classpath, output produced by Mongo will be automatically routed
to a logger named org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongo
.
You can declare your own IMongodConfig
and IRuntimeConfig
beans to take control of the
Mongo instance’s configuration and logging routing.
Neo4j is an open-source NoSQL graph database that uses a rich data
model of nodes related by first class relationships which is better suited for connected
big data than traditional rdbms approaches. Spring Boot offers several conveniences for
working with Neo4j, including the spring-boot-starter-data-neo4j
‘Starter’.
You can inject an auto-configured Neo4jSession
, Session
or Neo4jOperations
instance
as you would any other Spring Bean. By default the instance will attempt to connect to a
Neo4j server using localhost:7474
:
@Component public class MyBean { private final Neo4jTemplate neo4jTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(Neo4jTemplate neo4jTemplate) { this.neo4jTemplate = neo4jTemplate; } // ... }
You can take full control of the configuration by adding a
org.neo4j.ogm.config.Configuration
@Bean
of your own. Also, adding a @Bean
of type
Neo4jOperations
disables the auto-configuration.
You can configure the user and credentials to use via the spring.data.neo4j.*
properties:
spring.data.neo4j.uri=http://my-server:7474 spring.data.neo4j.username=neo4j spring.data.neo4j.password=secret
If you add org.neo4j:neo4j-ogm-embedded-driver
to the dependencies of your application,
Spring Boot will automatically configure an in-process embedded instance of Neo4j that
will not persist any data when your application shuts down. You can explicitly disable
that mode using spring.data.neo4j.embedded.enabled=false
. You can also enable
persistence for the embedded mode:
spring.data.neo4j.uri=file://var/tmp/graph.db
![]() | Note |
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The Neo4j OGM embedded driver does not provide the Neo4j kernel. Users are expected to provide this dependency manually, see the documentation for more details. |
By default, if you are running a web application, the session is bound to the thread for
the entire processing of the request (i.e. the "Open Session in View" pattern). If you
don’t want this behavior add the following to your application.properties
:
spring.data.neo4j.open-in-view=false
Spring Data includes repository support for Neo4j.
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Neo4j share the same common
infrastructure; so you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City
is now a Neo4j OGM @NodeEntity
rather than a JPA @Entity
, it will work in the same
way.
![]() | Tip |
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You can customize entity scanning locations using the |
To enable repository support (and optionally support for @Transactional
), add the
following two annotations to your Spring configuration:
@EnableNeo4jRepositories(basePackages = "com.example.myapp.repository")
@EnableTransactionManagement
package com.example.myapp.domain; import org.springframework.data.domain.*; import org.springframework.data.repository.*; public interface CityRepository extends GraphRepository<City> { Page<City> findAll(Pageable pageable); City findByNameAndCountry(String name, String country); }
![]() | Tip |
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For complete details of Spring Data Neo4j, including its rich object mapping technologies, refer to their reference documentation. |
Spring Data Gemfire provides
convenient Spring-friendly tools for accessing the
Pivotal Gemfire data management
platform. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-gemfire
‘Starter’ for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way. There is currently no auto-configuration support for
Gemfire, but you can enable Spring Data Repositories with a
single annotation (@EnableGemfireRepositories
).
Apache Solr is a search engine. Spring Boot offers basic
auto-configuration for the Solr 5 client library and abstractions on top of it provided by
Spring Data Solr. There is
a spring-boot-starter-data-solr
‘Starter’ for collecting the dependencies in a
convenient way.
You can inject an auto-configured SolrClient
instance as you would any other Spring
bean. By default the instance will attempt to connect to a server using
localhost:8983/solr
:
@Component public class MyBean { private SolrClient solr; @Autowired public MyBean(SolrClient solr) { this.solr = solr; } // ... }
If you add a @Bean
of your own of type SolrClient
it will replace the default.
Spring Data includes repository support for Apache Solr. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier, the basic principle is that queries are constructed for you automatically based on method names.
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Solr share the same common infrastructure;
so you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that City
is now a
@SolrDocument
class rather than a JPA @Entity
, it will work in the same way.
![]() | Tip |
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For complete details of Spring Data Solr, refer to their reference documentation. |
Elasticsearch is an open source, distributed,
real-time search and analytics engine. Spring Boot offers basic auto-configuration for
the Elasticsearch and abstractions on top of it provided by
Spring Data Elasticsearch.
There is a spring-boot-starter-data-elasticsearch
‘Starter’ for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way. Spring Boot also supports
Jest.
If you have Jest
on the classpath, you can inject an auto-configured JestClient
targeting localhost:9200
by default. You can further tune how the client is
configured:
spring.elasticsearch.jest.uris=http://search.example.com:9200 spring.elasticsearch.jest.read-timeout=10000 spring.elasticsearch.jest.username=user spring.elasticsearch.jest.password=secret
You can also register an arbitrary number of beans implementing
HttpClientConfigBuilderCustomizer
for more advanced customizations. The example below
tunes additional HTTP settings:
static class HttpSettingsCustomizer implements HttpClientConfigBuilderCustomizer { @Override public void customize(HttpClientConfig.Builder builder) { builder.maxTotalConnection(100).defaultMaxTotalConnectionPerRoute(5); } }
To take full control over the registration, define a JestClient
bean.
You can inject an auto-configured ElasticsearchTemplate
or Elasticsearch Client
instance as you would any other Spring Bean. By default the instance will embed a
local in-memory server (a Node
in Elasticsearch terms) and use the current working
directory as the home directory for the server. In this setup, the first thing to do
is to tell Elasticsearch where to store its files:
spring.data.elasticsearch.properties.path.home=/foo/bar
Alternatively, you can switch to a remote server (i.e. a TransportClient
) by setting
spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes
to a comma-separated ‘host:port’ list.
spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes=localhost:9300
@Component public class MyBean { private ElasticsearchTemplate template; @Autowired public MyBean(ElasticsearchTemplate template) { this.template = template; } // ... }
If you add a @Bean
of your own of type ElasticsearchTemplate
it will replace the
default.
Spring Data includes repository support for Elasticsearch. As with the JPA repositories discussed earlier, the basic principle is that queries are constructed for you automatically based on method names.
In fact, both Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Elasticsearch share the same common
infrastructure; so you could take the JPA example from earlier and, assuming that
City
is now an Elasticsearch @Document
class rather than a JPA @Entity
, it will
work in the same way.
![]() | Tip |
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For complete details of Spring Data Elasticsearch, refer to their reference documentation. |
Cassandra is an open source, distributed database management
system designed to handle large amounts of data across many commodity servers. Spring Boot
offers auto-configuration for Cassandra and abstractions on top of it provided by
Spring Data Cassandra.
There is a spring-boot-starter-data-cassandra
‘Starter’ for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way.
You can inject an auto-configured CassandraTemplate
or a Cassandra Session
instance as you would with any other Spring Bean. The spring.data.cassandra.*
properties can be used to customize the connection. Generally you will provide
keyspace-name
and contact-points
properties:
spring.data.cassandra.keyspace-name=mykeyspace spring.data.cassandra.contact-points=cassandrahost1,cassandrahost2
@Component public class MyBean { private CassandraTemplate template; @Autowired public MyBean(CassandraTemplate template) { this.template = template; } // ... }
If you add a @Bean
of your own of type CassandraTemplate
it will replace the
default.
Spring Data includes basic repository support for Cassandra. Currently this is more
limited than the JPA repositories discussed earlier, and will need to annotate finder
methods with @Query
.
![]() | Tip |
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For complete details of Spring Data Cassandra, refer to their reference documentation. |
Couchbase is an open-source, distributed multi-model NoSQL
document-oriented database that is optimized for interactive applications. Spring Boot
offers auto-configuration for Couchbase and abstractions on top of it provided by
Spring Data Couchbase.
There is a spring-boot-starter-data-couchbase
‘Starter’ for collecting the
dependencies in a convenient way.
You can very easily get a Bucket
and Cluster
by adding the Couchbase SDK and some
configuration. The spring.couchbase.*
properties can be used to customize the
connection. Generally you will provide the bootstrap hosts, bucket name and password:
spring.couchbase.bootstrap-hosts=my-host-1,192.168.1.123 spring.couchbase.bucket.name=my-bucket spring.couchbase.bucket.password=secret
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You need to provide at least the bootstrap host(s), in which case the bucket name
is |
It is also possible to customize some of the CouchbaseEnvironment
settings. For instance
the following configuration changes the timeout to use to open a new Bucket
and enables
SSL support:
spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.connect=3000 spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store=/location/of/keystore.jks spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store-password=secret
Check the spring.couchbase.env.*
properties for more details.
Spring Data includes repository support for Couchbase. For complete details of Spring Data Couchbase, refer to their reference documentation.
You can inject an auto-configured CouchbaseTemplate
instance as you would with any
other Spring Bean as long as a default CouchbaseConfigurer
is available (that
happens when you enable the couchbase support as explained above).
@Component public class MyBean { private final CouchbaseTemplate template; @Autowired public MyBean(CouchbaseTemplate template) { this.template = template; } // ... }
There are a few beans that you can define in your own configuration to override those provided by the auto-configuration:
CouchbaseTemplate
@Bean
with name couchbaseTemplate
IndexManager
@Bean
with name couchbaseIndexManager
CustomConversions
@Bean
with name couchbaseCustomConversions
To avoid hard-coding those names in your own config, you can reuse BeanNames
provided
by Spring Data Couchbase. For instance, you can customize the converters to use as
follows:
@Configuration public class SomeConfiguration { @Bean(BeanNames.COUCHBASE_CUSTOM_CONVERSIONS) public CustomConversions myCustomConversions() { return new CustomConversions(...); } // ... }
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If you want to fully bypass the auto-configuration for Spring Data Couchbase, provide
your own |
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an IP network. Spring Boot offers auto-configuration for any compliant LDAP server as well as support for the embedded in-memory LDAP server from UnboundID.
LDAP abstractions are provided by
Spring Data LDAP.
There is a spring-boot-starter-data-ldap
‘Starter’ for collecting the dependencies in
a convenient way.
To connect to an LDAP server make sure you declare a dependency on the
spring-boot-starter-data-ldap
‘Starter’ or spring-ldap-core
then declare the
URLs of your server in your application.properties:
spring.ldap.urls=ldap://myserver:1235 spring.ldap.username=admin spring.ldap.password=secret
If you need to customize connection settings you can use the spring.ldap.base
and
spring.ldap.base-environment
properties.
Spring Data includes repository support for LDAP. For complete details of Spring Data LDAP, refer to their reference documentation.
You can also inject an auto-configured LdapTemplate
instance as you would with any
other Spring Bean.
@Component public class MyBean { private final LdapTemplate template; @Autowired public MyBean(LdapTemplate template) { this.template = template; } // ... }
For testing purposes Spring Boot supports auto-configuration of an in-memory LDAP server
from UnboundID. To configure the server
add a dependency to com.unboundid:unboundid-ldapsdk
and declare a base-dn
property:
spring.ldap.embedded.base-dn=dc=spring,dc=io
By default the server will start on a random port and they trigger the regular LDAP support
(there is no need to specify a spring.ldap.urls
property).
If there is a schema.ldif
file on your classpath it will be used to initialize the
server. You can also use the spring.ldap.embedded.ldif
property if you want to load
the initialization script from a different resource.
By default, a standard schema will be used to validate LDIF
files, you can turn off
validation altogether using the spring.ldap.embedded.validation.enabled
property. If
you have custom attributes, you can use spring.ldap.embedded.validation.schema
to define
your custom attribute types or object classes.
The Spring Framework provides support for transparently adding caching to an application.
At its core, the abstraction applies caching to methods, reducing thus the number of
executions based on the information available in the cache. The caching logic is applied
transparently, without any interference to the invoker. Spring Boot auto-configures the
cache infrastructure as long as the caching support is enabled via the @EnableCaching
annotation.
![]() | Note |
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Check the relevant section of the Spring Framework reference for more details. |
In a nutshell, adding caching to an operation of your service is as easy as adding the relevant annotation to its method:
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MathService { @Cacheable("piDecimals") public int computePiDecimal(int i) { // ... } }
This example demonstrates the use of caching on a potentially costly operation. Before
invoking computePiDecimal
, the abstraction will look for an entry in the piDecimals
cache matching the i
argument. If an entry is found, the content in the cache is
immediately returned to the caller and the method is not invoked. Otherwise, the method is
invoked and the cache is updated before returning the value.
![]() | Note |
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You can also use the standard JSR-107 (JCache) annotations (e.g. |
If you do not add any specific cache library, Spring Boot will auto-configure a
Simple provider that uses concurrent maps in
memory. When a cache is required (i.e. piDecimals
in the example above), this provider
will create it on-the-fly for you. The simple provider is not really recommended for
production usage, but it’s great for getting started and making sure that you understand
the features. When you have made up your mind about the cache provider to use, please make
sure to read its documentation to figure out how to configure the caches that your
application uses. Practically all providers require you to explicitly configure every
cache that you use in the application. Some offer a way to customize the default caches
defined by the spring.cache.cache-names
property.
![]() | Note |
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If you are using the cache infrastructure with beans that are not interface-based,
make sure to enable the |
The cache abstraction does not provide an actual store and relies on abstraction
materialized by the org.springframework.cache.Cache
and
org.springframework.cache.CacheManager
interfaces.
If you haven’t defined a bean of type CacheManager
or a CacheResolver
named
cacheResolver
(see CachingConfigurer
), Spring Boot tries to detect the following
providers (in this order):
![]() | Tip |
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It is also possible to force the cache provider to use via the |
![]() | Tip |
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Use the |
If the CacheManager
is auto-configured by Spring Boot, you can further tune its
configuration before it is fully initialized by exposing a bean implementing the
CacheManagerCustomizer
interface. The following sets a flag to say that null
values should be passed down to the underlying map.
@Bean public CacheManagerCustomizer<ConcurrentMapCacheManager> cacheManagerCustomizer() { return new CacheManagerCustomizer<ConcurrentMapCacheManager>() { @Override public void customize(ConcurrentMapCacheManager cacheManager) { cacheManager.setAllowNullValues(false); } }; }
![]() | Note |
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In the example above, an auto-configured |
Generic caching is used if the context defines at least one
org.springframework.cache.Cache
bean. A CacheManager
wrapping all beans of that type
is created.
JCache is bootstrapped via the presence of a javax.cache.spi.CachingProvider
on the
classpath (i.e. a JSR-107 compliant caching library) and the JCacheCacheManager
provided by the spring-boot-starter-cache
‘Starter’. There are various compliant
libraries out there and Spring Boot provides dependency management for Ehcache 3,
Hazelcast and Infinispan. Any other compliant library can be added as well.
It might happen that more than one provider is present, in which case the provider must be explicitly specified. Even if the JSR-107 standard does not enforce a standardized way to define the location of the configuration file, Spring Boot does its best to accommodate with implementation details.
# Only necessary if more than one provider is present spring.cache.jcache.provider=com.acme.MyCachingProvider spring.cache.jcache.config=classpath:acme.xml
![]() | Note |
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Since a cache library may offer both a native implementation and JSR-107 support Spring Boot will prefer the JSR-107 support so that the same features are available if you switch to a different JSR-107 implementation. |
![]() | Tip |
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Spring Boot has a general support for Hazelcast. If
a single |
There are several ways to customize the underlying javax.cache.cacheManager
:
spring.cache.cache-names
property. If a
custom javax.cache.configuration.Configuration
bean is defined, it is used to
customize them.org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.JCacheManagerCustomizer
beans are
invoked with the reference of the CacheManager
for full customization.![]() | Tip |
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If a standard |
EhCache 2.x is used if a file named ehcache.xml
can be found at the root of the
classpath. If EhCache 2.x, the EhCacheCacheManager
provided by the
spring-boot-starter-cache
‘Starter’ and such file is present it is used to bootstrap
the cache manager. An alternate configuration file can be provided as well using:
spring.cache.ehcache.config=classpath:config/another-config.xml
Spring Boot has a general support for Hazelcast. If
a HazelcastInstance
has been auto-configured, it is automatically wrapped in a
CacheManager
.
Infinispan has no default configuration file location so it must be specified explicitly (or the default bootstrap is used).
spring.cache.infinispan.config=infinispan.xml
Caches can be created on startup via the spring.cache.cache-names
property. If a custom
ConfigurationBuilder
bean is defined, it is used to customize them.
![]() | Note |
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The support of Infinispan in Spring Boot is restricted to the embedded mode and is quite basic. If you want more options you should use the official Infinispan Spring Boot starter instead, check the documentation for more details. |
If the Couchbase java client and the couchbase-spring-cache
implementation are
available and Couchbase is configured, a
CouchbaseCacheManager
will be auto-configured. It is also possible to create additional
caches on startup using the spring.cache.cache-names
property. These will operate on
the Bucket
that was auto-configured. You can also create additional caches on another
Bucket
using the customizer: assume you need two caches on the "main" Bucket
(foo
and bar
) and one biz
cache with a custom time to live of 2sec on the another
Bucket
. First, you can create the two first caches simply via configuration:
spring.cache.cache-names=foo,bar
Then define this extra @Configuration
to configure the extra Bucket
and the biz
cache:
@Configuration public class CouchbaseCacheConfiguration { private final Cluster cluster; public CouchbaseCacheConfiguration(Cluster cluster) { this.cluster = cluster; } @Bean public Bucket anotherBucket() { return this.cluster.openBucket("another", "secret"); } @Bean public CacheManagerCustomizer<CouchbaseCacheManager> cacheManagerCustomizer() { return c -> { c.prepareCache("biz", CacheBuilder.newInstance(anotherBucket()) .withExpiration(2)); }; } }
This sample configuration reuses the Cluster
that was created via auto-configuration.
If Redis is available and configured, the RedisCacheManager
is auto-configured. It is
also possible to create additional caches on startup using the spring.cache.cache-names
property.
![]() | Note |
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By default, a key prefix is added to prevent that if two separate caches use the same
key, Redis would have overlapping keys and be likely to return invalid values. We strongly
recommend to keep this setting enabled if you create your own |
Caffeine is a Java 8 rewrite of Guava’s cache and will supersede the Guava support in
Spring Boot 2.0. If Caffeine is present, a CaffeineCacheManager
(provided by the
spring-boot-starter-cache
‘Starter’) is auto-configured. Caches can be created on
startup using the spring.cache.cache-names
property and customized by one of the
following (in this order):
spring.cache.caffeine.spec
com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.CaffeineSpec
bean is definedcom.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine
bean is definedFor instance, the following configuration creates a foo
and bar
caches with a maximum
size of 500 and a time to live of 10 minutes
spring.cache.cache-names=foo,bar spring.cache.caffeine.spec=maximumSize=500,expireAfterAccess=600s
Besides, if a com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.CacheLoader
bean is defined, it is
automatically associated to the CaffeineCacheManager
. Since the CacheLoader
is
going to be associated to all caches managed by the cache manager, it must be defined
as CacheLoader<Object, Object>
. Any other generic type will be ignored by the
auto-configuration.
If Guava is present, a GuavaCacheManager
is auto-configured. Caches can be created
on startup using the spring.cache.cache-names
property and customized by one of the
following (in this order):
spring.cache.guava.spec
com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilderSpec
bean is definedcom.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder
bean is definedFor instance, the following configuration creates a foo
and bar
caches with a maximum
size of 500 and a time to live of 10 minutes
spring.cache.cache-names=foo,bar spring.cache.guava.spec=maximumSize=500,expireAfterAccess=600s
Besides, if a com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader
bean is defined, it is automatically
associated to the GuavaCacheManager
. Since the CacheLoader
is going to be associated
to all caches managed by the cache manager, it must be defined as
CacheLoader<Object, Object>
. Any other generic type will be ignored by the
auto-configuration.
If none of the other providers can be found, a simple implementation using a
ConcurrentHashMap
as cache store is configured. This is the default if no caching
library is present in your application. Caches are created on-the-fly by default but you
can restrict the list of available caches using the cache-names
property. For instance,
if you want only foo
and bar
caches:
spring.cache.cache-names=foo,bar
If you do this and your application uses a cache not listed then it will fail at runtime when the cache is needed, but not on startup. This is similar to the way the "real" cache providers behave if you use an undeclared cache.
The Spring Framework provides extensive support for integrating with messaging systems:
from simplified use of the JMS API using JmsTemplate
to a complete infrastructure to
receive messages asynchronously. Spring AMQP provides a similar feature set for the
‘Advanced Message Queuing Protocol’ and Spring Boot also provides auto-configuration
options for RabbitTemplate
and RabbitMQ. There is also support for STOMP messaging
natively in Spring WebSocket and Spring Boot has support for that through starters and a
small amount of auto-configuration. Spring Boot also has support for Apache Kafka.
The javax.jms.ConnectionFactory
interface provides a standard method of creating a
javax.jms.Connection
for interacting with a JMS broker. Although Spring needs a
ConnectionFactory
to work with JMS, you generally won’t need to use it directly yourself
and you can instead rely on higher level messaging abstractions (see the
relevant section of the Spring Framework reference
documentation for details). Spring Boot also auto-configures the necessary infrastructure
to send and receive messages.
Spring Boot can also configure a ConnectionFactory
when it detects that ActiveMQ is
available on the classpath. If the broker is present, an embedded broker is started and
configured automatically (as long as no broker URL is specified through configuration).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using |
ActiveMQ configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in
spring.activemq.*
. For example, you might declare the following section in
application.properties
:
spring.activemq.broker-url=tcp://192.168.1.210:9876 spring.activemq.user=admin spring.activemq.password=secret
You can also pool JMS resources by adding a dependency to
org.apache.activemq:activemq-pool
and configure the PooledConnectionFactory
accordingly:
spring.activemq.pool.enabled=true spring.activemq.pool.max-connections=50
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See
|
By default, ActiveMQ creates a destination if it does not exist yet, so destinations are resolved against their provided names.
Spring Boot can auto-configure a ConnectionFactory
when it detects that Artemis is
available on the classpath. If the broker is present, an embedded broker is started and
configured automatically (unless the mode property has been explicitly set). The supported
modes are: embedded
(to make explicit that an embedded broker is required and should
lead to an error if the broker is not available in the classpath), and native
to connect
to a broker using the netty
transport protocol. When the latter is configured, Spring
Boot configures a ConnectionFactory
connecting to a broker running on the local machine
with the default settings.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using |
Artemis configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in
spring.artemis.*
. For example, you might declare the following section in
application.properties
:
spring.artemis.mode=native spring.artemis.host=192.168.1.210 spring.artemis.port=9876 spring.artemis.user=admin spring.artemis.password=secret
When embedding the broker, you can choose if you want to enable persistence, and the list
of destinations that should be made available. These can be specified as a comma-separated
list to create them with the default options; or you can define bean(s) of type
org.apache.activemq.artemis.jms.server.config.JMSQueueConfiguration
or
org.apache.activemq.artemis.jms.server.config.TopicConfiguration
, for advanced queue and
topic configurations respectively.
See
ArtemisProperties
for more of the supported options.
No JNDI lookup is involved at all and destinations are resolved against their names, either using the ‘name’ attribute in the Artemis configuration or the names provided through configuration.
If you are running your application in an Application Server Spring Boot will attempt to
locate a JMS ConnectionFactory
using JNDI. By default the locations java:/JmsXA
and
java:/XAConnectionFactory
will be checked. You can use the
spring.jms.jndi-name
property if you need to specify an alternative location:
spring.jms.jndi-name=java:/MyConnectionFactory
Spring’s JmsTemplate
is auto-configured and you can autowire it directly into your own
beans:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.jms.core.JmsTemplate; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MyBean { private final JmsTemplate jmsTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(JmsTemplate jmsTemplate) { this.jmsTemplate = jmsTemplate; } // ... }
![]() | Note |
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|
When the JMS infrastructure is present, any bean can be annotated with @JmsListener
to
create a listener endpoint. If no JmsListenerContainerFactory
has been defined, a
default one is configured automatically. If a DestinationResolver
or MessageConverter
beans are defined, they are associated automatically to the default factory.
The default factory is transactional by default. If you are running in an infrastructure
where a JtaTransactionManager
is present, it will be associated to the listener container
by default. If not, the sessionTransacted
flag will be enabled. In that latter scenario,
you can associate your local data store transaction to the processing of an incoming
message by adding @Transactional
on your listener method (or a delegate thereof). This
will make sure that the incoming message is acknowledged once the local transaction has
completed. This also includes sending response messages that have been performed on the
same JMS session.
The following component creates a listener endpoint on the someQueue
destination:
@Component public class MyBean { @JmsListener(destination = "someQueue") public void processMessage(String content) { // ... } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check the Javadoc of |
If you need to create more JmsListenerContainerFactory
instances or if you want to
override the default, Spring Boot provides a DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer
that you can use to initialize a DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory
with the same
settings as the one that is auto-configured.
For instance, the following exposes another factory that uses a specific
MessageConverter
:
@Configuration static class JmsConfiguration { @Bean public DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory myFactory( DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer configurer) { DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory factory = new DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory(); configurer.configure(factory, connectionFactory()); factory.setMessageConverter(myMessageConverter()); return factory; } }
Then you can use in any @JmsListener
-annotated method as follows:
@Component public class MyBean { @JmsListener(destination = "someQueue", containerFactory="myFactory") public void processMessage(String content) { // ... } }
The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is a platform-neutral, wire-level protocol
for message-oriented middleware. The Spring AMQP project applies core Spring concepts to
the development of AMQP-based messaging solutions. Spring Boot offers several
conveniences for working with AMQP via RabbitMQ, including the
spring-boot-starter-amqp
‘Starter’.
RabbitMQ is a lightweight, reliable, scalable and portable message broker based on the
AMQP protocol. Spring uses RabbitMQ
to communicate using the AMQP protocol.
RabbitMQ configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in
spring.rabbitmq.*
. For example, you might declare the following section in
application.properties
:
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost spring.rabbitmq.port=5672 spring.rabbitmq.username=admin spring.rabbitmq.password=secret
See RabbitProperties
for more of the supported options.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check Understanding AMQP, the protocol used by RabbitMQ for more details. |
Spring’s AmqpTemplate
and AmqpAdmin
are auto-configured and you can autowire them
directly into your own beans:
import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpAdmin; import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpTemplate; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MyBean { private final AmqpAdmin amqpAdmin; private final AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(AmqpAdmin amqpAdmin, AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate) { this.amqpAdmin = amqpAdmin; this.amqpTemplate = amqpTemplate; } // ... }
![]() | Note |
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|
Any org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue
that is defined as a bean will be automatically
used to declare a corresponding queue on the RabbitMQ instance if necessary.
You can enable retries on the AmqpTemplate
to retry operations, for example in the event
the broker connection is lost. Retries are disabled by default.
When the Rabbit infrastructure is present, any bean can be annotated with
@RabbitListener
to create a listener endpoint. If no RabbitListenerContainerFactory
has been defined, a default one is configured automatically. If a MessageConverter
or
MessageRecoverer
beans are defined, they are associated automatically to the default
factory.
The following component creates a listener endpoint on the someQueue
queue:
@Component public class MyBean { @RabbitListener(queues = "someQueue") public void processMessage(String content) { // ... } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check the Javadoc of |
If you need to create more RabbitListenerContainerFactory
instances or if you want to
override the default, Spring Boot provides a
SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer
that you can use to initialize a
SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory
with the same settings as the one that is
auto-configured.
For instance, the following exposes another factory that uses a specific
MessageConverter
:
@Configuration static class RabbitConfiguration { @Bean public SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory myFactory( SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer configurer) { SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory factory = new SimpleRabbitListenerContainerFactory(); configurer.configure(factory, connectionFactory); factory.setMessageConverter(myMessageConverter()); return factory; } }
Then you can use in any @RabbitListener
-annotated method as follows:
@Component public class MyBean { @RabbitListener(queues = "someQueue", containerFactory="myFactory") public void processMessage(String content) { // ... } }
You can enable retries to handle situations where your listener throws an exception. By
default RejectAndDontRequeueRecoverer
is used but you can define a MessageRecoverer
of your own. When retries are exhausted, the message will be rejected and either dropped
or routed to a dead-letter exchange if the broker is configured so. Retries are disabled
by default.
![]() | Important |
---|---|
If retries are not enabled and the listener throws an exception, by default the
delivery will be retried indefinitely. You can modify this behavior in two ways; set the
|
Apache Kafka is supported by providing auto-configuration of the
spring-kafka
project.
Kafka configuration is controlled by external configuration properties in
spring.kafka.*
. For example, you might declare the following section in
application.properties
:
spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers=localhost:9092 spring.kafka.consumer.group-id=myGroup
See KafkaProperties
for more of the supported options.
Spring’s KafkaTemplate
is auto-configured and you can autowire them directly in your own
beans:
@Component public class MyBean { private final KafkaTemplate kafkaTemplate; @Autowired public MyBean(KafkaTemplate kafkaTemplate) { this.kafkaTemplate = kafkaTemplate; } // ... }
When the Apache Kafka infrastructure is present, any bean can be annotated with
@KafkaListener
to create a listener endpoint. If no KafkaListenerContainerFactory
has been defined, a default one is configured automatically with keys defined in
spring.kafka.listener.*
.
The following component creates a listener endpoint on the someTopic
topic:
@Component public class MyBean { @KafkaListener(topics = "someTopic") public void processMessage(String content) { // ... } }
The properties supported by auto configuration are shown in Appendix A, Common application properties. Note that these properties (hyphenated or camelCase) map directly to the Apache Kafka dotted properties for the most part, refer to the Apache Kafka documentation for details.
The first few of these properties apply to both producers and consumers, but can be specified at the producer or consumer level if you wish to use different values for each. Apache Kafka designates properties with an importance: HIGH, MEDIUM and LOW. Spring Boot auto configuration supports all HIGH importance properties, some selected MEDIUM and LOW, and any that do not have a default value.
Only a subset of the properties supported by Kafka are available via the KafkaProperties
class. If you wish to configure the producer or consumer with additional properties that
are not directly supported, use the following:
spring.kafka.properties.foo.bar=baz
This sets the common foo.bar
Kafka property to baz
.
These properties will be shared by both the consumer and producer factory beans. If you wish to customize these components with different properties, such as to use a different metrics reader for each, you can override the bean definitions, as follows:
@Configuration public static class CustomKafkaBeans { /** * Customized ProducerFactory bean. * @param properties the kafka properties. * @return the bean. */ @Bean public ProducerFactory<?, ?> kafkaProducerFactory(KafkaProperties properties) { Map<String, Object> producerProperties = properties.buildProducerProperties(); producerProperties.put(CommonClientConfigs.METRIC_REPORTER_CLASSES_CONFIG, MyProducerMetricsReporter.class); return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<Object, Object>(producerProperties); } /** * Customized ConsumerFactory bean. * @param properties the kafka properties. * @return the bean. */ @Bean public ConsumerFactory<?, ?> kafkaConsumerFactory(KafkaProperties properties) { Map<String, Object> consumerProperties = properties.buildConsumerProperties(); consumerProperties.put(CommonClientConfigs.METRIC_REPORTER_CLASSES_CONFIG, MyConsumerMetricsReporter.class); return new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<Object, Object>(consumerProperties); } }
If you need to call remote REST services from your application, you can use Spring
Framework’s RestTemplate
class. Since RestTemplate
instances often need to be
customized before being used, Spring Boot does not provide any single auto-configured
RestTemplate
bean. It does, however, auto-configure a RestTemplateBuilder
which can be
used to create RestTemplate
instances when needed. The auto-configured
RestTemplateBuilder
will ensure that sensible HttpMessageConverters
are applied
to RestTemplate
instances.
Here’s a typical example:
@Service public class MyBean { private final RestTemplate restTemplate; public MyBean(RestTemplateBuilder restTemplateBuilder) { this.restTemplate = restTemplateBuilder.build(); } public Details someRestCall(String name) { return this.restTemplate.getForObject("/{name}/details", Details.class, name); } }
![]() | Tip |
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|
There are three main approaches to RestTemplate
customization, depending on how broadly
you want the customizations to apply.
To make the scope of any customizations as narrow as possible, inject the auto-configured
RestTemplateBuilder
and then call its methods as required. Each method call returns a
new RestTemplateBuilder
instance so the customizations will only affect this use of
the builder.
To make an application-wide, additive customization a RestTemplateCustomizer
bean can be
used. All such beans are automatically registered with the auto-configured
RestTemplateBuilder
and will be applied to any templates that are built with it.
Here’s an example of a customizer that configures the use of a proxy for all hosts except
192.168.0.5
:
static class ProxyCustomizer implements RestTemplateCustomizer { @Override public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) { HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("proxy.example.com"); HttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create() .setRoutePlanner(new DefaultProxyRoutePlanner(proxy) { @Override public HttpHost determineProxy(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request, HttpContext context) throws HttpException { if (target.getHostName().equals("192.168.0.5")) { return null; } return super.determineProxy(target, request, context); } }).build(); restTemplate.setRequestFactory( new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient)); } }
Lastly, the most extreme (and rarely used) option is to create your own
RestTemplateBuilder
bean. This will switch off the auto-configuration of a
RestTemplateBuilder
and will prevent any RestTemplateCustomizer
beans from being used.
The method validation feature supported by Bean Validation 1.1 is automatically enabled
as long as a JSR-303 implementation (e.g. Hibernate validator) is on the classpath. This
allows bean methods to be annotated with javax.validation
constraints on their
parameters and/or on their return value. Target classes with such annotated methods need
to be annotated with the @Validated
annotation at the type level for their methods to
be searched for inline constraint annotations.
For instance, the following service triggers the validation of the first argument, making sure its size is between 8 and 10
@Service @Validated public class MyBean { public Archive findByCodeAndAuthor(@Size(min = 8, max = 10) String code, Author author) { ... } }
The Spring Framework provides an easy abstraction for sending email using the
JavaMailSender
interface and Spring Boot provides auto-configuration for it as well as
a starter module.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check the reference documentation for a detailed
explanation of how you can use |
If spring.mail.host
and the relevant libraries (as defined by
spring-boot-starter-mail
) are available, a default JavaMailSender
is created if none
exists. The sender can be further customized by configuration items from the spring.mail
namespace, see the
MailProperties
for more
details.
In particular, certain default timeout values are infinite and you may want to change that to avoid having a thread blocked by an unresponsive mail server:
spring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.connectiontimeout=5000 spring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.timeout=3000 spring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.writetimeout=5000
It is also possible to configure a JavaMailSender
with an existing Session
from JNDI:
spring.mail.jndi-name=mail/Session
When a jndi-name
is set, it takes precedence over all other Session-related settings.
Spring Boot supports distributed JTA transactions across multiple XA resources using either an Atomikos or Bitronix embedded transaction manager. JTA transactions are also supported when deploying to a suitable Java EE Application Server.
When a JTA environment is detected, Spring’s JtaTransactionManager
will be used to
manage transactions. Auto-configured JMS, DataSource and JPA beans will be upgraded to
support XA transactions. You can use standard Spring idioms such as @Transactional
to
participate in a distributed transaction. If you are within a JTA environment and still
want to use local transactions you can set the spring.jta.enabled
property to false
to
disable the JTA auto-configuration.
Atomikos is a popular open source transaction manager which can be embedded into your
Spring Boot application. You can use the spring-boot-starter-jta-atomikos
Starter to
pull in the appropriate Atomikos libraries. Spring Boot will auto-configure Atomikos and
ensure that appropriate depends-on
settings are applied to your Spring beans for correct
startup and shutdown ordering.
By default Atomikos transaction logs will be written to a transaction-logs
directory in
your application home directory (the directory in which your application jar file
resides). You can customize this directory by setting a spring.jta.log-dir
property in
your application.properties
file. Properties starting spring.jta.atomikos.properties
can also be used to customize the Atomikos UserTransactionServiceImp
. See the
AtomikosProperties
Javadoc
for complete details.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
To ensure that multiple transaction managers can safely coordinate the same
resource managers, each Atomikos instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default
this ID is the IP address of the machine on which Atomikos is running. To ensure
uniqueness in production, you should configure the |
Bitronix is popular open source JTA transaction manager implementation. You can
use the spring-boot-starter-jta-bitronix
starter to add the appropriate Bitronix
dependencies to your project. As with Atomikos, Spring Boot will automatically configure
Bitronix and post-process your beans to ensure that startup and shutdown ordering is
correct.
By default Bitronix transaction log files (part1.btm
and part2.btm
) will be written to
a transaction-logs
directory in your application home directory. You can customize this
directory by using the spring.jta.log-dir
property. Properties starting
spring.jta.bitronix.properties
are also bound to the bitronix.tm.Configuration
bean,
allowing for complete customization. See the
Bitronix documentation
for details.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
To ensure that multiple transaction managers can safely coordinate the same
resource managers, each Bitronix instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default
this ID is the IP address of the machine on which Bitronix is running. To ensure
uniqueness in production, you should configure the |
Narayana is popular open source JTA transaction manager implementation supported by JBoss.
You can use the spring-boot-starter-jta-narayana
starter to add the appropriate
Narayana dependencies to your project. As with Atomikos and Bitronix, Spring Boot will
automatically configure Narayana and post-process your beans to ensure that startup and
shutdown ordering is correct.
By default Narayana transaction logs will be written to a transaction-logs
directory in
your application home directory (the directory in which your application jar file
resides). You can customize this directory by setting a spring.jta.log-dir
property in
your application.properties
file. Properties starting spring.jta.narayana.properties
can also be used to customize the Narayana configuration. See the
NarayanaProperties
Javadoc
for complete details.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
To ensure that multiple transaction managers can safely coordinate the same
resource managers, each Narayana instance must be configured with a unique ID. By default
this ID is set to |
If you are packaging your Spring Boot application as a war
or ear
file and deploying
it to a Java EE application server, you can use your application servers built-in
transaction manager. Spring Boot will attempt to auto-configure a transaction manager by
looking at common JNDI locations (java:comp/UserTransaction
,
java:comp/TransactionManager
etc). If you are using a transaction service provided by
your application server, you will generally also want to ensure that all resources are
managed by the server and exposed over JNDI. Spring Boot will attempt to auto-configure
JMS by looking for a ConnectionFactory
at the JNDI path java:/JmsXA
or
java:/XAConnectionFactory
and you can use the
spring.datasource.jndi-name
property
to configure your DataSource
.
When using JTA, the primary JMS ConnectionFactory
bean will be XA aware and participate
in distributed transactions. In some situations you might want to process certain JMS
messages using a non-XA ConnectionFactory
. For example, your JMS processing logic might
take longer than the XA timeout.
If you want to use a non-XA ConnectionFactory
you can inject the
nonXaJmsConnectionFactory
bean rather than the @Primary
jmsConnectionFactory
bean.
For consistency the jmsConnectionFactory
bean is also provided using the bean alias
xaJmsConnectionFactory
.
For example:
// Inject the primary (XA aware) ConnectionFactory @Autowired private ConnectionFactory defaultConnectionFactory; // Inject the XA aware ConnectionFactory (uses the alias and injects the same as above) @Autowired @Qualifier("xaJmsConnectionFactory") private ConnectionFactory xaConnectionFactory; // Inject the non-XA aware ConnectionFactory @Autowired @Qualifier("nonXaJmsConnectionFactory") private ConnectionFactory nonXaConnectionFactory;
The XAConnectionFactoryWrapper
and XADataSourceWrapper
interfaces
can be used to support alternative embedded transaction managers. The interfaces are
responsible for wrapping XAConnectionFactory
and XADataSource
beans and exposing them
as regular ConnectionFactory
and DataSource
beans which will transparently enroll in
the distributed transaction. DataSource and JMS auto-configuration will use JTA variants
as long as you have a JtaTransactionManager
bean and appropriate XA wrapper beans
registered within your ApplicationContext
.
The BitronixXAConnectionFactoryWrapper and BitronixXADataSourceWrapper provide good examples of how to write XA wrappers.
If Hazelcast is on the classpath, Spring Boot will auto-configure a HazelcastInstance
that you can inject in your application. The HazelcastInstance
is only created if a
configuration is found.
You can define a com.hazelcast.config.Config
bean and we’ll use that. If your
configuration defines an instance name, we’ll try to locate an existing instance rather
than creating a new one.
You could also specify the hazelcast.xml
configuration file to use via configuration:
spring.hazelcast.config=classpath:config/my-hazelcast.xml
Otherwise, Spring Boot tries to find the Hazelcast configuration from the default
locations, that is hazelcast.xml
in the working directory or at the root of the
classpath. We also check if the hazelcast.config
system property is set. Check the
Hazelcast documentation for
more details.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Spring Boot also has an
explicit caching support for Hazelcast. The
|
Spring Boot offers several conveniences for working with Spring Integration, including
the spring-boot-starter-integration
‘Starter’. Spring Integration provides
abstractions over messaging and also other transports such as HTTP, TCP etc. If Spring
Integration is available on your classpath it will be initialized through the
@EnableIntegration
annotation. Message processing statistics will be published over JMX
if 'spring-integration-jmx'
is also on the classpath. See the
IntegrationAutoConfiguration
class for more details.
Spring Boot provides Spring Session auto-configuration for a wide range of stores:
If Spring Session is available, you must choose the
StoreType
that you wish to
use to store the sessions. For instance to use JDBC as backend store, you’d configure
your application as follows:
spring.session.store-type=jdbc
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can disable Spring Session by setting the |
Each store has specific additional settings. For instance it is possible to customize the name of the table for the jdbc store:
spring.session.jdbc.table-name=SESSIONS
Java Management Extensions (JMX) provide a standard mechanism to monitor and manage
applications. By default Spring Boot will create an MBeanServer
with bean id
‘mbeanServer’ and expose any of your beans that are annotated with Spring JMX
annotations (@ManagedResource
, @ManagedAttribute
, @ManagedOperation
).
See the
JmxAutoConfiguration
class for more details.
Spring Boot provides a number of utilities and annotations to help when testing your
application. Test support is provided by two modules; spring-boot-test
contains core
items, and spring-boot-test-autoconfigure
supports auto-configuration for tests.
Most developers will just use the spring-boot-starter-test
‘Starter’ which
imports both Spring Boot test modules as well has JUnit, AssertJ, Hamcrest and a number
of other useful libraries.
If you use the
spring-boot-starter-test
‘Starter’ (in the test
scope
), you will find
the following provided libraries:
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default, Spring Boot uses Mockito 1.x. However it’s also possible to use 2.x if you wish. |
These are common libraries that we generally find useful when writing tests. You are free to add additional test dependencies of your own if these don’t suit your needs.
One of the major advantages of dependency injection is that it should make your code
easier to unit test. You can simply instantiate objects using the new
operator without
even involving Spring. You can also use mock objects instead of real dependencies.
Often you need to move beyond ‘unit testing’ and start ‘integration testing’ (with
a Spring ApplicationContext
actually involved in the process). It’s useful to be able
to perform integration testing without requiring deployment of your application or
needing to connect to other infrastructure.
The Spring Framework includes a dedicated test module for just such integration testing.
You can declare a dependency directly to org.springframework:spring-test
or use the
spring-boot-starter-test
‘Starter’ to pull it in transitively.
If you have not used the spring-test
module before you should start by reading the
relevant section of the Spring Framework reference
documentation.
A Spring Boot application is just a Spring ApplicationContext
, so nothing very special
has to be done to test it beyond what you would normally do with a vanilla Spring context.
One thing to watch out for though is that the external properties, logging and other
features of Spring Boot are only installed in the context by default if you use
SpringApplication
to create it.
Spring Boot provides a @SpringBootTest
annotation which can be used as an
alternative to the standard spring-test
@ContextConfiguration
annotation when you need
Spring Boot features. The annotation works by creating the ApplicationContext
used
in your tests via SpringApplication
. In addition to @SpringBootTest
a number of other
annotations are also provided for
testing more
specific slices of an application.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Don’t forget to also add |
You can use the webEnvironment
attribute of @SpringBootTest
to further refine
how your tests will run:
MOCK
— Loads a WebApplicationContext
and provides a mock servlet environment.
Embedded servlet containers are not started when using this annotation. If servlet
APIs are not on your classpath this mode will transparently fallback to creating a
regular non-web ApplicationContext
. Can be used in conjunction with
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
for MockMvc
-based testing of your application.RANDOM_PORT
— Loads an EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
and provides a real
servlet environment. Embedded servlet containers are started and listening on a random
port.DEFINED_PORT
— Loads an EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
and provides a real
servlet environment. Embedded servlet containers are started and listening on a defined
port (i.e from your application.properties
or on the default port 8080
).NONE
— Loads an ApplicationContext
using SpringApplication
but does not provide
any servlet environment (mock or otherwise).![]() | Note |
---|---|
If your test is |
If you’re familiar with the Spring Test Framework, you may be used to using
@ContextConfiguration(classes=…)
in order to specify which Spring @Configuration
to load. Alternatively, you might have often used nested @Configuration
classes within
your test.
When testing Spring Boot applications this is often not required.
Spring Boot’s @*Test
annotations will search for your primary configuration
automatically whenever you don’t explicitly define one.
The search algorithm works up from the package that contains the test until it finds a
@SpringBootApplication
or @SpringBootConfiguration
annotated class. As long as you’ve
structured your code in a sensible way your main
configuration is usually found.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you use a test annotation to test a more specific slice of your application with such setup, you should avoid adding configuration that are specific to a particular area on the main’s application class. The underlying component scan configuration of |
If you want to customize the primary configuration, you can use a nested
@TestConfiguration
class. Unlike a nested @Configuration
class which would be used
instead of a your application’s primary configuration, a nested @TestConfiguration
class
will be used in addition to your application’s primary configuration.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Spring’s test framework will cache application contexts between tests. Therefore, as long as your tests share the same configuration (no matter how it’s discovered), the potentially time consuming process of loading the context will only happen once. |
If your application uses component scanning, for example if you use
@SpringBootApplication
or @ComponentScan
, you may find top-level configuration classes
created only for specific tests accidentally get picked up everywhere.
As we have seen above,
@TestConfiguration
can be used on an inner class of a test to customize the primary
configuration. When placed on a top-level class, @TestConfiguration
indicates that
classes in src/test/java
should not be picked up by scanning. You can then import that
class explicitly where it is required:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest @Import(MyTestsConfiguration.class) public class MyTests { @Test public void exampleTest() { ... } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you directly use |
If you need to start a full running server for tests, we recommend that you use random
ports. If you use @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
an available port will be picked at random each time your test runs.
The @LocalServerPort
annotation can be used to
inject the actual port used into your test.
For convenience, tests that need to make REST calls to the started server can additionally
@Autowire
a TestRestTemplate
which will resolve relative links to the running server.
import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment; import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplate; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class RandomPortExampleTests { @Autowired private TestRestTemplate restTemplate; @Test public void exampleTest() { String body = this.restTemplate.getForObject("/", String.class); assertThat(body).isEqualTo("Hello World"); } }
As the test context framework caches context, JMX is disabled by default to prevent
identical components to register on the same domain. If such test needs access to an
MBeanServer
, consider marking it dirty as well:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(properties = "spring.jmx.enabled=true") @DirtiesContext public class SampleJmxTests { @Autowired private MBeanServer mBeanServer; @Test public void exampleTest() { // ... } }
It’s sometimes necessary to mock certain components within your application context when running tests. For example, you may have a facade over some remote service that’s unavailable during development. Mocking can also be useful when you want to simulate failures that might be hard to trigger in a real environment.
Spring Boot includes a @MockBean
annotation that can be used to define a Mockito mock
for a bean inside your ApplicationContext
. You can use the annotation to add new beans,
or replace a single existing bean definition. The annotation can be used directly on test
classes, on fields within your test, or on @Configuration
classes and fields. When used
on a field, the instance of the created mock will also be injected. Mock beans are
automatically reset after each test method.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
This feature is automatically enabled as long as your test uses one of Spring Boot’s
test annotations (i.e. @TestExecutionListeners(MockitoTestExecutionListener.class) |
Here’s a typical example where we replace an existing RemoteService
bean with a mock
implementation:
import org.junit.*; import org.junit.runner.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*; import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest public class MyTests { @MockBean private RemoteService remoteService; @Autowired private Reverser reverser; @Test public void exampleTest() { // RemoteService has been injected into the reverser bean given(this.remoteService.someCall()).willReturn("mock"); String reverse = reverser.reverseSomeCall(); assertThat(reverse).isEqualTo("kcom"); } }
Additionally you can also use @SpyBean
to wrap any existing bean with a Mockito spy
.
See the Javadoc for full details.
Spring Boot’s auto-configuration system works well for applications, but can sometimes be a little too much for tests. It’s often helpful to load only the parts of the configuration that are required to test a ‘slice’ of your application. For example, you might want to test that Spring MVC controllers are mapping URLs correctly, and you don’t want to involve database calls in those tests; or you might be wanting to test JPA entities, and you’re not interested in web layer when those tests run.
The spring-boot-test-autoconfigure
module includes a number of annotations that can be
used to automatically configure such ‘slices’. Each of them works in a similar way,
providing a @…Test
annotation that loads the ApplicationContext
and one or
more @AutoConfigure…
annotations that can be used to customize auto-configuration
settings.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Each slice loads a very restricted set of auto-configuration classes. If you need to
exclude one of them, most |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
It’s also possible to use the |
To test that Object JSON serialization and deserialization is working as expected you can
use the @JsonTest
annotation. @JsonTest
will auto-configure Jackson ObjectMapper
,
any @JsonComponent
beans and any Jackson Modules
. It also configures Gson
if you happen to be using that instead of, or as well as, Jackson. If you need to
configure elements of the auto-configuration you can use the @AutoConfigureJsonTesters
annotation.
Spring Boot includes AssertJ based helpers that work with the JSONassert and JsonPath
libraries to check that JSON is as expected. The JacksonTester
, GsonTester
and
BasicJsonTester
classes can be used for Jackson, Gson and Strings respectively. Any
helper fields on the test class can be @Autowired
when using @JsonTest
.
import org.junit.*; import org.junit.runner.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.json.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.context.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.json.*; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.*; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @JsonTest public class MyJsonTests { @Autowired private JacksonTester<VehicleDetails> json; @Test public void testSerialize() throws Exception { VehicleDetails details = new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic"); // Assert against a `.json` file in the same package as the test assertThat(this.json.write(details)).isEqualToJson("expected.json"); // Or use JSON path based assertions assertThat(this.json.write(details)).hasJsonPathStringValue("@.make"); assertThat(this.json.write(details)).extractingJsonPathStringValue("@.make") .isEqualTo("Honda"); } @Test public void testDeserialize() throws Exception { String content = "{\"make\":\"Ford\",\"model\":\"Focus\"}"; assertThat(this.json.parse(content)) .isEqualTo(new VehicleDetails("Ford", "Focus")); assertThat(this.json.parseObject(content).getMake()).isEqualTo("Ford"); } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
JSON helper classes can also be used directly in standard unit tests. Simply
call the |
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @JsonTest
can be
found in the appendix.
To test Spring MVC controllers are working as expected you can use the @WebMvcTest
annotation. @WebMvcTest
will auto-configure the Spring MVC infrastructure and limit
scanned beans to @Controller
, @ControllerAdvice
, @JsonComponent
, Filter
,
WebMvcConfigurer
and HandlerMethodArgumentResolver
. Regular @Component
beans
will not be scanned when using this annotation.
Often @WebMvcTest
will be limited to a single controller and used in combination with
@MockBean
to provide mock implementations for required collaborators.
@WebMvcTest
also auto-configures MockMvc
. Mock MVC offers a powerful way to quickly
test MVC controllers without needing to start a full HTTP server.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can also auto-configure |
import org.junit.*; import org.junit.runner.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*; import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class) public class MyControllerTests { @Autowired private MockMvc mvc; @MockBean private UserVehicleService userVehicleService; @Test public void testExample() throws Exception { given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot")) .willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic")); this.mvc.perform(get("/sboot/vehicle").accept(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)) .andExpect(status().isOk()).andExpect(content().string("Honda Civic")); } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you need to configure elements of the auto-configuration (for example when servlet
filters should be applied) you can use attributes in the |
If you use HtmlUnit or Selenium, auto-configuration will also provide a WebClient
bean
and/or a WebDriver
bean. Here is an example that uses HtmlUnit:
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.*; import org.junit.*; import org.junit.runner.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.*; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*; import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @WebMvcTest(UserVehicleController.class) public class MyHtmlUnitTests { @Autowired private WebClient webClient; @MockBean private UserVehicleService userVehicleService; @Test public void testExample() throws Exception { given(this.userVehicleService.getVehicleDetails("sboot")) .willReturn(new VehicleDetails("Honda", "Civic")); HtmlPage page = this.webClient.getPage("/sboot/vehicle.html"); assertThat(page.getBody().getTextContent()).isEqualTo("Honda Civic"); } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default Spring Boot will put |
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @WebMvcTest
can be
found in the appendix.
@DataJpaTest
can be used if you want to test JPA applications. By default it will
configure an in-memory embedded database, scan for @Entity
classes and configure Spring
Data JPA repositories. Regular @Component
beans will not be loaded into the
ApplicationContext
.
Data JPA tests are transactional and rollback at the end of each test by default, see the relevant section in the Spring Reference Documentation for more details. If that’s not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class as follows:
import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @DataJpaTest @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED) public class ExampleNonTransactionalTests { }
Data JPA tests may also inject a
TestEntityManager
bean which provides an alternative to the standard JPA EntityManager
specifically
designed for tests. If you want to use TestEntityManager
outside of @DataJpaTests
you
can also use the @AutoConfigureTestEntityManager
annotation. A JdbcTemplate
is also
available if you need that.
import org.junit.*; import org.junit.runner.*; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.*; import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @DataJpaTest public class ExampleRepositoryTests { @Autowired private TestEntityManager entityManager; @Autowired private UserRepository repository; @Test public void testExample() throws Exception { this.entityManager.persist(new User("sboot", "1234")); User user = this.repository.findByUsername("sboot"); assertThat(user.getUsername()).isEqualTo("sboot"); assertThat(user.getVin()).isEqualTo("1234"); } }
In-memory embedded databases generally work well for tests since they are fast and don’t
require any developer installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real
database you can use the @AutoConfigureTestDatabase
annotation:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @DataJpaTest @AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace=Replace.NONE) public class ExampleRepositoryTests { // ... }
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @DataJpaTest
can be
found in the appendix.
@JdbcTest
is similar to @DataJpaTest
but for pure jdbc-related tests. By default it
will also configure an in-memory embedded database and a JdbcTemplate
. Regular
@Component
beans will not be loaded into the ApplicationContext
.
JDBC tests are transactional and rollback at the end of each test by default, see the relevant section in the Spring Reference Documentation for more details. If that’s not what you want, you can disable transaction management for a test or for the whole class as follows:
import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcTest; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @JdbcTest @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED) public class ExampleNonTransactionalTests { }
If you prefer your test to run against a real database, you can use the
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase
annotation the same way as for DataJpaTest
.
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @JdbcTest
can be
found in the appendix.
@DataMongoTest
can be used if you want to test MongoDB applications. By default, it will
configure an in-memory embedded MongoDB (if available), configure a MongoTemplate
, scan
for @Document
classes and configure Spring Data MongoDB repositories. Regular
@Component
beans will not be loaded into the ApplicationContext
:
import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.data.mongo.DataMongoTest; import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.MongoTemplate; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @DataMongoTest public class ExampleDataMongoTests { @Autowired private MongoTemplate mongoTemplate; // }
In-memory embedded MongoDB generally works well for tests since it is fast and doesn’t require any developer installation. If, however, you prefer to run tests against a real MongoDB server you should exclude the embedded MongoDB auto-configuration:
import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.data.mongo.DataMongoTest; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @DataMongoTest(excludeAutoConfiguration = EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration.class) public class ExampleDataMongoNonEmbeddedTests { }
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @DataMongoTest
can be
found in the appendix.
The @RestClientTest
annotation can be used if you want to test REST clients. By default
it will auto-configure Jackson and GSON support, configure a RestTemplateBuilder
and
add support for MockRestServiceServer
. The specific beans that you want to test should
be specified using value
or components
attribute of @RestClientTest
:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @RestClientTest(RemoteVehicleDetailsService.class) public class ExampleRestClientTest { @Autowired private RemoteVehicleDetailsService service; @Autowired private MockRestServiceServer server; @Test public void getVehicleDetailsWhenResultIsSuccessShouldReturnDetails() throws Exception { this.server.expect(requestTo("/greet/details")) .andRespond(withSuccess("hello", MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)); String greeting = this.service.callRestService(); assertThat(greeting).isEqualTo("hello"); } }
A list of the auto-configuration that is enabled by @RestClientTest
can be
found in the appendix.
The @AutoConfigureRestDocs
annotation can be used if you want to use Spring REST Docs
in your tests. It will automatically configure MockMvc
to use Spring REST Docs and
remove the need for Spring REST Docs' JUnit rule.
import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest; import org.springframework.http.MediaType; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner; import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc; import static org.springframework.restdocs.mockmvc.MockMvcRestDocumentation.document; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get; import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*; @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @WebMvcTest(UserController.class) @AutoConfigureRestDocs("target/generated-snippets") public class UserDocumentationTests { @Autowired private MockMvc mvc; @Test public void listUsers() throws Exception { this.mvc.perform(get("/users").accept(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)) .andExpect(status().isOk()) .andDo(document("list-users")); } }
In addition to configuring the output directory, @AutoConfigureRestDocs
can also
configure the host, scheme, and port that will appear in any documented URIs. If you
require more control over Spring REST Docs' configuration a
RestDocsMockMvcConfigurationCustomizer
bean can be used:
@TestConfiguration static class CustomizationConfiguration implements RestDocsMockMvcConfigurationCustomizer { @Override public void customize(MockMvcRestDocumentationConfigurer configurer) { configurer.snippets().withTemplateFormat(TemplateFormats.markdown()); } }
If you want to make use of Spring REST Docs' support for a parameterized output directory,
you can create a RestDocumentationResultHandler
bean. The auto-configuration will
call alwaysDo
with this result handler, thereby causing each MockMvc
call to
automatically generate the default snippets:
@TestConfiguration static class ResultHandlerConfiguration { @Bean public RestDocumentationResultHandler restDocumentation() { return MockMvcRestDocumentation.document("{method-name}"); } }
If you’ve structured your code in a sensible way,
your @SpringBootApplication
class is
used by default as
the configuration of your tests.
It then becomes important not to litter the application’s main class with configuration that are are specific to a particular area of its functionality.
Let’s assume that you are using Spring Batch and you’re relying on the auto-configuration
for it. Your could define your @SpringBootApplication
as follows:
@SpringBootApplication @EnableBatchProcessing public class SampleApplication { ... }
Because this class is the source configuration for the test, any slice test will actually
attempt to start Spring Batch, which is definitely not what you want to do. A recommended
approach is to move that area-specific configuration to a separate @Configuration
class at the same level as your application.
@Configuration @EnableBatchProcessing public class BatchConfiguration { ... }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Depending on the surface area of your application, you may either have a single
|
Another source of confusion is classpath scanning. Let’s assume that, while you’ve structured your code in a sensible way, you need to scan an additional package. Your application may look like this:
@SpringBootApplication @ComponentScan({ "com.example.app", "org.acme.another" }) public class SampleApplication { ... }
This effectively overrides the default component scan directive with the side effect of
scanning those two packages regardless of the slice that you’ve chosen. For instance a
@DataJpaTest
will all of a sudden scan components and user configurations of your
application. Again, moving the custom directive to a separate class is a good way to fix
this issue.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If this is not an option for you, you can create a |
If you wish to use Spock to test a Spring Boot application you should add a dependency
on Spock’s spock-spring
module to your application’s build. spock-spring
integrates
Spring’s test framework into Spock. Exactly how you can use Spock to test a Spring Boot
application depends on the version of Spock that you are using.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Spring Boot provides dependency management for Spock 1.0. If you wish to use Spock
1.1 you should override the
|
When using Spock 1.1, the annotations described above can only be used and you can annotate your Specification
with
@SpringBootTest
to suit the needs of your tests.
When using Spock 1.0, @SpringBootTest
will not work for a web project. You need to use
@SpringApplicationConfiguration
and @WebIntegrationTest(randomPort = true)
. Being
unable to use @SpringBootTest
means that you also lose the auto-configured
TestRestTemplate
bean. You can create an equivalent bean yourself using the following
configuration:
@Configuration static class TestRestTemplateConfiguration { @Bean public TestRestTemplate testRestTemplate( ObjectProvider<RestTemplateBuilder> builderProvider, Environment environment) { RestTemplateBuilder builder = builderProvider.getIfAvailable(); TestRestTemplate template = (builder != null ? new TestRestTemplate(builder.build()) : new TestRestTemplate()); template.setUriTemplateHandler(new LocalHostUriTemplateHandler(environment)); return template; } }
A few test utility classes are packaged as part of spring-boot
that are generally
useful when testing your application.
ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer
is an ApplicationContextInitializer
that
can apply to your tests to load Spring Boot application.properties
files. You can use
this when you don’t need the full features provided by @SpringBootTest
.
@ContextConfiguration(classes = Config.class, initializers = ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer.class)
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Using |
EnvironmentTestUtils
allows you to quickly add properties to a
ConfigurableEnvironment
or ConfigurableApplicationContext
. Simply call it with
key=value
strings:
EnvironmentTestUtils.addEnvironment(env, "org=Spring", "name=Boot");
OutputCapture
is a JUnit Rule
that you can use to capture System.out
and
System.err
output. Simply declare the capture as a @Rule
then use toString()
for assertions:
import org.junit.Rule; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.boot.test.rule.OutputCapture; import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*; import static org.junit.Assert.*; public class MyTest { @Rule public OutputCapture capture = new OutputCapture(); @Test public void testName() throws Exception { System.out.println("Hello World!"); assertThat(capture.toString(), containsString("World")); } }
TestRestTemplate
is a convenience alternative to Spring’s RestTemplate
that is useful
in integration tests. You can get a vanilla template or one that sends Basic HTTP
authentication (with a username and password). In either case the template will behave
in a test-friendly way by not throwing exceptions on server-side errors. It is
recommended, but not mandatory, to use Apache HTTP Client (version 4.3.2 or better), and
if you have that on your classpath the TestRestTemplate
will respond by configuring
the client appropriately. If you do use Apache’s HTTP client some additional test-friendly
features will be enabled:
TestRestTemplate
can be instantiated directly in your integration tests:
public class MyTest { private TestRestTemplate template = new TestRestTemplate(); @Test public void testRequest() throws Exception { HttpHeaders headers = this.template.getForEntity( "http://myhost.example.com/example", String.class).getHeaders(); assertThat(headers.getLocation()).hasHost("other.example.com"); } }
Alternatively, if you are using the @SpringBootTest
annotation with
WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT
or WebEnvironment.DEFINED_PORT
, you can just inject a
fully configured TestRestTemplate
and start using it. If necessary, additional
customizations can be applied via the RestTemplateBuilder
bean. Any URLs that do not
specify a host and port will automatically connect to the embedded server:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class SampleWebClientTests { @Autowired private TestRestTemplate template; @Test public void testRequest() { HttpHeaders headers = this.template.getForEntity("/example", String.class) .getHeaders(); assertThat(headers.getLocation()).hasHost("other.example.com"); } @TestConfiguration static class Config { @Bean public RestTemplateBuilder restTemplateBuilder() { return new RestTemplateBuilder().setConnectTimeout(1000).setReadTimeout(1000); } } }
Spring Boot provides WebSockets auto-configuration for embedded Tomcat (8 and 7), Jetty 9 and Undertow. If you’re deploying a war file to a standalone container, Spring Boot assumes that the container will be responsible for the configuration of its WebSocket support.
Spring Framework provides rich WebSocket support that can
be easily accessed via the spring-boot-starter-websocket
module.
Spring Boot provides Web Services auto-configuration so that all is required is defining
your Endpoints
.
The Spring Web Services features can be easily accessed
via the spring-boot-starter-webservices
module.
If you work in a company that develops shared libraries, or if you work on an open-source or commercial library, you might want to develop your own auto-configuration. Auto-configuration classes can be bundled in external jars and still be picked-up by Spring Boot.
Auto-configuration can be associated to a "starter" that provides the auto-configuration code as well as the typical libraries that you would use with it. We will first cover what you need to know to build your own auto-configuration and we will move on to the typical steps required to create a custom starter.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
A demo project is available to showcase how you can create a starter step by step. |
Under the hood, auto-configuration is implemented with standard @Configuration
classes.
Additional @Conditional
annotations are used to constrain when the auto-configuration
should apply. Usually auto-configuration classes use @ConditionalOnClass
and
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
annotations. This ensures that auto-configuration only applies
when relevant classes are found and when you have not declared your own @Configuration
.
You can browse the source code of spring-boot-autoconfigure
to see the @Configuration
classes that we provide (see the
META-INF/spring.factories
file).
Spring Boot checks for the presence of a META-INF/spring.factories
file within your
published jar. The file should list your configuration classes under the
EnableAutoConfiguration
key.
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\ com.mycorp.libx.autoconfigure.LibXAutoConfiguration,\ com.mycorp.libx.autoconfigure.LibXWebAutoConfiguration
You can use the
@AutoConfigureAfter
or
@AutoConfigureBefore
annotations if your configuration needs to be applied in a specific order. For example, if
you provide web-specific configuration, your class may need to be applied after
WebMvcAutoConfiguration
.
If you want to order certain auto-configurations that shouldn’t have any direct
knowledge of each other, you can also use @AutoConfigureOrder
. That annotation has the
same semantic as the regular @Order
annotation but provides a dedicated order for
auto-configuration classes.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Auto-configurations have to be loaded that way only. Make sure that they are defined in a specific package space and that they are never the target of component scan in particular. |
You almost always want to include one or more @Conditional
annotations on your
auto-configuration class. The @ConditionalOnMissingBean
is one common example that is
used to allow developers to ‘override’ auto-configuration if they are not happy with
your defaults.
Spring Boot includes a number of @Conditional
annotations that you can reuse in your own
code by annotating @Configuration
classes or individual @Bean
methods.
The @ConditionalOnClass
and @ConditionalOnMissingClass
annotations allows
configuration to be included based on the presence or absence of specific classes. Due to
the fact that annotation metadata is parsed using ASM you can
actually use the value
attribute to refer to the real class, even though that class
might not actually appear on the running application classpath. You can also use the
name
attribute if you prefer to specify the class name using a String
value.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you are using |
The @ConditionalOnBean
and @ConditionalOnMissingBean
annotations allow a bean
to be included based on the presence or absence of specific beans. You can use the value
attribute to specify beans by type, or name
to specify beans by name. The search
attribute allows you to limit the ApplicationContext
hierarchy that should be considered
when searching for beans.
When placed on a @Bean
method, the target type defaults to the return type of the
method, for instance:
@Configuration public class MyAutoConfiguration { @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean public MyService myService() { ... } }
In the example above, the myService
bean is going to be created if no bean of type
MyService
is already contained in the ApplicationContext
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You need to be very careful about the order that bean definitions are added as these
conditions are evaluated based on what has been processed so far. For this reason,
we recommend only using |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
|
The @ConditionalOnProperty
annotation allows configuration to be included based on a
Spring Environment property. Use the prefix
and name
attributes to specify the
property that should be checked. By default any property that exists and is not equal to
false
will be matched. You can also create more advanced checks using the havingValue
and matchIfMissing
attributes.
The @ConditionalOnResource
annotation allows configuration to be included only when a
specific resource is present. Resources can be specified using the usual Spring
conventions, for example, file:/home/user/test.dat
.
The @ConditionalOnWebApplication
and @ConditionalOnNotWebApplication
annotations
allow configuration to be included depending on whether the application is a 'web
application'. A web application is any application that is using a Spring
WebApplicationContext
, defines a session
scope or has a StandardServletEnvironment
.
The @ConditionalOnExpression
annotation allows configuration to be included based on the
result of a SpEL expression.
A full Spring Boot starter for a library may contain the following components:
autoconfigure
module that contains the auto-configuration code.starter
module that provides a dependency to the autoconfigure module as well as
the library and any additional dependencies that are typically useful. In a nutshell,
adding the starter should be enough to start using that library.![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You may combine the auto-configuration code and the dependency management in a single module if you don’t need to separate those two concerns. |
Please make sure to provide a proper namespace for your starter. Do not start your module
names with spring-boot
, even if you are using a different Maven groupId. We may offer an
official support for the thing you’re auto-configuring in the future.
Here is a rule of thumb. Let’s assume that you are creating a starter for "acme", name the
auto-configure module acme-spring-boot-autoconfigure
and the starter
acme-spring-boot-starter
. If you only have one module combining the two, use
acme-spring-boot-starter
.
Besides, if your starter provides configuration keys, use a proper namespace for them. In
particular, do not include your keys in the namespaces that Spring Boot uses (e.g.
server
, management
, spring
, etc). These are "ours" and we may improve/modify them
in the future in such a way it could break your things.
Make sure to
trigger
meta-data generation so that IDE assistance is available for your keys as well. You
may want to review the generated meta-data (META-INF/spring-configuration-metadata.json
)
to make sure your keys are properly documented.
The autoconfigure module contains everything that is necessary to get started with the
library. It may also contain configuration keys definition (@ConfigurationProperties
)
and any callback interface that can be used to further customize how the components are
initialized.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You should mark the dependencies to the library as optional so that you can include the autoconfigure module in your projects more easily. If you do it that way, the library won’t be provided and Spring Boot will back off by default. |
Spring Boot uses an annotation processor to collect the conditions on auto-configurations
in a metadata file (META-INF/spring-autoconfigure-metadata.properties
). If that file is
present, it is used to eagerly filter auto-configurations that do not match, which will
improve startup time. It is recommended to add the following dependency in a module that
contains auto-configurations:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure-processor</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency>
With Gradle you would add:
dependencies {
compileOnly "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-autoconfigure-processor"
}
The starter is an empty jar, really. Its only purpose is to provide the necessary dependencies to work with the library; see it as an opinionated view of what is required to get started.
Do not make assumptions about the project in which your starter is added. If the library you are auto-configuring typically requires other starters, mention them as well. Providing a proper set of default dependencies may be hard if the number of optional dependencies is high as you should avoid bringing unnecessary dependencies for a typical usage of the library.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Either way, your starter must reference the core Spring Boot starter
( |
If you want to learn more about any of the classes discussed in this section you can check out the Spring Boot API documentation or you can browse the source code directly. If you have specific questions, take a look at the how-to section.
If you are comfortable with Spring Boot’s core features, you can carry on and read about production-ready features.
Spring Boot includes a number of additional features to help you monitor and manage your application when it’s pushed to production. You can choose to manage and monitor your application using HTTP endpoints, with JMX or even by remote shell (SSH or Telnet). Auditing, health and metrics gathering can be automatically applied to your application.
Actuator HTTP endpoints are only available with a Spring MVC-based application. In particular, it will not work with Jersey unless you enable Spring MVC as well.
The spring-boot-actuator
module provides all of
Spring Boot’s production-ready features. The simplest way to enable the features is to add
a dependency to the spring-boot-starter-actuator
‘Starter’.
To add the actuator to a Maven based project, add the following ‘Starter’ dependency:
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies>
For Gradle, use the declaration:
dependencies {
compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator")
}
Actuator endpoints allow you to monitor and interact with your application. Spring Boot
includes a number of built-in endpoints and you can also add your own. For example the
health
endpoint provides basic application health information.
The way that endpoints are exposed will depend on the type of technology that you choose.
Most applications choose HTTP monitoring, where the ID of the endpoint is mapped
to a URL. For example, by default, the health
endpoint will be mapped to /health
.
The following technology agnostic endpoints are available:
ID | Description | Sensitive Default |
---|---|---|
| Provides a hypermedia-based “discovery page” for the other endpoints. Requires Spring HATEOAS to be on the classpath. | true |
| Exposes audit events information for the current application. | true |
| Displays an auto-configuration report showing all auto-configuration candidates and the reason why they ‘were’ or ‘were not’ applied. | true |
| Displays a complete list of all the Spring beans in your application. | true |
| Displays a collated list of all | true |
| Performs a thread dump. | true |
| Exposes properties from Spring’s | true |
| Shows any Flyway database migrations that have been applied. | true |
| Shows application health information (when the application is secure, a simple ‘status’ when accessed over an unauthenticated connection or full message details when authenticated). | false |
| Displays arbitrary application info. | false |
| Shows and modifies the configuration of loggers in the application. | true |
| Shows any Liquibase database migrations that have been applied. | true |
| Shows ‘metrics’ information for the current application. | true |
| Displays a collated list of all | true |
| Allows the application to be gracefully shutdown (not enabled by default). | true |
| Displays trace information (by default the last 100 HTTP requests). | true |
If you are using Spring MVC, the following additional endpoints can also be used:
ID | Description | Sensitive Default |
---|---|---|
| Displays documentation, including example requests and responses, for the Actuator’s
endpoints. Requires | false |
| Returns a GZip compressed | true |
| Exposes JMX beans over HTTP (when Jolokia is on the classpath). | true |
| Returns the contents of the logfile (if | true |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Depending on how an endpoint is exposed, the |
Endpoints can be customized using Spring properties. You can change if an endpoint is
enabled
, if it is considered sensitive
and even its id
.
For example, here is an application.properties
that changes the sensitivity and id
of the beans
endpoint and also enables shutdown
.
endpoints.beans.id=springbeans endpoints.beans.sensitive=false endpoints.shutdown.enabled=true
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The prefix ‟ |
By default, all endpoints except for shutdown
are enabled. If you prefer to
specifically “opt-in” endpoint enablement you can use the endpoints.enabled
property.
For example, the following will disable all endpoints except for info
:
endpoints.enabled=false endpoints.info.enabled=true
Likewise, you can also choose to globally set the “sensitive” flag of all endpoints. By
default, the sensitive flag depends on the type of endpoint (see the table above).
For example, to mark all endpoints as sensitive except info
:
endpoints.sensitive=true endpoints.info.sensitive=false
If endpoints.hypermedia.enabled
is set to true
and
Spring HATEOAS is on the classpath (e.g.
through the spring-boot-starter-hateoas
or if you are using
Spring Data REST) then the HTTP endpoints
from the Actuator are enhanced with hypermedia links, and a “discovery page” is added
with links to all the endpoints. The “discovery page” is available on /actuator
by
default. It is implemented as an endpoint, allowing properties to be used to configure
its path (endpoints.actuator.path
) and whether or not it is enabled
(endpoints.actuator.enabled
).
When a custom management context path is configured, the “discovery page” will
automatically move from /actuator
to the root of the management context. For example,
if the management context path is /management
then the discovery page will be available
from /management
.
If the HAL Browser is on the classpath
via its webjar (org.webjars:hal-browser
), or via the spring-data-rest-hal-browser
then
an HTML “discovery page”, in the form of the HAL Browser, is also provided.
Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) is a W3C specification that allows you to specify in a flexible way what kind of cross domain requests are authorized. Actuator’s MVC endpoints can be configured to support such scenarios.
CORS support is disabled by default and is only enabled once the
endpoints.cors.allowed-origins
property has been set. The configuration below permits
GET
and POST
calls from the example.com
domain:
endpoints.cors.allowed-origins=http://example.com endpoints.cors.allowed-methods=GET,POST
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check EndpointCorsProperties for a complete list of options. |
If you add a @Bean
of type Endpoint
then it will automatically be exposed over JMX and
HTTP (if there is an server available). An HTTP endpoints can be customized further by
creating a bean of type MvcEndpoint
. Your MvcEndpoint
is not a @Controller
but it
can use @RequestMapping
(and @Managed*
) to expose resources.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you are doing this as a library feature consider adding a configuration class
annotated with |
Health information can be used to check the status of your running application. It is
often used by monitoring software to alert someone if a production system goes down.
The default information exposed by the health
endpoint depends on how it is accessed.
For an unauthenticated connection in a secure application a simple ‘status’ message is
returned, and for an authenticated connection additional details are also displayed (see
Section 48.7, “HTTP health endpoint format and access restrictions” for HTTP details).
Health information is collected from all
HealthIndicator
beans defined
in your ApplicationContext
. Spring Boot includes a number of auto-configured
HealthIndicators
and you can also write your own. By default, the final system state is
derived by the HealthAggregator
which sorts the statuses from each HealthIndicator
based on an ordered list of statuses. The first status in the sorted list is used as the
overall health status. If no HealthIndicator
returns a status that is known to the
HealthAggregator
, an UNKNOWN
status is used.
Information returned by HealthIndicators
is often somewhat sensitive in nature. For
example, you probably don’t want to publish details of your database server to the
world. For this reason, by default, only the health status is exposed over an
unauthenticated HTTP connection. If you are happy for complete health information to always
be exposed you can set endpoints.health.sensitive
to false
.
Health responses are also cached to prevent “denial of service” attacks. Use the
endpoints.health.time-to-live
property if you want to change the default cache period
of 1000 milliseconds.
The following HealthIndicators
are auto-configured by Spring Boot when appropriate:
Name | Description |
---|---|
Checks that a Cassandra database is up. | |
Checks for low disk space. | |
Checks that a connection to | |
Checks that an Elasticsearch cluster is up. | |
Checks that a JMS broker is up. | |
Checks that a mail server is up. | |
Checks that a Mongo database is up. | |
Checks that a Rabbit server is up. | |
Checks that a Redis server is up. | |
Checks that a Solr server is up. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
It is possible to disable them all using the |
To provide custom health information you can register Spring beans that implement the
HealthIndicator
interface.
You need to provide an implementation of the health()
method and return a Health
response. The Health
response should include a status and can optionally include
additional details to be displayed.
import org.springframework.boot.actuate.health.Health; import org.springframework.boot.actuate.health.HealthIndicator; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class MyHealthIndicator implements HealthIndicator { @Override public Health health() { int errorCode = check(); // perform some specific health check if (errorCode != 0) { return Health.down().withDetail("Error Code", errorCode).build(); } return Health.up().build(); } }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The identifier for a given |
In addition to Spring Boot’s predefined Status
types, it is also possible for Health
to return a custom Status
that represents a
new system state. In such cases a custom implementation of the
HealthAggregator
interface also needs to be provided, or the default implementation has to be configured
using the management.health.status.order
configuration property.
For example, assuming a new Status
with code FATAL
is being used in one of your
HealthIndicator
implementations. To configure the severity order add the following
to your application properties:
management.health.status.order=FATAL, DOWN, OUT_OF_SERVICE, UNKNOWN, UP
The HTTP status code in the response reflects the overall health status (e.g. UP
maps to 200, OUT_OF_SERVICE
or DOWN
to 503). You might also want to register custom
status mappings with the HealthMvcEndpoint
if you access the health endpoint over HTTP.
For example, the following maps FATAL
to 503 (service unavailable):
endpoints.health.mapping.FATAL=503
The default status mappings for the built-in statuses are:
Status | Mapping |
---|---|
DOWN | SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE (503) |
OUT_OF_SERVICE | SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE (503) |
UP | No mapping by default, so http status is 200 |
UNKNOWN | No mapping by default, so http status is 200 |
Application information exposes various information collected from all
InfoContributor
beans defined
in your ApplicationContext
. Spring Boot includes a number of auto-configured
InfoContributors
and you can also write your own.
The following InfoContributors
are auto-configured by Spring Boot when appropriate:
Name | Description |
---|---|
Expose any key from the | |
Expose git information if a | |
Expose build information if a |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
It is possible to disable them all using the |
You can customize the data exposed by the info
endpoint by setting info.*
Spring
properties. All Environment
properties under the info key will be automatically
exposed. For example, you could add the following to your application.properties
:
info.app.encoding=UTF-8 info.app.java.source=1.8 info.app.java.target=1.8
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Rather than hardcoding those values you could also expand info properties at build time. Assuming you are using Maven, you could rewrite the example above as follows: info.app.encoding[email protected]@ info.app.java.source[email protected]@ info.app.java.target[email protected]@ |
Another useful feature of the info
endpoint is its ability to publish information
about the state of your git
source code repository when the project was built. If a
GitProperties
bean is available, the git.branch
, git.commit.id
and
git.commit.time
properties will be exposed.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
A |
If you want to display the full git information (i.e. the full content of
git.properties
), use the management.info.git.mode
property:
management.info.git.mode=full
The info
endpoint can also publish information about your build if a BuildProperties
bean is available. This happens if a META-INF/build-info.properties
file is available
in the classpath.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The Maven and Gradle plugins can both generate that file, see Generate build information for more details. |
To provide custom application information you can register Spring beans that implement
the InfoContributor
interface.
The example below contributes an example
entry with a single value:
import java.util.Collections; import org.springframework.boot.actuate.info.Info; import org.springframework.boot.actuate.info.InfoContributor; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class ExampleInfoContributor implements InfoContributor { @Override public void contribute(Info.Builder builder) { builder.withDetail("example", Collections.singletonMap("key", "value")); } }
If you hit the info
endpoint you should see a response that contains the following
additional entry:
{ "example": { "key" : "value" } }
If you are developing a Spring MVC application, Spring Boot Actuator will auto-configure
all enabled endpoints to be exposed over HTTP. The default convention is to use the
id
of the endpoint as the URL path. For example, health
is exposed as /health
.
By default all sensitive HTTP endpoints are secured such that only users that have an
ACTUATOR
role may access them. Security is enforced using the standard
HttpServletRequest.isUserInRole
method.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Use the |
If you are deploying applications behind a firewall, you may prefer that all your actuator
endpoints can be accessed without requiring authentication. You can do this by changing
the management.security.enabled
property:
application.properties.
management.security.enabled=false
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default, actuator endpoints are exposed on the same port that serves regular
HTTP traffic. Take care not to accidentally expose sensitive information if you change
the |
If you’re deploying applications publicly, you may want to add ‘Spring Security’ to
handle user authentication. When ‘Spring Security’ is added, by default ‘basic’
authentication will be used with the username user
and a generated password (which is
printed on the console when the application starts).
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Generated passwords are logged as the application starts. Search for ‘Using default security password’. |
You can use Spring properties to change the username and password and to change the
security role(s) required to access the endpoints. For example, you might set the following
in your application.properties
:
security.user.name=admin security.user.password=secret management.security.roles=SUPERUSER
If your application has custom security configuration and you want all your actuator endpoints
to be accessible without authentication, you need to explicitly configure that in your
security configuration. Along with that, you need to change the management.security.enabled
property to false
.
If your custom security configuration secures your actuator endpoints, you also need to ensure that
the authenticated user has the roles specified under management.security.roles
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you don’t have a use case for exposing basic health information to unauthenticated users,
and you have secured the actuator endpoints with custom security, you can set |
Sometimes it is useful to group all management endpoints under a single path. For example,
your application might already use /info
for another purpose. You can use the
management.context-path
property to set a prefix for your management endpoint:
management.context-path=/manage
The application.properties
example above will change the endpoint from /{id}
to
/manage/{id}
(e.g. /manage/info
).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Unless the management port has been configured to
expose endpoints using a different
HTTP port, |
You can also change the “id” of an endpoint (using endpoints.{name}.id
) which then
changes the default resource path for the MVC endpoint. Legal endpoint ids are composed
only of alphanumeric characters (because they can be exposed in a number of places,
including JMX object names, where special characters are forbidden). The MVC path can be
changed separately by configuring endpoints.{name}.path
, and there is no validation on
those values (so you can use anything that is legal in a URL path). For example, to change
the location of the /health
endpoint to /ping/me
you can set
endpoints.health.path=/ping/me
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Even if an endpoint path is configured separately, it is still relative to the
|
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you provide a custom |
Exposing management endpoints using the default HTTP port is a sensible choice for cloud based deployments. If, however, your application runs inside your own data center you may prefer to expose endpoints using a different HTTP port.
The management.port
property can be used to change the HTTP port.
management.port=8081
Since your management port is often protected by a firewall, and not exposed to the public you might not need security on the management endpoints, even if your main application is secure. In that case you will have Spring Security on the classpath, and you can disable management security like this:
management.security.enabled=false
(If you don’t have Spring Security on the classpath then there is no need to explicitly disable the management security in this way, and it might even break the application.)
When configured to use a custom port, the management server can also be configured with
its own SSL using the various management.ssl.*
properties. For example, this allows a
management server to be available via HTTP while the main application uses HTTPS:
server.port=8443 server.ssl.enabled=true server.ssl.key-store=classpath:store.jks server.ssl.key-password=secret management.port=8080 management.ssl.enabled=false
Alternatively, both the main server and the management server can use SSL but with different key stores:
server.port=8443 server.ssl.enabled=true server.ssl.key-store=classpath:main.jks server.ssl.key-password=secret management.port=8080 management.ssl.enabled=true management.ssl.key-store=classpath:management.jks management.ssl.key-password=secret
You can customize the address that the management endpoints are available on by
setting the management.address
property. This can be useful if you want to
listen only on an internal or ops-facing network, or to only listen for connections from
localhost
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can only listen on a different address if the port is different to the main server port. |
Here is an example application.properties
that will not allow remote management
connections:
management.port=8081 management.address=127.0.0.1
If you don’t want to expose endpoints over HTTP you can set the management port to -1
:
management.port=-1
The information exposed by the health endpoint varies depending on whether or not it’s
accessed anonymously, and whether or not the enclosing application is secure.
By default, when accessed anonymously in a secure application, any details about the
server’s health are hidden and the endpoint will simply indicate whether or not the server
is up or down. Furthermore the response is cached for a configurable period to prevent the
endpoint being used in a denial of service attack. The endpoints.health.time-to-live
property is used to configure the caching period in milliseconds. It defaults to 1000,
i.e. one second.
Sample summarized HTTP response (default for anonymous request):
$ curl -i localhost:8080/health HTTP/1.1 200 X-Application-Context: application Content-Type: application/vnd.spring-boot.actuator.v1+json;charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 15 {"status":"UP"}
Sample summarized HTTP response for status "DOWN" (notice the 503 status code):
$ curl -i localhost:8080/health HTTP/1.1 503 X-Application-Context: application Content-Type: application/vnd.spring-boot.actuator.v1+json;charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 17 {"status":"DOWN"}
Sample detailed HTTP response:
$ curl -i localhost:8080/health HTTP/1.1 200 OK X-Application-Context: application Content-Type: application/vnd.spring-boot.actuator.v1+json;charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 221 { "status" : "UP", "diskSpace" : { "status" : "UP", "total" : 63251804160, "free" : 31316164608, "threshold" : 10485760 }, "db" : { "status" : "UP", "database" : "H2", "hello" : 1 } }
The above-described restrictions can be enhanced, thereby allowing only authenticated
users full access to the health endpoint in a secure application. To do so, set
endpoints.health.sensitive
to true
. Here’s a summary of behavior (with default
sensitive
flag value “false” indicated in bold):
management.security.enabled | endpoints.health.sensitive | Unauthenticated | Authenticated (with right role) |
---|---|---|---|
false | * | Full content | Full content |
true | false | Status only | Full content |
true | true | No content | Full content |
Java Management Extensions (JMX) provide a standard mechanism to monitor and manage
applications. By default Spring Boot will expose management endpoints as JMX MBeans
under the org.springframework.boot
domain.
The name of the MBean is usually generated from the id
of the endpoint. For example
the health
endpoint is exposed as org.springframework.boot/Endpoint/healthEndpoint
.
If your application contains more than one Spring ApplicationContext
you may find that
names clash. To solve this problem you can set the endpoints.jmx.unique-names
property
to true
so that MBean names are always unique.
You can also customize the JMX domain under which endpoints are exposed. Here is an
example application.properties
:
endpoints.jmx.domain=myapp endpoints.jmx.unique-names=true
If you don’t want to expose endpoints over JMX you can set the endpoints.jmx.enabled
property to false
:
endpoints.jmx.enabled=false
Jolokia is a JMX-HTTP bridge giving an alternative method of accessing JMX beans. To
use Jolokia, simply include a dependency to org.jolokia:jolokia-core
. For example,
using Maven you would add the following:
<dependency> <groupId>org.jolokia</groupId> <artifactId>jolokia-core</artifactId> </dependency>
Jolokia can then be accessed using /jolokia
on your management HTTP server.
Jolokia has a number of settings that you would traditionally configure using servlet
parameters. With Spring Boot you can use your application.properties
, simply prefix the
parameter with jolokia.config.
:
jolokia.config.debug=true
Spring Boot supports an integrated Java shell called ‘CRaSH’. You can use CRaSH to
ssh
or telnet
into your running application. To enable remote shell support, add
the following dependency to your project:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-remote-shell</artifactId> </dependency>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The remote shell is deprecated and will be removed in Spring Boot 2.0. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you want to also enable telnet access you will additionally need a dependency
on |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
CRaSH requires to run with a JDK as it compiles commands on the fly. If a basic
|
By default the remote shell will listen for connections on port 2000
. The default user
is user
and the default password will be randomly generated and displayed in the log
output. If your application is using Spring Security, the shell will use
the same configuration by default. If not, a simple
authentication will be applied and you should see a message like this:
Using default password for shell access: ec03e16c-4cf4-49ee-b745-7c8255c1dd7e
Linux and OSX users can use ssh
to connect to the remote shell, Windows users can
download and install PuTTY.
$ ssh -p 2000 user@localhost user@localhost's password: . ____ _ __ _ _ /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \ ( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \ \\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v1.5.14.RELEASE) on myhost
Type help
for a list of commands. Spring Boot provides metrics
, beans
, autoconfig
and endpoint
commands.
You can use the management.shell.auth.simple.user.name
and
management.shell.auth.simple.user.password
properties to configure custom connection
credentials. It is also possible to use a ‘Spring Security’ AuthenticationManager
to
handle login duties. See the
CrshAutoConfiguration
and ShellProperties
Javadoc for full details.
The remote shell can be extended in a number of interesting ways.
You can write additional shell commands using Groovy (see the CRaSH documentation for details). Due to limitations in CRaSH’s Java compiler, commands written in Java are not supported. By default Spring Boot will search for commands in the following locations:
classpath*:/commands/**
classpath*:/crash/commands/**
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can change the search path by settings a |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using an executable archive, any classes that a shell command depends upon must be packaged in a nested jar rather than directly in the executable jar or war. |
Here is a simple ‘hello’ command that could be loaded from
src/main/resources/commands/hello.groovy
package commands import org.crsh.cli.Command import org.crsh.cli.Usage import org.crsh.command.InvocationContext class hello { @Usage("Say Hello") @Command def main(InvocationContext context) { return "Hello" } }
Spring Boot adds some additional attributes to InvocationContext
that you can access
from your command:
Attribute Name | Description |
---|---|
| The version of Spring Boot |
| The version of the core Spring Framework |
| Access to the Spring |
| Access to the Spring |
In addition to new commands, it is also possible to extend other CRaSH shell features.
All Spring Beans that extend org.crsh.plugin.CRaSHPlugin
will be automatically
registered with the shell.
For more information please refer to the CRaSH reference documentation.
Spring Boot Actuator includes the ability to view and configure the log levels of your application at runtime. You can view either the entire list or an individual logger’s configuration which is made up of both the explicitly configured logging level as well as the effective logging level given to it by the logging framework. These levels can be:
TRACE
DEBUG
INFO
WARN
ERROR
FATAL
OFF
null
with null
indicating that there is no explicit configuration.
Spring Boot Actuator includes a metrics service with ‘gauge’ and ‘counter’ support.
A ‘gauge’ records a single value; and a ‘counter’ records a delta (an increment or
decrement). Spring Boot Actuator also provides a
PublicMetrics
interface that
you can implement to expose metrics that you cannot record via one of those two
mechanisms. Look at SystemPublicMetrics
for an example.
Metrics for all HTTP requests are automatically recorded, so if you hit the metrics
endpoint you should see a response similar to this:
{ "counter.status.200.root": 20, "counter.status.200.metrics": 3, "counter.status.200.star-star": 5, "counter.status.401.root": 4, "gauge.response.star-star": 6, "gauge.response.root": 2, "gauge.response.metrics": 3, "classes": 5808, "classes.loaded": 5808, "classes.unloaded": 0, "heap": 3728384, "heap.committed": 986624, "heap.init": 262144, "heap.used": 52765, "nonheap": 0, "nonheap.committed": 77568, "nonheap.init": 2496, "nonheap.used": 75826, "mem": 986624, "mem.free": 933858, "processors": 8, "threads": 15, "threads.daemon": 11, "threads.peak": 15, "threads.totalStarted": 42, "uptime": 494836, "instance.uptime": 489782, "datasource.primary.active": 5, "datasource.primary.usage": 0.25 }
Here we can see basic memory
, heap
, class loading
, processor
and thread pool
information along with some HTTP metrics. In this instance the root
(‘/’) and /metrics
URLs have returned HTTP 200
responses 20
and 3
times respectively. It also appears
that the root
URL returned HTTP 401
(unauthorized) 4
times. The double asterisks (star-star
)
comes from a request matched by Spring MVC as /**
(normally a static resource).
The gauge
shows the last response time for a request. So the last request to root
took
2ms
to respond and the last to /metrics
took 3ms
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
In this example we are actually accessing the endpoint over HTTP using the
|
The following system metrics are exposed by Spring Boot:
mem
)mem.free
)processors
)uptime
)instance.uptime
)systemload.average
)heap
, heap.committed
, heap.init
, heap.used
)threads
, thread.peak
, thread.daemon
)classes
, classes.loaded
, classes.unloaded
)gc.xxx.count
, gc.xxx.time
)The following metrics are exposed for each supported DataSource
defined in your
application:
datasource.xxx.active
)datasource.xxx.usage
).All data source metrics share the datasource.
prefix. The prefix is further qualified
for each data source:
@Primary
amongst the existing ones), the prefix is
datasource.primary
.DataSource
, the prefix is the name of the bean
without DataSource
(i.e. datasource.batch
for batchDataSource
).It is possible to override part or all of those defaults by registering a bean with a
customized version of DataSourcePublicMetrics
. By default, Spring Boot provides metadata
for all supported data sources; you can add additional DataSourcePoolMetadataProvider
beans if your favorite data source isn’t supported out of the box. See
DataSourcePoolMetadataProvidersConfiguration
for examples.
The following metrics are exposed for each supported cache defined in your application:
cache.xxx.size
)cache.xxx.hit.ratio
)cache.xxx.miss.ratio
)![]() | Note |
---|---|
Cache providers do not expose the hit/miss ratio in a consistent way. While some expose an aggregated value (i.e. the hit ratio since the last time the stats were cleared), others expose a temporal value (i.e. the hit ratio of the last second). Check your caching provider documentation for more details. |
If two different cache managers happen to define the same cache, the name of the cache
is prefixed by the name of the CacheManager
bean.
It is possible to override part or all of those defaults by registering a bean with a
customized version of CachePublicMetrics
. By default, Spring Boot provides cache
statistics for EhCache, Hazelcast, Infinispan, JCache and Guava. You can add additional
CacheStatisticsProvider
beans if your favorite caching library isn’t supported out of
the box. See CacheStatisticsAutoConfiguration
for examples.
If you are using Tomcat as your embedded servlet container, session metrics will
automatically be exposed. The httpsessions.active
and httpsessions.max
keys provide
the number of active and maximum sessions.
To record your own metrics inject a
CounterService
and/or
GaugeService
into
your bean. The CounterService
exposes increment
, decrement
and reset
methods; the
GaugeService
provides a submit
method.
Here is a simple example that counts the number of times that a method is invoked:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.CounterService; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class MyService { private final CounterService counterService; @Autowired public MyService(CounterService counterService) { this.counterService = counterService; } public void exampleMethod() { this.counterService.increment("services.system.myservice.invoked"); } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can use any string as a metric name but you should follow guidelines of your chosen store/graphing technology. Some good guidelines for Graphite are available on Matt Aimonetti’s Blog. |
To add additional metrics that are computed every time the metrics endpoint is invoked,
simply register additional PublicMetrics
implementation bean(s). By default, all such
beans are gathered by the endpoint. You can easily change that by defining your own
MetricsEndpoint
.
The default implementation of GaugeService
and CounterService
provided by Spring Boot
depends on the version of Java that you are using. With Java 8 (or better) the
implementation switches to a high-performance version optimized for fast writes, backed by
atomic in-memory buffers, rather than by the immutable but relatively expensive
Metric<?>
type (counters are approximately 5 times faster and gauges approximately twice
as fast as the repository-based implementations). The Dropwizard metrics services (see
below) are also very efficient even for Java 7 (they have backports of some of the Java 8
concurrency libraries), but they do not record timestamps for metric values. If
performance of metric gathering is a concern then it is always advisable to use one of the
high-performance options, and also to only read metrics infrequently, so that the writes
are buffered locally and only read when needed.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The old |
Spring Boot provides a couple of implementations of a marker interface called Exporter
which can be used to copy metric readings from the in-memory buffers to a place where they
can be analyzed and displayed. Indeed, if you provide a @Bean
that implements the
MetricWriter
interface (or GaugeWriter
for simple use cases) and mark it
@ExportMetricWriter
, then it will automatically be hooked up to an Exporter
and fed
metric updates every 5 seconds (configured via spring.metrics.export.delay-millis
).
In addition, any MetricReader
that you define and mark as @ExportMetricReader
will
have its values exported by the default exporter.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
This feature is enabling scheduling in your application ( |
The default exporter is a MetricCopyExporter
which tries to optimize itself by not
copying values that haven’t changed since it was last called (the optimization can be
switched off using a flag spring.metrics.export.send-latest
). Note also that the
Dropwizard MetricRegistry
has no support for timestamps, so the optimization is not
available if you are using Dropwizard metrics (all metrics will be copied on every tick).
The default values for the export trigger (delay-millis
, includes
, excludes
and send-latest
) can be set as spring.metrics.export.*
. Individual
values for specific MetricWriters
can be set as
spring.metrics.export.triggers.<name>.*
where <name>
is a bean name (or pattern for
matching bean names).
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
The automatic export of metrics is disabled if you switch off the default
|
If you provide a @Bean
of type RedisMetricRepository
and mark it @ExportMetricWriter
the metrics are exported to a Redis cache for aggregation. The RedisMetricRepository
has
two important parameters to configure it for this purpose: prefix
and key
(passed into
its constructor). It is best to use a prefix that is unique to the application instance
(e.g. using a random value and maybe the logical name of the application to make it
possible to correlate with other instances of the same application). The “key” is used
to keep a global index of all metric names, so it should be unique “globally”, whatever
that means for your system (e.g. two instances of the same system could share a Redis cache
if they have distinct keys).
Example:
@Bean @ExportMetricWriter MetricWriter metricWriter(MetricExportProperties export) { return new RedisMetricRepository(connectionFactory, export.getRedis().getPrefix(), export.getRedis().getKey()); }
application.properties.
spring.metrics.export.redis.prefix: metrics.mysystem.${spring.application.name:application}.${random.value:0000} spring.metrics.export.redis.key: keys.metrics.mysystem
The prefix is constructed with the application name and id at the end, so it can easily be used to identify a group of processes with the same logical name later.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
It’s important to set both the |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The example above uses |
If you provide a @Bean
of type OpenTsdbGaugeWriter
and mark it
@ExportMetricWriter
metrics are exported to Open TSDB for
aggregation. The OpenTsdbGaugeWriter
has a url
property that you need to set
to the Open TSDB “/put” endpoint, e.g. localhost:4242/api/put
). It also has a
namingStrategy
that you can customize or configure to make the metrics match the data
structure you need on the server. By default it just passes through the metric name as an
Open TSDB metric name, and adds the tags “domain” (with value
“org.springframework.metrics”) and “process” (with the value equal to the object hash
of the naming strategy). Thus, after running the application and generating some metrics
you can inspect the metrics in the TSD UI (localhost:4242 by default).
Example:
curl localhost:4242/api/query?start=1h-ago&m=max:counter.status.200.root [ { "metric": "counter.status.200.root", "tags": { "domain": "org.springframework.metrics", "process": "b968a76" }, "aggregateTags": [], "dps": { "1430492872": 2, "1430492875": 6 } } ]
To export metrics to Statsd, make sure first that you have added
com.timgroup:java-statsd-client
as a dependency of your project (Spring Boot
provides a dependency management for it). Then add a spring.metrics.export.statsd.host
value to your application.properties
file. Connections will be opened to port 8125
unless a spring.metrics.export.statsd.port
override is provided. You can use
spring.metrics.export.statsd.prefix
if you want a custom prefix.
Alternatively, you can provide a @Bean
of type StatsdMetricWriter
and mark it
@ExportMetricWriter
:
@Value("${spring.application.name:application}.${random.value:0000}") private String prefix = "metrics"; @Bean @ExportMetricWriter MetricWriter metricWriter() { return new StatsdMetricWriter(prefix, "localhost", 8125); }
If you provide a @Bean
of type JmxMetricWriter
marked @ExportMetricWriter
the metrics are exported as MBeans to
the local server (the MBeanExporter
is provided by Spring Boot JMX auto-configuration as
long as it is switched on). Metrics can then be inspected, graphed, alerted etc. using any
tool that understands JMX (e.g. JConsole or JVisualVM).
Example:
@Bean @ExportMetricWriter MetricWriter metricWriter(MBeanExporter exporter) { return new JmxMetricWriter(exporter); }
Each metric is exported as an individual MBean. The format for the ObjectNames
is given
by an ObjectNamingStrategy
which can be injected into the JmxMetricWriter
(the default
breaks up the metric name and tags the first two period-separated sections in a way that
should make the metrics group nicely in JVisualVM or JConsole).
There is an AggregateMetricReader
that you can use to consolidate metrics from different
physical sources. Sources for the same logical metric just need to publish them with a
period-separated prefix, and the reader will aggregate (by truncating the metric names,
and dropping the prefix). Counters are summed and everything else (i.e. gauges) take their
most recent value.
This is very useful if multiple application instances are feeding to a central (e.g.
Redis) repository and you want to display the results. Particularly recommended in
conjunction with a MetricReaderPublicMetrics
for hooking up to the results to the
“/metrics” endpoint.
Example:
@Autowired private MetricExportProperties export; @Bean public PublicMetrics metricsAggregate() { return new MetricReaderPublicMetrics(aggregatesMetricReader()); } private MetricReader globalMetricsForAggregation() { return new RedisMetricRepository(this.connectionFactory, this.export.getRedis().getAggregatePrefix(), this.export.getRedis().getKey()); } private MetricReader aggregatesMetricReader() { AggregateMetricReader repository = new AggregateMetricReader( globalMetricsForAggregation()); return repository; }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The example above uses |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The |
A default MetricRegistry
Spring bean will be created when you declare a dependency to
the io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core
library; you can also register you own @Bean
instance if you need customizations. Users of the
Dropwizard ‘Metrics’ library will find that
Spring Boot metrics are automatically published to com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry
.
Metrics from the MetricRegistry
are also automatically exposed via the /metrics
endpoint
When Dropwizard metrics are in use, the default CounterService
and GaugeService
are
replaced with a DropwizardMetricServices
, which is a wrapper around the MetricRegistry
(so you can @Autowired
one of those services and use it as normal). You can also create
“special” Dropwizard metrics by prefixing your metric names with the appropriate type
(i.e. timer.*
, histogram.*
for gauges, and meter.*
for counters).
If a MessageChannel
bean called metricsChannel
exists, then a MetricWriter
will be
created that writes metrics to that channel. Each message sent to the channel will contain
a Delta
or
Metric
payload and have a metricName
header. The writer is automatically hooked up to an exporter (as for all writers), so all
metric values will appear on the channel, and additional analysis or actions can be taken
by subscribers (it’s up to you to provide the channel and any subscribers you need).
Spring Boot Actuator has a flexible audit framework that will publish events once Spring
Security is in play (‘authentication success’, ‘failure’ and ‘access denied’
exceptions by default). This can be very useful for reporting, and also to implement a
lock-out policy based on authentication failures. To customize published security events
you can provide your own implementations of AbstractAuthenticationAuditListener
and
AbstractAuthorizationAuditListener
.
You can also choose to use the audit services for your own business events. To do that
you can either inject the existing AuditEventRepository
into your own components and
use that directly, or you can simply publish AuditApplicationEvent
via the Spring
ApplicationEventPublisher
(using ApplicationEventPublisherAware
).
Tracing is automatically enabled for all HTTP requests. You can view the trace
endpoint
and obtain basic information about the last 100 requests:
[{ "timestamp": 1394343677415, "info": { "method": "GET", "path": "/trace", "headers": { "request": { "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8", "Connection": "keep-alive", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 Gecko/Firefox", "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.5", "Cookie": "_ga=GA1.1.827067509.1390890128; ..." "Authorization": "Basic ...", "Host": "localhost:8080" }, "response": { "Strict-Transport-Security": "max-age=31536000 ; includeSubDomains", "X-Application-Context": "application:8080", "Content-Type": "application/json;charset=UTF-8", "status": "200" } } } },{ "timestamp": 1394343684465, ... }]
The following are included in the trace by default:
Name | Description |
---|---|
Request Headers | Headers from the request. |
Response Headers | Headers from the response. |
Cookies |
|
Errors | The error attributes (if any). |
Time Taken | The time taken to service the request in milliseconds. |
If you need to trace additional events you can inject a
TraceRepository
into your
Spring beans. The add
method accepts a single Map
structure that will be converted to
JSON and logged.
By default an InMemoryTraceRepository
will be used that stores the last 100 events. You
can define your own instance of the InMemoryTraceRepository
bean if you need to expand
the capacity. You can also create your own alternative TraceRepository
implementation
if needed.
In Spring Boot Actuator you can find a couple of classes to create files that are useful for process monitoring:
ApplicationPidFileWriter
creates a file containing the application PID (by default in
the application directory with the file name application.pid
).EmbeddedServerPortFileWriter
creates a file (or files) containing the ports of the
embedded server (by default in the application directory with the file name
application.port
).These writers are not activated by default, but you can enable them in one of the ways described below.
In META-INF/spring.factories
file you can activate the listener(s) that
writes a PID file. Example:
org.springframework.context.ApplicationListener=\ org.springframework.boot.system.ApplicationPidFileWriter,\ org.springframework.boot.actuate.system.EmbeddedServerPortFileWriter
Spring Boot’s actuator module includes additional support that is activated when you
deploy to a compatible Cloud Foundry instance. The /cloudfoundryapplication
path
provides an alternative secured route to all NamedMvcEndpoint
beans.
The extended support allows Cloud Foundry management UIs (such as the web application that you can use to view deployed applications) to be augmented with Spring Boot actuator information. For example, an application status page may include full health information instead of the typical “running” or “stopped” status.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The |
If you want to fully disable the /cloudfoundryapplication
endpoints you can add the
following to your application.properties
file:
application.properties.
management.cloudfoundry.enabled=false
By default, the security verification for /cloudfoundryapplication
endpoints makes SSL
calls to various Cloud Foundry services. If your Cloud Foundry UAA or Cloud Controller
services use self-signed certificates you will need to set the following property:
application.properties.
management.cloudfoundry.skip-ssl-validation=true
If you define custom security configuration, and you want extended Cloud Foundry actuator
support, you’ll should ensure that /cloudfoundryapplication/**
paths are open. Without
a direct open route, your Cloud Foundry application manager will not be able to obtain
endpoint data.
For Spring Security, you’ll typically include something like
mvcMatchers("/cloudfoundryapplication/**").permitAll()
in your configuration:
@Override protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception { http .authorizeRequests() .mvcMatchers("/cloudfoundryapplication/**") .permitAll() .mvcMatchers("/mypath") .hasAnyRole("SUPERUSER") .anyRequest() .authenticated().and() .httpBasic(); }
If you want to explore some of the concepts discussed in this chapter, you can take a look at the actuator sample applications. You also might want to read about graphing tools such as Graphite.
Otherwise, you can continue on, to read about ‘deployment options’ or jump ahead for some in-depth information about Spring Boot’s build tool plugins.
Spring Boot’s flexible packaging options provide a great deal of choice when it comes to deploying your application. You can easily deploy Spring Boot applications to a variety of cloud platforms, to a container images (such as Docker) or to virtual/real machines.
This section covers some of the more common deployment scenarios.
Spring Boot’s executable jars are ready-made for most popular cloud PaaS (platform-as-a-service) providers. These providers tend to require that you “bring your own container”; they manage application processes (not Java applications specifically), so they need some intermediary layer that adapts your application to the cloud’s notion of a running process.
Two popular cloud providers, Heroku and Cloud Foundry, employ a “buildpack” approach.
The buildpack wraps your deployed code in whatever is needed to start your
application: it might be a JDK and a call to java
, it might be an embedded web server,
or it might be a full-fledged application server. A buildpack is pluggable, but ideally
you should be able to get by with as few customizations to it as possible.
This reduces the footprint of functionality that is not under your control. It minimizes
divergence between development and production environments.
Ideally, your application, like a Spring Boot executable jar, has everything that it needs to run packaged within it.
In this section we’ll look at what it takes to get the simple application that we developed in the “Getting Started” section up and running in the Cloud.
Cloud Foundry provides default buildpacks that come into play if no other buildpack is
specified. The Cloud Foundry Java buildpack
has excellent support for Spring applications, including Spring Boot. You can deploy
stand-alone executable jar applications, as well as traditional .war
packaged
applications.
Once you’ve built your application (using, for example, mvn clean package
) and
installed the cf
command line tool, simply deploy your application using the cf push
command as follows,
substituting the path to your compiled .jar
. Be sure to have
logged in with your
cf
command line client before pushing an application.
$ cf push acloudyspringtime -p target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
See the cf push
documentation for more options. If there is a Cloud Foundry
manifest.yml
file present in the same directory, it will be consulted.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Here we are substituting |
At this point cf
will start uploading your application:
Uploading acloudyspringtime... OK Preparing to start acloudyspringtime... OK -----> Downloaded app package (8.9M) -----> Java Buildpack source: system -----> Downloading Open JDK 1.7.0_51 from .../x86_64/openjdk-1.7.0_51.tar.gz (1.8s) Expanding Open JDK to .java-buildpack/open_jdk (1.2s) -----> Downloading Spring Auto Reconfiguration from 0.8.7 .../auto-reconfiguration-0.8.7.jar (0.1s) -----> Uploading droplet (44M) Checking status of app 'acloudyspringtime'... 0 of 1 instances running (1 starting) ... 0 of 1 instances running (1 down) ... 0 of 1 instances running (1 starting) ... 1 of 1 instances running (1 running) App started
Congratulations! The application is now live!
It’s easy to then verify the status of the deployed application:
$ cf apps Getting applications in ... OK name requested state instances memory disk urls ... acloudyspringtime started 1/1 512M 1G acloudyspringtime.cfapps.io ...
Once Cloud Foundry acknowledges that your application has been deployed, you should be
able to hit the application at the URI given, in this case
http://acloudyspringtime.cfapps.io/
.
By default, metadata about the running application as well as service connection
information is exposed to the application as environment variables (for example:
$VCAP_SERVICES
). This architecture decision is due to Cloud Foundry’s polyglot
(any language and platform can be supported as a buildpack) nature; process-scoped
environment variables are language agnostic.
Environment variables don’t always make for the easiest API so Spring Boot automatically
extracts them and flattens the data into properties that can be accessed through
Spring’s Environment
abstraction:
@Component class MyBean implements EnvironmentAware { private String instanceId; @Override public void setEnvironment(Environment environment) { this.instanceId = environment.getProperty("vcap.application.instance_id"); } // ... }
All Cloud Foundry properties are prefixed with vcap
. You can use vcap properties to
access application information (such as the public URL of the application) and service
information (such as database credentials). See CloudFoundryVcapEnvironmentPostProcessor
Javadoc for complete details.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The Spring Cloud Connectors project
is a better fit for tasks such as configuring a DataSource. Spring Boot includes
auto-configuration support and a |
Heroku is another popular PaaS platform. To customize Heroku builds, you provide a
Procfile
, which provides the incantation required to deploy an application. Heroku
assigns a port
for the Java application to use and then ensures that routing to the
external URI works.
You must configure your application to listen on the correct port. Here’s the Procfile
for our starter REST application:
web: java -Dserver.port=$PORT -jar target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
Spring Boot makes -D
arguments available as properties accessible from a Spring
Environment
instance. The server.port
configuration property is fed to the embedded
Tomcat, Jetty or Undertow instance which then uses it when it starts up. The $PORT
environment variable is assigned to us by the Heroku PaaS.
Heroku by default will use Java 1.8. This is fine as long as your Maven or Gradle build
is set to use the same version (Maven users can use the java.version property). If you
want to use JDK 1.7, create a new file adjacent to your pom.xml
and Procfile
,
called system.properties
. In this file add the following:
java.runtime.version=1.7
This should be everything you need. The most common workflow for Heroku deployments is to
git push
the code to production.
$ git push heroku master Initializing repository, done. Counting objects: 95, done. Delta compression using up to 8 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (78/78), done. Writing objects: 100% (95/95), 8.66 MiB | 606.00 KiB/s, done. Total 95 (delta 31), reused 0 (delta 0) -----> Java app detected -----> Installing OpenJDK 1.8... done -----> Installing Maven 3.3.1... done -----> Installing settings.xml... done -----> Executing: mvn -B -DskipTests=true clean install [INFO] Scanning for projects... Downloading: https://repo.spring.io/... Downloaded: https://repo.spring.io/... (818 B at 1.8 KB/sec) .... Downloaded: http://s3pository.heroku.com/jvm/... (152 KB at 595.3 KB/sec) [INFO] Installing /tmp/build_0c35a5d2-a067-4abc-a232-14b1fb7a8229/target/... [INFO] Installing /tmp/build_0c35a5d2-a067-4abc-a232-14b1fb7a8229/pom.xml ... [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 59.358s [INFO] Finished at: Fri Mar 07 07:28:25 UTC 2014 [INFO] Final Memory: 20M/493M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----> Discovering process types Procfile declares types -> web -----> Compressing... done, 70.4MB -----> Launching... done, v6 http://agile-sierra-1405.herokuapp.com/ deployed to Heroku To [email protected]:agile-sierra-1405.git * [new branch] master -> master
Your application should now be up and running on Heroku.
OpenShift is the RedHat public (and enterprise) PaaS solution.
Like Heroku, it works by running scripts triggered by git commits, so you can script
the launching of a Spring Boot application in pretty much any way you like as long as the
Java runtime is available (which is a standard feature you can ask for at OpenShift).
To do this you can use the
DIY Cartridge and hooks in your
repository under .openshift/action_hooks
:
The basic model is to:
pre_build
hook
(Java and Maven are installed by default, Gradle is not)Use a build
hook to build your jar (using Maven or Gradle), e.g.
#!/bin/bash cd $OPENSHIFT_REPO_DIR mvn package -s .openshift/settings.xml -DskipTests=true
Add a start
hook that calls java -jar …
#!/bin/bash cd $OPENSHIFT_REPO_DIR nohup java -jar target/*.jar --server.port=${OPENSHIFT_DIY_PORT} --server.address=${OPENSHIFT_DIY_IP} &
Use a stop
hook (since the start is supposed to return cleanly), e.g.
#!/bin/bash source $OPENSHIFT_CARTRIDGE_SDK_BASH PID=$(ps -ef | grep java.*\.jar | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $2 }') if [ -z "$PID" ] then client_result "Application is already stopped" else kill $PID fi
Embed service bindings from environment variables provided by the platform
in your application.properties
, e.g.
spring.datasource.url: jdbc:mysql://${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_HOST}:${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_PORT}/${OPENSHIFT_APP_NAME} spring.datasource.username: ${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_USERNAME} spring.datasource.password: ${OPENSHIFT_MYSQL_DB_PASSWORD}
There’s a blog on running Gradle in OpenShift on their website that will get you started with a gradle build to run the app.
Amazon Web Services offers multiple ways to install Spring Boot based applications, either as traditional web applications (war) or as executable jar files with an embedded web server. Options include :
Each has different features and pricing model, here we will describe only the simplest option : AWS Elastic Beanstalk.
As described in the official Elastic Beanstalk Java guide, there are two main options to deploy a Java application; You can either use the “Tomcat Platform” or the “Java SE platform”.
This option applies to Spring Boot projects producing a war file. There is no any special configuration required, just follow the official guide.
This option applies to Spring Boot projects producing a jar file and running an embedded
web container. Elastic Beanstalk environments run an nginx instance on port 80 to proxy
the actual application, running on port 5000. To configure it, add the following to your
application.properties
:
server.port=5000
By default Elastic Beanstalk uploads sources and compiles them in AWS. To upload the
binaries instead, add the following to your .elasticbeanstalk/config.yml
file:
deploy: artifact: target/demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
By default an Elastic Beanstalk environment is load balanced. The load balancer has a cost perspective, to avoid it, set the environment type to “Single instance” as described in the Amazon documentation. Single instance environments can be created using the CLI as well using the following command:
eb create -s
This is one of the easiest ways to get to AWS, but there are more things to cover, e.g.: how to integrate Elastic Beanstalk into any CI / CD tool, using the Elastic Beanstalk maven plugin instead of the CLI, etc. There is a blog covering these topics more in detail.
Boxfuse works by turning your Spring Boot executable jar or war into a minimal VM image that can be deployed unchanged either on VirtualBox or on AWS. Boxfuse comes with deep integration for Spring Boot and will use the information from your Spring Boot configuration file to automatically configure ports and health check URLs. Boxfuse leverages this information both for the images it produces as well as for all the resources it provisions (instances, security groups, elastic load balancers, etc).
Once you have created a Boxfuse account, connected it to your
AWS account, and installed the latest version of the Boxfuse Client, you can deploy your
Spring Boot application to AWS as follows (ensure the application has been built by
Maven or Gradle first using, for example, mvn clean package
):
$ boxfuse run myapp-1.0.jar -env=prod
See the boxfuse run
documentation for
more options. If there is a boxfuse.com/docs/commandline/#configuration
[boxfuse.conf
] file present in the current directory, it will be consulted.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
By default Boxfuse will activate a Spring profile named |
At this point boxfuse
will create an image for your application, upload it,
and then configure and start the necessary resources on AWS:
Fusing Image for myapp-1.0.jar ... Image fused in 00:06.838s (53937 K) -> axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 Creating axelfontaine/myapp ... Pushing axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ... Verifying axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ... Creating Elastic IP ... Mapping myapp-axelfontaine.boxfuse.io to 52.28.233.167 ... Waiting for AWS to create an AMI for axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 in eu-central-1 (this may take up to 50 seconds) ... AMI created in 00:23.557s -> ami-d23f38cf Creating security group boxfuse-sg_axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 ... Launching t2.micro instance of axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 (ami-d23f38cf) in eu-central-1 ... Instance launched in 00:30.306s -> i-92ef9f53 Waiting for AWS to boot Instance i-92ef9f53 and Payload to start at http://52.28.235.61/ ... Payload started in 00:29.266s -> http://52.28.235.61/ Remapping Elastic IP 52.28.233.167 to i-92ef9f53 ... Waiting 15s for AWS to complete Elastic IP Zero Downtime transition ... Deployment completed successfully. axelfontaine/myapp:1.0 is up and running at http://myapp-axelfontaine.boxfuse.io/
Your application should now be up and running on AWS.
There’s a blog on deploying Spring Boot apps on EC2 as well as documentation for the Boxfuse Spring Boot integration on their website that will get you started with a Maven build to run the app.
Google Cloud has several options that could be used to launch Spring Boot applications. The easiest to get started with is probably App Engine, but you could also find ways to run Spring Boot in a container with Container Engine, or on a virtual machine using Compute Engine.
To run in App Engine you can create a project in the UI first, which sets up a unique identifier for you and also HTTP routes. Add a Java app to the project and leave it empty, then use the Google Cloud SDK to push your Spring Boot app into that slot from the command line or CI build.
App Engine needs you to create an app.yaml
file to describe the resources your app
requires. Normally you put this in src/main/appengine
, and it looks something like this:
service: default runtime: java env: flex runtime_config: jdk: openjdk8 handlers: - url: /.* script: this field is required, but ignored manual_scaling: instances: 1 health_check: enable_health_check: False env_variables: ENCRYPT_KEY: your_encryption_key_here
You can deploy the app, for example, with a Maven plugin by simply adding the project ID to the build configuration:
<plugin> <groupId>com.google.cloud.tools</groupId> <artifactId>appengine-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.3.0</version> <configuration> <project>myproject</project> </configuration> </plugin>
Then deploy with mvn appengine:deploy
(if you need to authenticate first the build will
fail).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Google App Engine Classic is tied to the Servlet 2.5 API, so you can’t deploy a Spring Application there without some modifications. See the Servlet 2.5 section of this guide. |
In additional to running Spring Boot applications using java -jar
it is also possible
to make fully executable applications for Unix systems. A fully executable jar can be
executed like any other executable binary or it can be registered
with init.d
or systemd
. This makes it very easy to install and manage Spring Boot
applications in common production environments.
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
Fully executable jars work by embedding an extra script at the front of the
file. Currently, some tools do not accept this format so you may not always be able to
use this technique. For example, |
To create a ‘fully executable’ jar with Maven use the following plugin configuration:
<plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <executable>true</executable> </configuration> </plugin>
With Gradle, the equivalent configuration is:
springBoot { executable = true }
You can then run your application by typing ./my-application.jar
(where
my-application
is the name of your artifact). The directory containing the
jar will be used as your application’s working directory.
The default script supports most Linux distributions and is tested on CentOS and
Ubuntu. Other platforms, such as OS X and FreeBSD, will require the use of a custom
embeddedLaunchScript
.
Spring Boot application can be easily started as Unix/Linux services using either init.d
or systemd
.
If you’ve configured Spring Boot’s Maven or Gradle plugin to generate a
fully executable jar, and you’re not using a custom
embeddedLaunchScript
, then your application can be used as an init.d
service. Simply
symlink the jar to init.d
to support the standard start
, stop
, restart
and
status
commands.
The script supports the following features:
/var/run/<appname>/<appname>.pid
/var/log/<appname>.log
Assuming that you have a Spring Boot application installed in /var/myapp
, to install a
Spring Boot application as an init.d
service simply create a symlink:
$ sudo ln -s /var/myapp/myapp.jar /etc/init.d/myapp
Once installed, you can start and stop the service in the usual way. For example, on a Debian based system:
$ service myapp start
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If your application fails to start, check the log file written to
|
You can also flag the application to start automatically using your standard operating system tools. For example, on Debian:
$ update-rc.d myapp defaults <priority>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The following is a set of guidelines on how to secure a Spring Boot application that’s being run as an init.d service. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list of everything that should be done to harden an application and the environment in which it runs. |
When executed as root, as is the case when root is being used to start an init.d service,
the default executable script will run the application as the user which owns the jar
file. You should never run a Spring Boot application as root
so your application’s jar
file should never be owned by root. Instead, create a specific user to run your
application and use chown
to make it the owner of the jar file. For example:
$ chown bootapp:bootapp your-app.jar
In this case, the default executable script will run the application as the bootapp
user.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
To reduce the chances of the application’s user account being compromised, you should
consider preventing it from using a login shell. Set the account’s shell to
|
You should also take steps to prevent the modification of your application’s jar file. Firstly, configure its permissions so that it cannot be written and can only be read or executed by its owner:
$ chmod 500 your-app.jar
Secondly, you should also take steps to limit the damage if your application or the
account that’s running it is compromised. If an attacker does gain access, they could make
the jar file writable and change its contents. One way to protect against this is to make
it immutable using chattr
:
$ sudo chattr +i your-app.jar
This will prevent any user, including root, from modifying the jar.
If root is used to control the application’s service and you
use a .conf
file to customize its
startup, the .conf
file will be read and evaluated by the root user. It should be
secured accordingly. Use chmod
so that the file can only be read by the owner and use
chown
to make root the owner:
$ chmod 400 your-app.conf $ sudo chown root:root your-app.conf
Systemd is the successor of the System V init system, and is now being used by many modern
Linux distributions. Although you can continue to use init.d
scripts with systemd
, it
is also possible to launch Spring Boot applications using systemd
‘service’ scripts.
Assuming that you have a Spring Boot application installed in /var/myapp
, to install a
Spring Boot application as a systemd
service create a script named myapp.service
using
the following example and place it in /etc/systemd/system
directory:
[Unit] Description=myapp After=syslog.target [Service] User=myapp ExecStart=/var/myapp/myapp.jar SuccessExitStatus=143 [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Remember to change the |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Note that |
Note that unlike when running as an init.d
service, user that runs the application, PID
file and console log file are managed by systemd
itself and therefore must be configured
using appropriate fields in ‘service’ script. Consult the
service unit
configuration man page for more details.
To flag the application to start automatically on system boot use the following command:
$ systemctl enable myapp.service
Refer to man systemctl
for more details.
The default embedded startup script written by the Maven or Gradle plugin can be
customized in a number of ways. For most people, using the default script along with
a few customizations is usually enough. If you find you can’t customize something that
you need to, you can always use the embeddedLaunchScript
option to write your own
file entirely.
It often makes sense to customize elements of the start script as it’s written into the jar file. For example, init.d scripts can provide a “description” and, since you know this up front (and it won’t change), you may as well provide it when the jar is generated.
To customize written elements, use the embeddedLaunchScriptProperties
option of the
Spring Boot Maven or Gradle plugins.
The following property substitutions are supported with the default script:
Name | Description |
---|---|
| The script mode. Defaults to |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The |
| The default value for |
| The default value for |
| The default value for |
| The default value for |
| The default value for the name of the pid file in |
| If the |
| The default value for |
For items of the script that need to be customized after the jar has been written you can use environment variables or a config file.
The following environment properties are supported with the default script:
Variable | Description |
---|---|
| The “mode” of operation. The default depends on the way the jar was built, but will
usually be |
| If the |
| The root name of the pid folder ( |
| The name of the folder to put log files in ( |
| The name of the folder to read .conf files from (same folder as jar-file by default). |
| The name of the log file in the |
| The name of the app. If the jar is run from a symlink the script guesses the app name, but if it is not a symlink, or you want to explicitly set the app name this can be useful. |
| The arguments to pass to the program (the Spring Boot app). |
| The location of the |
| Options that are passed to the JVM when it is launched. |
| The explicit location of the jar file, in case the script is being used to launch a jar that it is not actually embedded in. |
| if not empty will set the |
| The time in seconds to wait when stopping the application before forcing a shutdown
( |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The |
With the exception of JARFILE
and APP_NAME
, the above settings can be configured using
a .conf
file. The file is expected next to the jar file and have the same name but
suffixed with .conf
rather than .jar
. For example, a jar named /var/myapp/myapp.jar
will use the configuration file named /var/myapp/myapp.conf
.
myapp.conf.
JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024M LOG_FOLDER=/custom/log/folder
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
You can use a |
To learn about securing this file appropriately, please refer to the guidelines for securing an init.d service.
Spring Boot application can be started as Windows service using
winsw
.
A sample maintained separately to the core of Spring Boot describes step-by-step how you can create a Windows service for your Spring Boot application.
Check out the Cloud Foundry, Heroku, OpenShift and Boxfuse web sites for more information about the kinds of features that a PaaS can offer. These are just four of the most popular Java PaaS providers, since Spring Boot is so amenable to cloud-based deployment you’re free to consider other providers as well.
The next section goes on to cover the Spring Boot CLI; or you can jump ahead to read about build tool plugins.
The Spring Boot CLI is a command line tool that can be used if you want to quickly develop with Spring. It allows you to run Groovy scripts, which means that you have a familiar Java-like syntax, without so much boilerplate code. You can also bootstrap a new project or write your own command for it.
The Spring Boot CLI can be installed manually; using SDKMAN! (the SDK Manager) or using Homebrew or MacPorts if you are an OSX user. See Section 10.2, “Installing the Spring Boot CLI” in the “Getting started” section for comprehensive installation instructions.
Once you have installed the CLI you can run it by typing spring
. If you run spring
without any arguments, a simple help screen is displayed:
$ spring
usage: spring [--help] [--version]
<command> [<args>]
Available commands are:
run [options] <files> [--] [args]
Run a spring groovy script
... more command help is shown here
You can use help
to get more details about any of the supported commands. For example:
$ spring help run spring run - Run a spring groovy script usage: spring run [options] <files> [--] [args] Option Description ------ ----------- --autoconfigure [Boolean] Add autoconfigure compiler transformations (default: true) --classpath, -cp Additional classpath entries -e, --edit Open the file with the default system editor --no-guess-dependencies Do not attempt to guess dependencies --no-guess-imports Do not attempt to guess imports -q, --quiet Quiet logging -v, --verbose Verbose logging of dependency resolution --watch Watch the specified file for changes
The version
command provides a quick way to check which version of Spring Boot you are
using.
$ spring version Spring CLI v1.5.14.RELEASE
You can compile and run Groovy source code using the run
command. The Spring Boot CLI
is completely self-contained so you don’t need any external Groovy installation.
Here is an example “hello world” web application written in Groovy:
hello.groovy.
@RestController class WebApplication { @RequestMapping("/") String home() { "Hello World!" } }
To compile and run the application type:
$ spring run hello.groovy
To pass command line arguments to the application, you need to use a --
to separate
them from the “spring” command arguments, e.g.
$ spring run hello.groovy -- --server.port=9000
To set JVM command line arguments you can use the JAVA_OPTS
environment variable, e.g.
$ JAVA_OPTS=-Xmx1024m spring run hello.groovy
![]() | Note |
---|---|
When setting |
Standard Groovy includes a @Grab
annotation which allows you to declare dependencies
on a third-party libraries. This useful technique allows Groovy to download jars in the
same way as Maven or Gradle would, but without requiring you to use a build tool.
Spring Boot extends this technique further, and will attempt to deduce which libraries
to “grab” based on your code. For example, since the WebApplication
code above uses
@RestController
annotations, “Tomcat” and “Spring MVC” will be grabbed.
The following items are used as “grab hints”:
Items | Grabs |
---|---|
| JDBC Application. |
| JMS Application. |
| Caching abstraction. |
| JUnit. |
| RabbitMQ. |
| Project Reactor. |
extends | Spock test. |
| Spring Batch. |
| Spring Integration. |
| Spring Mobile. |
| Spring MVC + Embedded Tomcat. |
| Spring Security. |
| Spring Transaction Management. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See subclasses of
|
Spring Boot extends Groovy’s standard @Grab
support by allowing you to specify a dependency
without a group or version, for example @Grab('freemarker')
. This will consult Spring Boot’s
default dependency metadata to deduce the artifact’s group and version. Note that the default
metadata is tied to the version of the CLI that you’re using – it will only change when you move
to a new version of the CLI, putting you in control of when the versions of your dependencies
may change. A table showing the dependencies and their versions that are included in the default
metadata can be found in the appendix.
To help reduce the size of your Groovy code, several import
statements are
automatically included. Notice how the example above refers to @Component
,
@RestController
and @RequestMapping
without needing to use
fully-qualified names or import
statements.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Many Spring annotations will work without using |
Unlike the equivalent Java application, you do not need to include a
public static void main(String[] args)
method with your Groovy
scripts. A
SpringApplication
is automatically created, with your compiled code acting as the
source
.
By default, the CLI uses the dependency management declared in spring-boot-dependencies
when resolving @Grab
dependencies. Additional dependency management, that will override
the default dependency management, can be configured using the @DependencyManagementBom
annotation. The annotation’s value should specify the coordinates
(groupId:artifactId:version
) of one or more Maven BOMs.
For example, the following declaration:
@DependencyManagementBom("com.example.custom-bom:1.0.0")
Will pick up custom-bom-1.0.0.pom
in a Maven repository under
com/example/custom-versions/1.0.0/
.
When multiple BOMs are specified they are applied in the order that they’re declared. For example:
@DependencyManagementBom(["com.example.custom-bom:1.0.0", "com.example.another-bom:1.0.0"])
indicates that dependency management in another-bom
will override the dependency
management in custom-bom
.
You can use @DependencyManagementBom
anywhere that you can use @Grab
, however, to
ensure consistent ordering of the dependency management, you can only use
@DependencyManagementBom
at most once in your application. A useful source of
dependency management (that is a superset of Spring Boot’s dependency management) is the
Spring IO Platform, e.g.
@DependencyManagementBom('io.spring.platform:platform-bom:1.1.2.RELEASE')
.
The test
command allows you to compile and run tests for your application. Typical
usage looks like this:
$ spring test app.groovy tests.groovy Total: 1, Success: 1, : Failures: 0 Passed? true
In this example, tests.groovy
contains JUnit @Test
methods or Spock Specification
classes. All the common framework annotations and static methods should be available to
you without having to import
them.
Here is the tests.groovy
file that we used above (with a JUnit test):
class ApplicationTests { @Test void homeSaysHello() { assertEquals("Hello World!", new WebApplication().home()) } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you have more than one test source files, you might prefer to organize them
into a |
You can use “shell globbing” with all commands that accept file input. This allows you to easily use multiple files from a single directory, e.g.
$ spring run *.groovy
This technique can also be useful if you want to segregate your “test” or “spec” code from the main application code:
$ spring test app/*.groovy test/*.groovy
You can use the jar
command to package your application into a self-contained
executable jar file. For example:
$ spring jar my-app.jar *.groovy
The resulting jar will contain the classes produced by compiling the application and all
of the application’s dependencies so that it can then be run using java -jar
. The jar
file will also contain entries from the application’s classpath. You can add explicit
paths to the jar using --include
and --exclude
(both are comma-separated, and both
accept prefixes to the values “+” and “-” to signify that they should be removed from
the defaults). The default includes are
public/**, resources/**, static/**, templates/**, META-INF/**, *
and the default excludes are
.*, repository/**, build/**, target/**, **/*.jar, **/*.groovy
See the output of spring help jar
for more information.
The init
command allows you to create a new project using start.spring.io
without leaving the shell. For example:
$ spring init --dependencies=web,data-jpa my-project Using service at https://start.spring.io Project extracted to '/Users/developer/example/my-project'
This creates a my-project
directory with a Maven-based project using
spring-boot-starter-web
and spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
. You can list the
capabilities of the service using the --list
flag
$ spring init --list ======================================= Capabilities of https://start.spring.io ======================================= Available dependencies: ----------------------- actuator - Actuator: Production ready features to help you monitor and manage your application ... web - Web: Support for full-stack web development, including Tomcat and spring-webmvc websocket - Websocket: Support for WebSocket development ws - WS: Support for Spring Web Services Available project types: ------------------------ gradle-build - Gradle Config [format:build, build:gradle] gradle-project - Gradle Project [format:project, build:gradle] maven-build - Maven POM [format:build, build:maven] maven-project - Maven Project [format:project, build:maven] (default) ...
The init
command supports many options, check the help
output for more details. For
instance, the following command creates a gradle project using Java 8 and war
packaging:
$ spring init --build=gradle --java-version=1.8 --dependencies=websocket --packaging=war sample-app.zip Using service at https://start.spring.io Content saved to 'sample-app.zip'
Spring Boot includes command-line completion scripts for BASH and zsh shells. If you
don’t use either of these shells (perhaps you are a Windows user) then you can use the
shell
command to launch an integrated shell.
$ spring shell
Spring Boot (v1.5.14.RELEASE)
Hit TAB to complete. Type \'help' and hit RETURN for help, and \'exit' to quit.
From inside the embedded shell you can run other commands directly:
$ version Spring CLI v1.5.14.RELEASE
The embedded shell supports ANSI color output as well as tab
completion. If you need
to run a native command you can use the !
prefix. Hitting ctrl-c
will exit the
embedded shell.
You can add extensions to the CLI using the install
command. The command takes one
or more sets of artifact coordinates in the format group:artifact:version
. For example:
$ spring install com.example:spring-boot-cli-extension:1.0.0.RELEASE
In addition to installing the artifacts identified by the coordinates you supply, all of the artifacts' dependencies will also be installed.
To uninstall a dependency use the uninstall
command. As with the install
command, it
takes one or more sets of artifact coordinates in the format group:artifact:version
.
For example:
$ spring uninstall com.example:spring-boot-cli-extension:1.0.0.RELEASE
It will uninstall the artifacts identified by the coordinates you supply and their dependencies.
To uninstall all additional dependencies you can use the --all
option. For example:
$ spring uninstall --all
Spring Framework 4.0 has native support for a beans{}
“DSL” (borrowed from
Grails), and you can embed bean definitions in your Groovy
application scripts using the same format. This is sometimes a good way to include
external features like middleware declarations. For example:
@Configuration class Application implements CommandLineRunner { @Autowired SharedService service @Override void run(String... args) { println service.message } } import my.company.SharedService beans { service(SharedService) { message = "Hello World" } }
You can mix class declarations with beans{}
in the same file as long as they stay at
the top level, or you can put the beans DSL in a separate file if you prefer.
The Spring Boot CLI uses Aether, Maven’s dependency resolution engine, to resolve
dependencies. The CLI makes use of the Maven configuration found in ~/.m2/settings.xml
to configure Aether. The following configuration settings are honored by the CLI:
Profiles
Please refer to Maven’s settings documentation for further information.
There are some sample groovy scripts available from the GitHub repository that you can use to try out the Spring Boot CLI. There is also extensive Javadoc throughout the source code.
If you find that you reach the limit of the CLI tool, you will probably want to look at converting your application to full Gradle or Maven built “groovy project”. The next section covers Spring Boot’s Build tool plugins that you can use with Gradle or Maven.
Spring Boot provides build tool plugins for Maven and Gradle. The plugins offer a variety of features, including the packaging of executable jars. This section provides more details on both plugins, as well as some help should you need to extend an unsupported build system. If you are just getting started, you might want to read “Chapter 13, Build systems” from the Part III, “Using Spring Boot” section first.
The Spring Boot Maven Plugin provides Spring Boot support in Maven, allowing you to package executable jar or war archives and run an application “in-place”. To use it you must be using Maven 3.2 (or better).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Refer to the Spring Boot Maven Plugin Site for complete plugin documentation. |
To use the Spring Boot Maven Plugin simply include the appropriate XML in the plugins
section of your pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <!-- ... --> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> <executions> <execution> <goals> <goal>repackage</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
This configuration will repackage a jar or war that is built during the package
phase of
the Maven lifecycle. The following example shows both the repackaged jar, as well as the
original jar, in the target
directory:
$ mvn package $ ls target/*.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar.original
If you don’t include the <execution/>
configuration as above, you can run the plugin on
its own (but only if the package goal is used as well). For example:
$ mvn package spring-boot:repackage $ ls target/*.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar target/myproject-1.0.0.jar.original
If you are using a milestone or snapshot release you will also need to add appropriate
pluginRepository
elements:
<pluginRepositories> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-snapshots</id> <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url> </pluginRepository> <pluginRepository> <id>spring-milestones</id> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> </pluginRepository> </pluginRepositories>
Once spring-boot-maven-plugin
has been included in your pom.xml
it will automatically
attempt to rewrite archives to make them executable using the spring-boot:repackage
goal. You should configure your project to build a jar or war (as appropriate) using the
usual packaging
element:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <!-- ... --> <packaging>jar</packaging> <!-- ... --> </project>
Your existing archive will be enhanced by Spring Boot during the package
phase. The
main class that you want to launch can either be specified using a configuration option,
or by adding a Main-Class
attribute to the manifest in the usual way. If you don’t
specify a main class the plugin will search for a class with a
public static void main(String[] args)
method.
To build and run a project artifact, you can type the following:
$ mvn package $ java -jar target/mymodule-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
To build a war file that is both executable and deployable into an external container you need to mark the embedded container dependencies as “provided”, e.g:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <!-- ... --> <packaging>war</packaging> <!-- ... --> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> <scope>provided</scope> </dependency> <!-- ... --> </dependencies> </project>
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See the “Section 86.1, “Create a deployable war file”” section for more details on how to create a deployable war file. |
Advanced configuration options and examples are available in the plugin info page.
The Spring Boot Gradle Plugin provides Spring Boot support in Gradle, allowing you to
package executable jar or war archives, run Spring Boot applications and use the
dependency management provided by spring-boot-dependencies
.
To use the Spring Boot Gradle Plugin configure it using the plugins
block:
plugins { id 'org.springframework.boot' version '1.5.14.RELEASE' }
The spring-boot
plugin automatically applies the
Dependency Management Plugin and configures it to import
the spring-boot-starter-parent
bom. This provides a similar dependency management
experience to the one that is enjoyed by Maven users. For example, it allows you to omit
version numbers when declaring dependencies that are managed in the bom. To make use of
this functionality, simply declare dependencies in the usual way, but leave the version
number empty:
dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web") compile("org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring4") compile("nz.net.ultraq.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-layout-dialect") }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The version of the |
To learn more about the capabilities of the Dependency Management Plugin, please refer to its documentation.
Once the spring-boot
plugin has been applied to your project it will automatically
attempt to rewrite archives to make them executable using the
bootRepackage
task. You
should configure your project to build a jar or war (as appropriate) in the usual way.
The main class that you want to launch can either be specified using a configuration
option, or by adding a Main-Class
attribute to the manifest. If you don’t specify a
main class the plugin will search for a class with a
public static void main(String[] args)
method.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check Section 67.6, “Repackage configuration” for a full list of configuration options. |
To build and run a project artifact, you can type the following:
$ gradle build $ java -jar build/libs/mymodule-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
To build a war file that is both executable and deployable into an external container,
you need to mark the embedded container dependencies as belonging to the war plugin’s
providedRuntime
configuration, e.g.:
... apply plugin: 'war' war { baseName = 'myapp' version = '0.5.0' } repositories { jcenter() maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot" } } dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web") providedRuntime("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat") ... }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
See the “Section 86.1, “Create a deployable war file”” section for more details on how to create a deployable war file. |
To run a project in place without building a jar first you can use the “bootRun” task:
$ gradle bootRun
If devtools
has been added to your project
it will automatically monitor your application for changes. Alternatively, you can also
run the application so that your static classpath resources (i.e. in src/main/resources
by default) are reloadable in the live application, which can be helpful at development
time.
bootRun { addResources = true }
Making static classpath resources reloadable means that bootRun
does not use the output
of the processResources
task, i.e., when invoked using bootRun
, your application will
use the resources in their unprocessed form.
The gradle plugin automatically extends your build script DSL with a springBoot
element
for global configuration of the Boot plugin. Set the appropriate properties as you would
with any other Gradle extension (see below for a list of configuration options):
springBoot { backupSource = false }
The plugin adds a bootRepackage
task which you can also configure directly, e.g.:
bootRepackage {
mainClass = 'demo.Application'
}
The following configuration options are available:
Name | Description |
---|---|
| Boolean flag to switch the repackager off (sometimes useful if you want the other Boot features but not this one) |
| The main class that should be run. If not specified, and you have applied the application
plugin, the |
| A file name segment (before the extension) to add to the archive, so that the original is
preserved in its original location. Defaults to |
| The name or value of the |
| The name of the custom configuration which is used to populate the nested lib directory (without specifying this you get all compile and runtime dependencies). |
| Boolean flag to indicate if jar files are fully executable on Unix like operating
systems. Defaults to |
| The embedded launch script to prepend to the front of the jar if it is fully executable. If not specified the 'Spring Boot' default script will be used. |
| Additional properties that to be expanded in the launch script. The default script
supports a |
| Boolean flag to indicate if the devtools jar should be excluded from the repackaged
archives. Defaults to |
Sometimes it may be more appropriate to not package default dependencies resolved from
compile
, runtime
and provided
scopes. If the created executable jar file
is intended to be run as it is, you need to have all dependencies nested inside it;
however, if the plan is to explode a jar file and run the main class manually, you may already
have some of the libraries available via CLASSPATH
. This is a situation where
you can repackage your jar with a different set of dependencies.
Using a custom
configuration will automatically disable dependency resolving from
compile
, runtime
and provided
scopes. Custom configuration can be either
defined globally (inside the springBoot
section) or per task.
task clientJar(type: Jar) { appendix = 'client' from sourceSets.main.output exclude('**/*Something*') } task clientBoot(type: BootRepackage, dependsOn: clientJar) { withJarTask = clientJar customConfiguration = "mycustomconfiguration" }
In above example, we created a new clientJar
Jar task to package a customized
file set from your compiled sources. Then we created a new clientBoot
BootRepackage task and instructed it to work with only clientJar
task and
mycustomconfiguration
.
configurations {
mycustomconfiguration.exclude group: 'log4j'
}
dependencies {
mycustomconfiguration configurations.runtime
}
The configuration that we are referring to in BootRepackage
is a normal
Gradle
configuration. In the above example we created a new configuration named
mycustomconfiguration
instructing it to derive from a runtime
and exclude the log4j
group. If the clientBoot
task is executed, the repackaged boot jar will have all
dependencies from runtime
but no log4j
jars.
The following configuration options are available:
Name | Description |
---|---|
| The main class that should be run by the executable archive. |
| The name of the provided configuration (defaults to |
| If the original source archive should be backed-up before being repackaged (defaults
to |
| The name of the custom configuration. |
| The type of archive, corresponding to how the dependencies are laid out inside (defaults to a guess based on the archive type). See available layouts for more details. |
| A layout factory that can be used if a custom layout is required. Alternative layouts
can be provided by 3rd parties. Layout factories are only used when |
| A list of dependencies (in the form “groupId:artifactId” that must be unpacked from fat jars in order to run. Items are still packaged into the fat jar, but they will be automatically unpacked when it runs. |
The layout
attribute configures the format of the archive and whether the bootstrap
loader should be included or not. The following layouts are available:
Name | Description | Executable |
---|---|---|
| Regular executable JAR layout. | Yes |
| Executable
WAR layout.
| Yes |
| Similar to | Yes |
| Bundle dependencies (excluding those with | No |
| Bundle all dependencies and project resources. | No |
If you have custom requirements for how to arrange the dependencies and loader classes
inside the repackaged jar, you can use a custom layout. Any library which defines one
or more LayoutFactory
implementations can be added to the build script dependencies
and then the layout factory becomes available in the springBoot
configuration.
For example:
buildscript { repositories { mavenCentral() } dependencies { classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.5.14.RELEASE") classpath("com.example:custom-layout:1.0.0") } } springBoot { layoutFactory = new com.example.CustomLayoutFactory() }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If there is only one custom |
When spring-boot
is applied to your Gradle project a default task named bootRepackage
is created automatically. The bootRepackage
task depends on Gradle assemble
task, and
when executed, it tries to find all jar artifacts whose qualifier is empty (i.e. tests and
sources jars are automatically skipped).
Due to the fact that bootRepackage
finds 'all' created jar artifacts, the order of
Gradle task execution is important. Most projects only create a single jar file, so
usually this is not an issue; however, if you are planning to create a more complex
project setup, with custom Jar
and BootRepackage
tasks, there are few tweaks to
consider.
If you are 'just' creating custom jar files from your project you can simply disable
default jar
and bootRepackage
tasks:
jar.enabled = false bootRepackage.enabled = false
Another option is to instruct the default bootRepackage
task to only work with a
default jar
task.
bootRepackage.withJarTask = jar
If you have a default project setup where the main jar file is created and repackaged,
'and' you still want to create additional custom jars, you can combine your custom
repackage tasks together and use dependsOn
so that the bootJars
task will run after
the default bootRepackage
task is executed:
task bootJars bootJars.dependsOn = [clientBoot1,clientBoot2,clientBoot3] build.dependsOn(bootJars)
All the above tweaks are usually used to avoid situations where an already created boot jar is repackaged again. Repackaging an existing boot jar will not break anything, but you may find that it includes unnecessary dependencies.
If you are declaring
dependencies without versions and you want to publish artifacts to a Maven repository
you will need to configure the Maven publication with details of Spring Boot’s
dependency management. This can be achieved by configuring it to publish poms that
inherit from spring-boot-starter-parent
or that import dependency management from
spring-boot-dependencies
. The exact details of this configuration depend on how you’re
using Gradle and how you’re trying to publish the artifacts.
The following is an example of configuring Gradle to generate a pom that inherits
from spring-boot-starter-parent
. Please refer to the
Gradle User Guide for further information.
uploadArchives { repositories { mavenDeployer { pom { project { parent { groupId "org.springframework.boot" artifactId "spring-boot-starter-parent" version "1.5.14.RELEASE" } } } } } }
The following is an example of configuring Gradle to generate a pom that imports
the dependency management provided by spring-boot-dependencies
. Please refer to the
Gradle User Guide for
further information.
uploadArchives { repositories { mavenDeployer { pom { project { dependencyManagement { dependencies { dependency { groupId "org.springframework.boot" artifactId "spring-boot-dependencies" version "1.5.14.RELEASE" type "pom" scope "import" } } } } } } } }
The Spring Boot AntLib module provides basic Spring Boot support for Apache Ant. You can
use the module to create executable jars. To use the module you need to declare an
additional spring-boot
namespace in your build.xml
:
<project xmlns:ivy="antlib:org.apache.ivy.ant" xmlns:spring-boot="antlib:org.springframework.boot.ant" name="myapp" default="build"> ... </project>
You’ll need to remember to start Ant using the -lib
option, for example:
$ ant -lib <folder containing spring-boot-antlib-1.5.14.RELEASE.jar>
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The “Using Spring Boot” section includes a more complete example of
using Apache Ant with |
Once the spring-boot-antlib
namespace has been declared, the following additional
tasks are available.
The exejar
task can be used to creates a Spring Boot executable jar. The following
attributes are supported by the task:
Attribute | Description | Required |
---|---|---|
| The destination jar file to create | Yes |
| The root directory of Java class files | Yes |
| The main application class to run | No (default is first class found declaring a |
The following nested elements can be used with the task:
Element | Description |
---|---|
| One or more Resource Collections describing a set of Resources that should be added to the content of the created jar file. |
| One or more Resource Collections that should be added to the set of jar libraries that make up the runtime dependency classpath of the application. |
Specify start-class.
<spring-boot:exejar destfile="target/my-application.jar" classes="target/classes" start-class="com.foo.MyApplication"> <resources> <fileset dir="src/main/resources" /> </resources> <lib> <fileset dir="lib" /> </lib> </spring-boot:exejar>
Detect start-class.
<exejar destfile="target/my-application.jar" classes="target/classes"> <lib> <fileset dir="lib" /> </lib> </exejar>
The findmainclass
task is used internally by exejar
to locate a class declaring a
main
. You can also use this task directly in your build if needed. The following
attributes are supported
Attribute | Description | Required |
---|---|---|
| The root directory of Java class files | Yes (unless |
| Can be used to short-circuit the | No |
| The Ant property that should be set with the result | No (result will be logged if unspecified) |
If you want to use a build tool other than Maven, Gradle or Ant, you will likely need to develop your own plugin. Executable jars need to follow a specific format and certain entries need to be written in an uncompressed form (see the executable jar format section in the appendix for details).
The Spring Boot Maven and Gradle plugins both make use of spring-boot-loader-tools
to
actually generate jars. You are also free to use this library directly yourself if you
need to.
To repackage an existing archive so that it becomes a self-contained executable archive
use org.springframework.boot.loader.tools.Repackager
. The Repackager
class takes a
single constructor argument that refers to an existing jar or war archive. Use one of the
two available repackage()
methods to either replace the original file or write to a new
destination. Various settings can also be configured on the repackager before it is
run.
When repackaging an archive you can include references to dependency files using the
org.springframework.boot.loader.tools.Libraries
interface. We don’t provide any
concrete implementations of Libraries
here as they are usually build system specific.
If your archive already includes libraries you can use Libraries.NONE
.
If you don’t use Repackager.setMainClass()
to specify a main class, the repackager will
use ASM to read class files and attempt to find a suitable class
with a public static void main(String[] args)
method. An exception is thrown if more
than one candidate is found.
Here is a typical example repackage:
Repackager repackager = new Repackager(sourceJarFile); repackager.setBackupSource(false); repackager.repackage(new Libraries() { @Override public void doWithLibraries(LibraryCallback callback) throws IOException { // Build system specific implementation, callback for each dependency // callback.library(new Library(nestedFile, LibraryScope.COMPILE)); } });
If you’re interested in how the build tool plugins work you can
look at the spring-boot-tools
module on GitHub. More
technical details of the executable
jar format are covered in the appendix.
If you have specific build-related questions you can check out the “how-to” guides.
This section provides answers to some common ‘how do I do that…’ type of questions that often arise when using Spring Boot. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it does cover quite a lot.
If you are having a specific problem that we don’t cover here, you might want to check out
stackoverflow.com to see if someone has
already provided an answer; this is also a great place to ask new questions (please use
the spring-boot
tag).
We’re also more than happy to extend this section; If you want to add a ‘how-to’ you can send us a pull request.
FailureAnalyzer
is a great way
to intercept an exception on startup and turn it into a human-readable message, wrapped
into a FailureAnalysis
. Spring
Boot provides such analyzer for application context related exceptions, JSR-303
validations and more. It is actually very easy to create your own.
AbstractFailureAnalyzer
is a convenient extension of FailureAnalyzer
that checks the
presence of a specified exception type in the exception to handle. You can extend from
that so that your implementation gets a chance to handle the exception only when it is
actually present. If for whatever reason you can’t handle the exception, return null
to give another implementation a chance to handle the exception.
FailureAnalyzer
implementations are to be registered in a META-INF/spring.factories
:
the following registers ProjectConstraintViolationFailureAnalyzer
:
org.springframework.boot.diagnostics.FailureAnalyzer=\
com.example.ProjectConstraintViolationFailureAnalyzer
The Spring Boot auto-configuration tries its best to ‘do the right thing’, but sometimes things fail and it can be hard to tell why.
There is a really useful ConditionEvaluationReport
available in any Spring Boot
ApplicationContext
. You will see it if you enable DEBUG
logging output. If you use
the spring-boot-actuator
there is also an autoconfig
endpoint that renders the report
in JSON. Use that to debug the application and see what features have been added (and
which not) by Spring Boot at runtime.
Many more questions can be answered by looking at the source code and the Javadoc. Some rules of thumb:
*AutoConfiguration
and read their sources, in particular the
@Conditional*
annotations to find out what features they enable and when. Add
--debug
to the command line or a System property -Ddebug
to get a log on the
console of all the auto-configuration decisions that were made in your app. In a running
Actuator app look at the autoconfig
endpoint (‘/autoconfig’ or the JMX equivalent) for
the same information.@ConfigurationProperties
(e.g.
ServerProperties
)
and read from there the available external configuration options. The
@ConfigurationProperties
has a name
attribute which acts as a prefix to external
properties, thus ServerProperties
has prefix="server"
and its configuration properties
are server.port
, server.address
etc. In a running Actuator app look at the
configprops
endpoint.RelaxedPropertyResolver
to pull configuration values explicitly out of the
Environment
. It often is used with a prefix.@Value
annotations that bind directly to the Environment
. This is less
flexible than the RelaxedPropertyResolver
approach, but does allow some relaxed binding,
specifically for OS environment variables (so CAPITALS_AND_UNDERSCORES
are synonyms
for period.separated
).@ConditionalOnExpression
annotations that switch features on and off in
response to SpEL expressions, normally evaluated with placeholders resolved from the
Environment
.A SpringApplication
has ApplicationListeners
and ApplicationContextInitializers
that
are used to apply customizations to the context or environment. Spring Boot loads a number
of such customizations for use internally from META-INF/spring.factories
. There is more
than one way to register additional ones:
addListeners
and addInitializers
methods on SpringApplication
before you run it.context.initializer.classes
or
context.listener.classes
.META-INF/spring.factories
and packaging
a jar file that the applications all use as a library.The SpringApplication
sends some special ApplicationEvents
to the listeners (even
some before the context is created), and then registers the listeners for events published
by the ApplicationContext
as well. See
Section 23.5, “Application events and listeners” in the
‘Spring Boot features’ section for a complete list.
It is also possible to customize the Environment
before the application context is
refreshed using EnvironmentPostProcessor
. Each implementation should be registered in
META-INF/spring.factories
:
org.springframework.boot.env.EnvironmentPostProcessor=com.example.YourEnvironmentPostProcessor
The implementation can load arbitrary files and add them to the Environment
. For
instance, this example loads a YAML configuration file from the classpath:
public class EnvironmentPostProcessorExample implements EnvironmentPostProcessor { private final YamlPropertySourceLoader loader = new YamlPropertySourceLoader(); @Override public void postProcessEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment environment, SpringApplication application) { Resource path = new ClassPathResource("com/example/myapp/config.yml"); PropertySource<?> propertySource = loadYaml(path); environment.getPropertySources().addLast(propertySource); } private PropertySource<?> loadYaml(Resource path) { if (!path.exists()) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Resource " + path + " does not exist"); } try { return this.loader.load("custom-resource", path, null); } catch (IOException ex) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Failed to load yaml configuration from " + path, ex); } } }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
While using |
You can use the ApplicationBuilder
class to create parent/child ApplicationContext
hierarchies. See Section 23.4, “Fluent builder API”
in the ‘Spring Boot features’ section for more information.
Not all Spring applications have to be web applications (or web services). If you want to
execute some code in a main
method, but also bootstrap a Spring application to set up
the infrastructure to use, then it’s easy with the SpringApplication
features of Spring
Boot. A SpringApplication
changes its ApplicationContext
class depending on whether it
thinks it needs a web application or not. The first thing you can do to help it is to just
leave the servlet API dependencies off the classpath. If you can’t do that (e.g. you are
running 2 applications from the same code base) then you can explicitly call
setWebEnvironment(false)
on your SpringApplication
instance, or set the
applicationContextClass
property (through the Java API or with external properties).
Application code that you want to run as your business logic can be implemented as a
CommandLineRunner
and dropped into the context as a @Bean
definition.
Rather than hardcoding some properties that are also specified in your project’s build configuration, you can automatically expand them using the existing build configuration instead. This is possible in both Maven and Gradle.
You can automatically expand properties from the Maven project using resource
filtering. If you use the spring-boot-starter-parent
you can then refer to your
Maven ‘project properties’ via @..@
placeholders, e.g.
app.encoding[email protected]@ app.java.version[email protected]@
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Only production configuration is filtered that way (i.e. no filtering is applied on
|
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The |
If you don’t use the starter parent, in your pom.xml
you need (inside the <build/>
element):
<resources> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <filtering>true</filtering> </resource> </resources>
and (inside <plugins/>
):
<plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.7</version> <configuration> <delimiters> <delimiter>@</delimiter> </delimiters> <useDefaultDelimiters>false</useDefaultDelimiters> </configuration> </plugin>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The |
You can automatically expand properties from the Gradle project by configuring the
Java plugin’s processResources
task to do so:
processResources { expand(project.properties) }
You can then refer to your Gradle project’s properties via placeholders, e.g.
app.name=${name} app.description=${description}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Gradle’s |
A SpringApplication
has bean properties (mainly setters) so you can use its Java API as
you create the application to modify its behavior. Or you can externalize the
configuration using properties in spring.main.*
. E.g. in application.properties
you
might have.
spring.main.web-environment=false spring.main.banner-mode=off
and then the Spring Boot banner will not be printed on startup, and the application will not be a web application.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The example above also demonstrates how flexible binding allows the use of
underscores ( |
Properties defined in external configuration overrides the values specified via the Java
API with the notable exception of the sources used to create the ApplicationContext
. Let’s
consider this application
new SpringApplicationBuilder() .bannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF) .sources(demo.MyApp.class) .run(args);
used with the following configuration:
spring.main.sources=com.acme.Config,com.acme.ExtraConfig spring.main.banner-mode=console
The actual application will now show the banner (as overridden by configuration) and use
three sources for the ApplicationContext
(in that order): demo.MyApp
, com.acme.Config
,
com.acme.ExtraConfig
.
By default properties from different sources are added to the Spring Environment
in a
defined order (see Chapter 24, Externalized Configuration in
the ‘Spring Boot features’ section for the exact order).
A nice way to augment and modify this is to add @PropertySource
annotations to your
application sources. Classes passed to the SpringApplication
static convenience
methods, and those added using setSources()
are inspected to see if they have
@PropertySources
, and if they do, those properties are added to the Environment
early
enough to be used in all phases of the ApplicationContext
lifecycle. Properties added
in this way have lower
priority than any added using the default locations (e.g. application.properties
), system properties, environment variables or the command line.
You can also provide System properties (or environment variables) to change the behavior:
spring.config.name
(SPRING_CONFIG_NAME
), defaults to application
as the root of
the file name.spring.config.location
(SPRING_CONFIG_LOCATION
) is the file to load (e.g. a classpath
resource or a URL). A separate Environment
property source is set up for this document
and it can be overridden by system properties, environment variables or the
command line.No matter what you set in the environment, Spring Boot will always load
application.properties
as described above. If YAML is used then files with the ‘.yml’
extension are also added to the list by default.
Spring Boot logs the configuration files that are loaded at DEBUG
level and the
candidates it has not found at TRACE
level.
See ConfigFileApplicationListener
for more detail.
Some people like to use (for example) --port=9000
instead of --server.port=9000
to
set configuration properties on the command line. You can easily enable this by using
placeholders in application.properties
, e.g.
server.port=${port:8080}
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you are inheriting from the |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
In this specific case the port binding will work in a PaaS environment like Heroku
and Cloud Foundry, since in those two platforms the |
YAML is a superset of JSON and as such is a very convenient syntax for storing external properties in a hierarchical format. E.g.
spring: application: name: cruncher datasource: driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver url: jdbc:mysql://localhost/test server: port: 9000
Create a file called application.yml
and stick it in the root of your classpath, and
also add snakeyaml
to your dependencies (Maven coordinates org.yaml:snakeyaml
, already
included if you use the spring-boot-starter
). A YAML file is parsed to a Java
Map<String,Object>
(like a JSON object), and Spring Boot flattens the map so that it
is 1-level deep and has period-separated keys, a lot like people are used to with
Properties
files in Java.
The example YAML above corresponds to an application.properties
file
spring.application.name=cruncher spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test server.port=9000
See Section 24.6, “Using YAML instead of Properties” in the ‘Spring Boot features’ section for more information about YAML.
The Spring Environment
has an API for this, but normally you would set a System property
(spring.profiles.active
) or an OS environment variable (SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE
). E.g.
launch your application with a -D
argument (remember to put it before the main class
or jar archive):
$ java -jar -Dspring.profiles.active=production demo-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
In Spring Boot you can also set the active profile in application.properties
, e.g.
spring.profiles.active=production
A value set this way is replaced by the System property or environment variable setting,
but not by the SpringApplicationBuilder.profiles()
method. Thus the latter Java API can
be used to augment the profiles without changing the defaults.
See Chapter 25, Profiles in the ‘Spring Boot features’ section for more information.
A YAML file is actually a sequence of documents separated by ---
lines, and each
document is parsed separately to a flattened map.
If a YAML document contains a spring.profiles
key, then the profiles value
(comma-separated list of profiles) is fed into the Spring
Environment.acceptsProfiles()
and if any of those profiles is active that document is
included in the final merge (otherwise not).
Example:
server: port: 9000 --- spring: profiles: development server: port: 9001 --- spring: profiles: production server: port: 0
In this example the default port is 9000, but if the Spring profile ‘development’ is active then the port is 9001, and if ‘production’ is active then it is 0.
The YAML documents are merged in the order they are encountered (so later values override earlier ones).
To do the same thing with properties files you can use application-${profile}.properties
to specify profile-specific values.
Spring Boot binds external properties from application.properties
(or .yml
) (and
other places) into an application at runtime. There is not (and technically cannot be)
an exhaustive list of all supported properties in a single location because contributions
can come from additional jar files on your classpath.
A running application with the Actuator features has a configprops
endpoint that shows
all the bound and bindable properties available through @ConfigurationProperties
.
The appendix includes an application.properties
example with a list of the most common properties supported by
Spring Boot. The definitive list comes from searching the source code for
@ConfigurationProperties
and @Value
annotations, as well as the occasional use of
RelaxedPropertyResolver
.
There are two ways to add Servlet
, Filter
, ServletContextListener
and the other
listeners supported by the Servlet spec to your application. You can either provide
Spring beans for them, or enable scanning for Servlet components.
To add a Servlet
, Filter
, or Servlet *Listener
provide a @Bean
definition for it.
This can be very useful when you want to inject configuration or dependencies. However,
you must be very careful that they don’t cause eager initialization of too many other
beans because they have to be installed in the container very early in the application
lifecycle (e.g. it’s not a good idea to have them depend on your DataSource
or JPA
configuration). You can work around restrictions like that by initializing them lazily
when first used instead of on initialization.
In the case of Filters
and Servlets
you can also add mappings and init parameters by
adding a FilterRegistrationBean
or ServletRegistrationBean
instead of or as well as
the underlying component.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If no If you are migrating a filter that has no @Bean public FilterRegistrationBean myFilterRegistration() { FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean(); registration.setDispatcherTypes(DispatcherType.REQUEST); .... return registration; } |
As described above any Servlet
or Filter
beans will be registered with the servlet container automatically. To disable
registration of a particular Filter
or Servlet
bean create a registration bean for it
and mark it as disabled. For example:
@Bean public FilterRegistrationBean registration(MyFilter filter) { FilterRegistrationBean registration = new FilterRegistrationBean(filter); registration.setEnabled(false); return registration; }
@WebServlet
, @WebFilter
, and @WebListener
annotated classes can be automatically
registered with an embedded servlet container by annotating a @Configuration
class
with @ServletComponentScan
and specifying the package(s) containing the components
that you want to register. By default, @ServletComponentScan
will scan from the package
of the annotated class.
In a standalone application the main HTTP port defaults to 8080
, but can be set with
server.port
(e.g. in application.properties
or as a System property). Thanks to
relaxed binding of Environment
values you can also use SERVER_PORT
(e.g. as an OS
environment variable).
To switch off the HTTP endpoints completely, but still create a WebApplicationContext
,
use server.port=-1
(this is sometimes useful for testing).
For more details look at Section 27.3.4, “Customizing embedded servlet containers”
in the ‘Spring Boot features’ section, or the
ServerProperties
source
code.
To scan for a free port (using OS natives to prevent clashes) use server.port=0
.
You can access the port the server is running on from log output or from the
EmbeddedWebApplicationContext
via its EmbeddedServletContainer
. The best way to get
that and be sure that it has initialized is to add a @Bean
of type
ApplicationListener<EmbeddedServletContainerInitializedEvent>
and pull the container
out of the event when it is published.
Tests that use @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
can
also inject the actual port into a field using the @LocalServerPort
annotation. For
example:
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment=WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class MyWebIntegrationTests { @Autowired EmbeddedWebApplicationContext server; @LocalServerPort int port; // ... }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
|
SSL can be configured declaratively by setting the various server.ssl.*
properties,
typically in application.properties
or application.yml
. For example:
server.port=8443 server.ssl.key-store=classpath:keystore.jks server.ssl.key-store-password=secret server.ssl.key-password=another-secret
See Ssl
for details of all of the
supported properties.
Using configuration like the example above means the application will no longer support
plain HTTP connector at port 8080. Spring Boot doesn’t support the configuration of both
an HTTP connector and an HTTPS connector via application.properties
. If you want to
have both then you’ll need to configure one of them programmatically. It’s recommended
to use application.properties
to configure HTTPS as the HTTP connector is the easier of
the two to configure programmatically. See the
spring-boot-sample-tomcat-multi-connectors
sample project for an example.
Access logs can be configured for Tomcat and Undertow via their respective namespaces.
For instance, the following logs access on Tomcat with a custom pattern.
server.tomcat.basedir=my-tomcat server.tomcat.accesslog.enabled=true server.tomcat.accesslog.pattern=%t %a "%r" %s (%D ms)
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The default location for logs is a |
Access logging for undertow can be configured in a similar fashion
server.undertow.accesslog.enabled=true server.undertow.accesslog.pattern=%t %a "%r" %s (%D ms)
Logs are stored in a logs
directory relative to the working directory of the
application. This can be customized via server.undertow.accesslog.directory
.
Your application might need to send 302
redirects or render content with absolute links
back to itself. When running behind a proxy, the caller wants a link to the proxy, and not
to the physical address of the machine hosting your app. Typically such situations are
handled via a contract with the proxy, which will add headers to tell the back end how to
construct links to itself.
If the proxy adds conventional X-Forwarded-For
and X-Forwarded-Proto
headers (most do
this out of the box) the absolute links should be rendered correctly as long as
server.use-forward-headers
is set to true
in your application.properties
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If your application is running in Cloud Foundry or Heroku the
|
If you are using Tomcat you can additionally configure the names of the headers used to carry “forwarded” information:
server.tomcat.remote-ip-header=x-your-remote-ip-header server.tomcat.protocol-header=x-your-protocol-header
Tomcat is also configured with a default regular expression that matches internal
proxies that are to be trusted. By default, IP addresses in 10/8
, 192.168/16
,
169.254/16
and 127/8
are trusted. You can customize the valve’s configuration by
adding an entry to application.properties
, e.g.
server.tomcat.internal-proxies=192\\.168\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The double backslashes are only required when you’re using a properties file for
configuration. If you are using YAML, single backslashes are sufficient and a value
that’s equivalent to the one shown above would be |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can trust all proxies by setting the |
You can take complete control of the configuration of Tomcat’s RemoteIpValve
by
switching the automatic one off (i.e. set server.use-forward-headers=false
) and adding
a new valve instance in a TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
bean.
Generally you can follow the advice from
Section 72.8, “Discover built-in options for external properties” about
@ConfigurationProperties
(ServerProperties
is the main one here), but also look at
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
and various Tomcat-specific *Customizers
that you
can add in one of those. The Tomcat APIs are quite rich so once you have access to the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
you can modify it in a number of ways. Or the
nuclear option is to add your own TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
.
Add a org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector
to the
TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
which can allow multiple connectors, e.g. HTTP and
HTTPS connector:
@Bean public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory servletContainer() { TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory tomcat = new TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory(); tomcat.addAdditionalTomcatConnectors(createSslConnector()); return tomcat; } private Connector createSslConnector() { Connector connector = new Connector("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"); Http11NioProtocol protocol = (Http11NioProtocol) connector.getProtocolHandler(); try { File keystore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile(); File truststore = new ClassPathResource("keystore").getFile(); connector.setScheme("https"); connector.setSecure(true); connector.setPort(8443); protocol.setSSLEnabled(true); protocol.setKeystoreFile(keystore.getAbsolutePath()); protocol.setKeystorePass("changeit"); protocol.setTruststoreFile(truststore.getAbsolutePath()); protocol.setTruststorePass("changeit"); protocol.setKeyAlias("apitester"); return connector; } catch (IOException ex) { throw new IllegalStateException("can't access keystore: [" + "keystore" + "] or truststore: [" + "keystore" + "]", ex); } }
The embedded Tomcat used by Spring Boot does not support "Version 0" of the Cookie format out of the box, and you may see the following error:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: An invalid character [32] was present in the Cookie value
If at all possible, you should consider updating your code to only store values
compliant with later Cookie specifications. If, however, you’re unable to change the
way that cookies are written, you can instead configure Tomcat to use a
LegacyCookieProcessor
. To switch to the LegacyCookieProcessor
use an
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
bean that adds a TomcatContextCustomizer
:
@Bean public EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer cookieProcessorCustomizer() { return new EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer() { @Override public void customize(ConfigurableEmbeddedServletContainer container) { if (container instanceof TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) { ((TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) container) .addContextCustomizers(new TomcatContextCustomizer() { @Override public void customize(Context context) { context.setCookieProcessor( new LegacyCookieProcessor()); } }); } } }; }
The Spring Boot starters (spring-boot-starter-web
in particular) use Tomcat as an
embedded container by default. You need to exclude those dependencies and include the
Jetty one instead. Spring Boot provides Tomcat and Jetty dependencies bundled together
as separate starters to help make this process as easy as possible.
Example in Maven:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId> </dependency>
Example in Gradle:
configurations { compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat" } dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:1.5.14.RELEASE") compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty:1.5.14.RELEASE") // ... }
Generally you can follow the advice from
Section 72.8, “Discover built-in options for external properties” about
@ConfigurationProperties
(ServerProperties
is the main one here), but also look at
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
. The Jetty APIs are quite rich so once you have
access to the JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
you can modify it in a number
of ways. Or the nuclear option is to add your own JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
.
Using Undertow instead of Tomcat is very similar to using Jetty instead of Tomcat. You need to exclude the Tomcat dependencies and include the Undertow starter instead.
Example in Maven:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId> </dependency>
Example in Gradle:
configurations { compile.exclude module: "spring-boot-starter-tomcat" } dependencies { compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:1.5.14.RELEASE") compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-undertow:1.5.14.RELEASE") // ... }
Generally you can follow the advice from
Section 72.8, “Discover built-in options for external properties” about
@ConfigurationProperties
(ServerProperties
and ServerProperties.Undertow
are the
main ones here), but also look at
EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer
. Once you have access to the
UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
you can use an UndertowBuilderCustomizer
to
modify Undertow’s configuration to meet your needs. Or the nuclear option is to add your
own UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
.
Add an UndertowBuilderCustomizer
to the UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
and
add a listener to the Builder
:
@Bean public UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory embeddedServletContainerFactory() { UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new UndertowEmbeddedServletContainerFactory(); factory.addBuilderCustomizers(new UndertowBuilderCustomizer() { @Override public void customize(Builder builder) { builder.addHttpListener(8080, "0.0.0.0"); } }); return factory; }
Tomcat 7 & 8.0 work with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Tomcat 8.5. If you cannot use Tomcat 8.5 (for example, because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your classpath to reference a different version.
If you are using the starters and parent you can change the Tomcat version property
and additionally import tomcat-juli
. E.g. for a simple webapp or service:
<properties> <tomcat.version>7.0.59</tomcat.version> </properties> <dependencies> ... <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-juli</artifactId> <version>${tomcat.version}</version> </dependency> ... </dependencies>
With Gradle, you can change the Tomcat version by setting the tomcat.version
property
and then additionally include tomcat-juli
:
ext['tomcat.version'] = '7.0.59' dependencies { compile 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web' compile group:'org.apache.tomcat', name:'tomcat-juli', version:property('tomcat.version') }
Jetty 9.2 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Jetty 9.3. If you cannot use Jetty 9.3 (for example, because you are using Java 7) you will need to change your classpath to reference Jetty 9.2.
If you are using the starters and parent you can just add the Jetty starter and override
the jetty.version
property:
<properties> <jetty.version>9.2.17.v20160517</jetty.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies>
You can set the jetty.version
property. For example, for a simple webapp or service:
ext['jetty.version'] = '9.2.17.v20160517' dependencies { compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') { exclude group: 'org.springframework.boot', module: 'spring-boot-starter-tomcat' } compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty') }
Jetty 8 works with Spring Boot, but the default is to use Jetty 9.3. If you cannot use Jetty 9.3 (for example, because you are using Java 1.6) you will need to change your classpath to reference Jetty 8. You will also need to exclude Jetty’s WebSocket-related dependencies.
If you are using the starters and parent you can just add the Jetty starter with the required WebSocket exclusion and change the version properties, e.g. for a simple webapp or service:
<properties> <jetty.version>8.1.15.v20140411</jetty.version> <jetty-jsp.version>2.2.0.v201112011158</jetty-jsp.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jetty</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty.websocket</groupId> <artifactId>*</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> </dependencies>
You can set the jetty.version
property and exclude the WebSocket dependency, e.g. for a
simple webapp or service:
ext['jetty.version'] = '8.1.15.v20140411' dependencies { compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') { exclude group: 'org.springframework.boot', module: 'spring-boot-starter-tomcat' } compile ('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jetty') { exclude group: 'org.eclipse.jetty.websocket' } }
If you want to use @ServerEndpoint
in a Spring Boot application that used an embedded
container, you must declare a single ServerEndpointExporter
@Bean
:
@Bean public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() { return new ServerEndpointExporter(); }
This bean will register any @ServerEndpoint
annotated beans with the underlying
WebSocket container. When deployed to a standalone servlet container this role is
performed by a servlet container initializer and the ServerEndpointExporter
bean is
not required.
HTTP response compression is supported by Jetty, Tomcat, and Undertow. It can be enabled
via application.properties
:
server.compression.enabled=true
By default, responses must be at least 2048 bytes in length for compression to be
performed. This can be configured using the server.compression.min-response-size
property.
By default, responses will only be compressed if their content type is one of the following:
text/html
text/xml
text/plain
text/css
This can be configured using the server.compression.mime-types
property.
Any Spring @RestController
in a Spring Boot application should render JSON response by
default as long as Jackson2 is on the classpath. For example:
@RestController public class MyController { @RequestMapping("/thing") public MyThing thing() { return new MyThing(); } }
As long as MyThing
can be serialized by Jackson2 (e.g. a normal POJO or Groovy object)
then localhost:8080/thing
will serve a JSON representation of it by default.
Sometimes in a browser you might see XML responses because browsers tend to send accept
headers that prefer XML.
If you have the Jackson XML extension (jackson-dataformat-xml
) on the classpath, it will
be used to render XML responses and the very same example as we used for JSON would work.
To use it, add the following dependency to your project:
<dependency> <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId> <artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId> </dependency>
You may also want to add a dependency on Woodstox. It’s faster than the default StAX implementation provided by the JDK and also adds pretty print support and improved namespace handling:
<dependency> <groupId>org.codehaus.woodstox</groupId> <artifactId>woodstox-core-asl</artifactId> </dependency>
If Jackson’s XML extension is not available, JAXB (provided by default in the JDK) will
be used, with the additional requirement to have MyThing
annotated as
@XmlRootElement
:
@XmlRootElement public class MyThing { private String name; // .. getters and setters }
To get the server to render XML instead of JSON you might have to send an
Accept: text/xml
header (or use a browser).
Spring MVC (client and server side) uses HttpMessageConverters
to negotiate content
conversion in an HTTP exchange. If Jackson is on the classpath you already get the
default converter(s) provided by Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
, an instance of which
is auto-configured for you.
The ObjectMapper
(or XmlMapper
for Jackson XML converter) instance created by default
has the following customized properties:
MapperFeature.DEFAULT_VIEW_INCLUSION
is disabledDeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES
is disabledSpring Boot has also some features to make it easier to customize this behavior.
You can configure the ObjectMapper
and XmlMapper
instances using the environment.
Jackson provides an extensive suite of simple on/off features that can be used to
configure various aspects of its processing. These features are described in six enums in
Jackson which map onto properties in the environment:
Jackson enum | Environment property |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example, to enable pretty print, set spring.jackson.serialization.indent_output=true
.
Note that, thanks to the use of relaxed binding, the case of indent_output
doesn’t have to match the case of the
corresponding enum constant which is INDENT_OUTPUT
.
This environment-based configuration is applied to the auto-configured
Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
bean, and will apply to any mappers created
using the builder, including the auto-configured ObjectMapper
bean.
The context’s Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
can be customized by one or more
Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilderCustomizer
beans. Such customizer beans can be ordered and
Boot’s own customizer has an order of 0, allowing additional customization to be applied
both before and after Boot’s customization.
Any beans of type com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.Module
will be automatically registered
with the auto-configured Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
and applied to any ObjectMapper
instances that it creates. This provides a global mechanism for contributing custom
modules when you add new features to your application.
If you want to replace the default ObjectMapper
completely, either define a @Bean
of
that type and mark it as @Primary
, or, if you prefer the builder-based
approach, define a Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder
@Bean
. Note that in either case this
will disable all auto-configuration of the ObjectMapper
.
If you provide any @Beans
of type MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter
then
they will replace the default value in the MVC configuration. Also, a convenience bean is
provided of type HttpMessageConverters
(always available if you use the default MVC
configuration) which has some useful methods to access the default and user-enhanced
message converters.
See also the Section 74.4, “Customize the @ResponseBody rendering” section and the
WebMvcAutoConfiguration
source code for more details.
Spring uses HttpMessageConverters
to render @ResponseBody
(or responses from
@RestController
). You can contribute additional converters by simply adding beans of
that type in a Spring Boot context. If a bean you add is of a type that would have been
included by default anyway (like MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter
for JSON
conversions) then it will replace the default value. A convenience bean is provided of
type HttpMessageConverters
(always available if you use the default MVC configuration)
which has some useful methods to access the default and user-enhanced message converters
(useful, for example if you want to manually inject them into a custom RestTemplate
).
As in normal MVC usage, any WebMvcConfigurerAdapter
beans that you provide can also
contribute converters by overriding the configureMessageConverters
method, but unlike
with normal MVC, you can supply only additional converters that you need (because Spring
Boot uses the same mechanism to contribute its defaults). Finally, if you opt-out of the
Spring Boot default MVC configuration by providing your own @EnableWebMvc
configuration,
then you can take control completely and do everything manually using
getMessageConverters
from WebMvcConfigurationSupport
.
See the WebMvcAutoConfiguration
source code for more details.
Spring Boot embraces the Servlet 3 javax.servlet.http.Part
API to support uploading
files. By default Spring Boot configures Spring MVC with a maximum file of 1MB per
file and a maximum of 10MB of file data in a single request. You may override these
values, as well as the location to which intermediate data is stored (e.g., to the /tmp
directory) and the threshold past which data is flushed to disk by using the properties
exposed in the MultipartProperties
class. If you want to specify that files be
unlimited, for example, set the spring.http.multipart.max-file-size
property to -1
.
The multipart support is helpful when you want to receive multipart encoded file data as
a @RequestParam
-annotated parameter of type MultipartFile
in a Spring MVC controller
handler method.
See the MultipartAutoConfiguration
source for more details.
Spring Boot wants to serve all content from the root of your application /
down. If you
would rather map your own servlet to that URL you can do it, but of course you may lose
some of the other Boot MVC features. To add your own servlet and map it to the root
resource just declare a @Bean
of type Servlet
and give it the special bean name
dispatcherServlet
(You can also create a bean of a different type with that name if
you want to switch it off and not replace it).
The easiest way to take complete control over MVC configuration is to provide your own
@Configuration
with the @EnableWebMvc
annotation. This will leave all MVC
configuration in your hands.
A ViewResolver
is a core component of Spring MVC, translating view names in
@Controller
to actual View
implementations. Note that ViewResolvers
are mainly
used in UI applications, rather than REST-style services (a View
is not used to render
a @ResponseBody
). There are many implementations of ViewResolver
to choose from, and
Spring on its own is not opinionated about which ones you should use. Spring Boot, on the
other hand, installs one or two for you depending on what it finds on the classpath and
in the application context. The DispatcherServlet
uses all the resolvers it finds in
the application context, trying each one in turn until it gets a result, so if you are
adding your own you have to be aware of the order and in which position your resolver is
added.
WebMvcAutoConfiguration
adds the following ViewResolvers
to your context:
InternalResourceViewResolver
with bean id ‘defaultViewResolver’. This one locates
physical resources that can be rendered using the DefaultServlet
(e.g. static
resources and JSP pages if you are using those). It applies a prefix and a suffix to the
view name and then looks for a physical resource with that path in the servlet context
(defaults are both empty, but accessible for external configuration via
spring.mvc.view.prefix
and spring.mvc.view.suffix
). It can be overridden by providing a
bean of the same type.BeanNameViewResolver
with id ‘beanNameViewResolver’. This is a useful member of the
view resolver chain and will pick up any beans with the same name as the View
being
resolved. It shouldn’t be necessary to override or replace it.ContentNegotiatingViewResolver
with id ‘viewResolver’ is only added if there are
actually beans of type View
present. This is a ‘master’ resolver, delegating to all
the others and attempting to find a match to the ‘Accept’ HTTP header sent by the
client. There is a useful
blog about ContentNegotiatingViewResolver
that you might like to study to learn more, and also look at the source code for detail.
You can switch off the auto-configured
ContentNegotiatingViewResolver
by defining a bean named ‘viewResolver’.ThymeleafViewResolver
with id
‘thymeleafViewResolver’. It looks for resources by surrounding the view name with a
prefix and suffix (externalized to spring.thymeleaf.prefix
and
spring.thymeleaf.suffix
, defaults ‘classpath:/templates/’ and ‘.html’
respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.FreeMarkerViewResolver
with id
‘freeMarkerViewResolver’. It looks for resources in a loader path (externalized to
spring.freemarker.templateLoaderPath
, default ‘classpath:/templates/’) by
surrounding the view name with a prefix and suffix (externalized to spring.freemarker.prefix
and spring.freemarker.suffix
, with empty and ‘.ftl’ defaults respectively). It can
be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.GroovyMarkupViewResolver
with id ‘groovyMarkupViewResolver’. It
looks for resources in a loader path by surrounding the view name with a prefix and
suffix (externalized to spring.groovy.template.prefix
and
spring.groovy.template.suffix
, defaults ‘classpath:/templates/’ and ‘.tpl’
respectively). It can be overridden by providing a bean of the same name.Check out WebMvcAutoConfiguration
,
ThymeleafAutoConfiguration
,
FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration
and
GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration
By default, spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf
uses Thymeleaf 2.1. If you are using the
spring-boot-starter-parent
, you can use Thymeleaf 3 by overriding the
thymeleaf.version
and thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version
properties, for example:
<properties> <thymeleaf.version>3.0.2.RELEASE</thymeleaf.version> <thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version>2.1.1</thymeleaf-layout-dialect.version> </properties>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
if you are managing dependencies yourself, look at |
To avoid a warning message about the HTML 5 template mode being deprecated and the HTML
template mode being used instead, you may also want to explicitly configure
spring.thymeleaf.mode
to be HTML
, for example:
spring.thymeleaf.mode: HTML
Please refer to the Thymeleaf 3 sample to see this in action.
If you are using any of the other auto-configured Thymeleaf Extras (Spring Security, Data Attribute, or Java 8 Time) you should also override each of their versions to one that is compatible with Thymeleaf 3.0.
Spring Security can be used to secure a Jersey-based web application in much the same
way as it can be used to secure a Spring MVC-based web application. However, if you want
to use Spring Security’s method-level security with Jersey, you must configure Jersey to
use setStatus(int)
rather sendError(int)
. This prevents Jersey from committing the
response before Spring Security has had an opportunity to report an authentication or
authorization failure to the client.
The jersey.config.server.response.setStatusOverSendError
must be set to true
on the
application’s ResourceConfig
bean, as shown in the following example:
@Component public class JerseyConfig extends ResourceConfig { public JerseyConfig() { register(Endpoint.class); setProperties(Collections.singletonMap( "jersey.config.server.response.setStatusOverSendError", true)); } }
As described in Section 33.1, “RestTemplate customization”,
a RestTemplateCustomizer
can be used with RestTemplateBuilder
to build a customized
RestTemplate
. This is the recommended approach for creating a RestTemplate
configured
to use a proxy.
The exact details of the proxy configuration depend on the underlying client request
factory that is being used. Here’s an example of configuring
HttpComponentsClientRequestFactory
with an HttpClient
that uses a proxy for all hosts
except 192.168.0.5
.
static class ProxyCustomizer implements RestTemplateCustomizer { @Override public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) { HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("proxy.example.com"); HttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create() .setRoutePlanner(new DefaultProxyRoutePlanner(proxy) { @Override public HttpHost determineProxy(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request, HttpContext context) throws HttpException { if (target.getHostName().equals("192.168.0.5")) { return null; } return super.determineProxy(target, request, context); } }).build(); restTemplate.setRequestFactory( new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient)); } }
Spring Boot has no mandatory logging dependency, except for the Commons Logging API, of
which there are many implementations to choose from. To use Logback
you need to include it and jcl-over-slf4j
(which implements the Commons Logging API) on
the classpath. The simplest way to do that is through the starters which all depend on
spring-boot-starter-logging
. For a web application you only need
spring-boot-starter-web
since it depends transitively on the logging starter. For
example, using Maven:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency>
Spring Boot has a LoggingSystem
abstraction that attempts to configure logging based on
the content of the classpath. If Logback is available it is the first choice.
If the only change you need to make to logging is to set the levels of various loggers
then you can do that in application.properties
using the "logging.level" prefix, e.g.
logging.level.org.springframework.web=DEBUG logging.level.org.hibernate=ERROR
You can also set the location of a file to log to (in addition to the console) using "logging.file".
To configure the more fine-grained settings of a logging system you need to use the native
configuration format supported by the LoggingSystem
in question. By default Spring Boot
picks up the native configuration from its default location for the system (e.g.
classpath:logback.xml
for Logback), but you can set the location of the config file
using the "logging.config" property.
If you put a logback.xml
in the root of your classpath it will be picked up from
there
(or logback-spring.xml
to take advantage of the templating features provided by Boot).
Spring Boot provides a default base configuration that you can include if you just
want to set levels, e.g.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration> <include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/base.xml"/> <logger name="org.springframework.web" level="DEBUG"/> </configuration>
If you look at that base.xml
in the spring-boot jar, you will see that it uses
some useful System properties which the LoggingSystem
takes care of creating for you.
These are:
${PID}
the current process ID.${LOG_FILE}
if logging.file
was set in Boot’s external configuration.${LOG_PATH}
if logging.path
was set (representing a directory for
log files to live in).${LOG_EXCEPTION_CONVERSION_WORD}
if logging.exception-conversion-word
was set in
Boot’s external configuration.Spring Boot also provides some nice ANSI colour terminal output on a console (but not in
a log file) using a custom Logback converter. See the default base.xml
configuration
for details.
If Groovy is on the classpath you should be able to configure Logback with
logback.groovy
as well (it will be given preference if present).
If you want to disable console logging and write output only to a file you need a custom
logback-spring.xml
that imports file-appender.xml
but not console-appender.xml
:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration> <include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/defaults.xml" /> <property name="LOG_FILE" value="${LOG_FILE:-${LOG_PATH:-${LOG_TEMP:-${java.io.tmpdir:-/tmp}}/}spring.log}"/> <include resource="org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/file-appender.xml" /> <root level="INFO"> <appender-ref ref="FILE" /> </root> </configuration>
You also need to add logging.file
to your application.properties
:
logging.file=myapplication.log
Spring Boot supports Log4j 2 for logging
configuration if it is on the classpath. If you are using the starters for
assembling dependencies that means you have to exclude Logback and then include log4j 2
instead. If you aren’t using the starters then you need to provide jcl-over-slf4j
(at least) in addition to Log4j 2.
The simplest path is probably through the starters, even though it requires some jiggling with excludes, .e.g. in Maven:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> <exclusions> <exclusion> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-logging</artifactId> </exclusion> </exclusions> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-log4j2</artifactId> </dependency>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The use of the Log4j starters gathers together the dependencies for common logging
requirements (e.g. including having Tomcat use |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
To ensure that debug logging performed using |
In addition to its default XML configuration format, Log4j 2 also supports YAML and JSON configuration files. To configure Log4j 2 to use an alternative configuration file format, add the appropriate dependencies to the classpath and name your configuration files to match your chosen file format:
Format | Dependencies | File names |
---|---|---|
YAML |
|
|
JSON |
|
|
To configure your own DataSource
define a @Bean
of that type in your configuration.
Spring Boot will reuse your DataSource
anywhere one is required, including database
initialization. If you need to externalize some settings, you can easily bind your
DataSource
to the environment (see
Section 24.7.1, “Third-party configuration”).
@Bean @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="app.datasource") public DataSource dataSource() { return new FancyDataSource(); }
app.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb app.datasource.username=sa app.datasource.pool-size=30
Assuming that your FancyDataSource
has regular JavaBean properties for the url, the
username and the pool size, these settings will be bound automatically before the
DataSource
is made available to other components. The regular
database initialization will also happen
(so the relevant sub-set of spring.datasource.*
can still be used with your custom
configuration).
You can apply the same principle if you are configuring a custom JNDI DataSource
:
@Bean(destroyMethod="") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix="app.datasource") public DataSource dataSource() throws Exception { JndiDataSourceLookup dataSourceLookup = new JndiDataSourceLookup(); return dataSourceLookup.getDataSource("java:comp/env/jdbc/YourDS"); }
Spring Boot also provides a utility builder class DataSourceBuilder
that can be used to
create one of the standard data sources (if it is on the classpath). The builder can
detect the one to use based on what’s available on the classpath. It also auto detects the
driver based on the JDBC url.
@Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource") public DataSource dataSource() { return DataSourceBuilder.create().build(); }
To run an app with that DataSource
, all that is needed really is the connection
information; pool-specific settings can also be provided, check the implementation that
is going to be used at runtime for more details.
app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test app.datasource.username=dbuser app.datasource.password=dbpass app.datasource.pool-size=30
There is a catch however. Because the actual type of the connection pool is not exposed,
no keys are generated in the metadata for your custom DataSource
and no completion is
available in your IDE (The DataSource
interface doesn’t expose any property). Also, if
you happen to only have Hikari on the classpath, this basic setup will not work because
Hikari has no url
parameter (but a jdbcUrl
parameter). You will have to rewrite
your configuration as follows:
app.datasource.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test app.datasource.username=dbuser app.datasource.password=dbpass app.datasource.maximum-pool-size=30
You can fix that by forcing the connection pool to use and return a dedicated
implementation rather than DataSource
. You won’t be able to change the implementation
at runtime but the list of options will be explicit.
@Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource") public HikariDataSource dataSource() { return (HikariDataSource) DataSourceBuilder.create() .type(HikariDataSource.class).build(); }
You can even go further by leveraging what DataSourceProperties
does for you, that is
providing a default embedded database if no url is provided with a sensible username and
password for it. You can easily initialize a DataSourceBuilder
from the state of any
DataSourceProperties
so you could just as well inject the one Spring Boot creates
automatically. However, that would split your configuration in two namespaces: url,
username, password, type and driver on spring.datasource
and the rest on your custom
namespace (app.datasource
). To avoid that, you can redefine a custom
DataSourceProperties
on your custom namespace:
@Bean @Primary @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource") public DataSourceProperties dataSourceProperties() { return new DataSourceProperties(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource") public HikariDataSource dataSource(DataSourceProperties properties) { return (HikariDataSource) properties.initializeDataSourceBuilder() .type(HikariDataSource.class).build(); }
This setup puts you in pair with what Spring Boot does for you by default, except that
a dedicated connection pool is chosen (in code) and its settings are exposed in the same
namespace. Because DataSourceProperties
is taking care of the url
/jdbcUrl
translation for you, you can configure it like this:
app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test app.datasource.username=dbuser app.datasource.password=dbpass app.datasource.maximum-pool-size=30
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Because your custom configuration chooses to go with Hikari, |
See Section 29.1, “Configure a DataSource” in the
‘Spring Boot features’ section and the
DataSourceAutoConfiguration
class for more details.
If you need to configure multiple data sources, you can apply the same tricks that are
described in the previous section. You must, however, mark one of the DataSource
@Primary
as various auto-configurations down the road expect to be able to get one by
type.
If you create your own DataSource
, the auto-configuration will back off. In the example
below, we provide the exact same features set than what the auto-configuration provides
on the primary data source:
@Bean @Primary @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.foo") public DataSourceProperties fooDataSourceProperties() { return new DataSourceProperties(); } @Bean @Primary @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.foo") public DataSource fooDataSource() { return fooDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().build(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.bar") public BasicDataSource barDataSource() { return (BasicDataSource) DataSourceBuilder.create() .type(BasicDataSource.class).build(); }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
|
Both data sources are also bound for advanced customizations. For instance you could configure them as follows:
app.datasource.foo.type=com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource app.datasource.foo.maximum-pool-size=30 app.datasource.bar.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test app.datasource.bar.username=dbuser app.datasource.bar.password=dbpass app.datasource.bar.max-total=30
Of course, you can apply the same concept to the secondary DataSource
as well:
@Bean @Primary @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.foo") public DataSourceProperties fooDataSourceProperties() { return new DataSourceProperties(); } @Bean @Primary @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.foo") public DataSource fooDataSource() { return fooDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().build(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.bar") public DataSourceProperties barDataSourceProperties() { return new DataSourceProperties(); } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.bar") public DataSource barDataSource() { return barDataSourceProperties().initializeDataSourceBuilder().build(); }
This final example configures two data sources on custom namespaces with the same logic than what Spring Boot would do in auto-configuration.
Spring Data can create implementations for you of @Repository
interfaces of various
flavors. Spring Boot will handle all of that for you as long as those @Repositories
are included in the same package (or a sub-package) of your @EnableAutoConfiguration
class.
For many applications all you will need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on
your classpath (there is a spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
for JPA and a
spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb
for Mongodb), create some repository interfaces to handle your
@Entity
objects. Examples are in the JPA sample
or the Mongodb sample.
Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Repository
definitions, based on the
@EnableAutoConfiguration
it finds. To get more control, use the @EnableJpaRepositories
annotation (from Spring Data JPA).
Spring Boot tries to guess the location of your @Entity
definitions, based on the
@EnableAutoConfiguration
it finds. To get more control, you can use the @EntityScan
annotation, e.g.
@Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @EntityScan(basePackageClasses=City.class) public class Application { //... }
Spring Data JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (e.g. for SQL logging) and Spring Boot exposes those, and a few more for hibernate as external configuration properties. Some of them are automatically detected according to the context so you shouldn’t have to set them.
The spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
is a special case in that it has different defaults
depending on whether you are using an embedded database (create-drop
) or not (none
).
The dialect to use is also automatically detected based on the current DataSource
but
you can set spring.jpa.database
yourself if you want to be explicit and bypass that
check on startup.
![]() | Note |
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Specifying a |
The most common options to set are:
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=com.example.MyPhysicalNamingStrategy spring.jpa.show-sql=true
In addition all properties in spring.jpa.properties.*
are passed through as normal JPA
properties (with the prefix stripped) when the local EntityManagerFactory
is created.
Spring Boot provides a consistent naming strategy regardless of the Hibernate generation
that you are using. If you are using Hibernate 4, you can customize it using
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.strategy
; Hibernate 5 defines a Physical
and Implicit
naming strategies.
Spring Boot configures SpringPhysicalNamingStrategy
by default. This implementation
provides the same table structure as Hibernate 4: all dots are replaced by underscores and
camel cases are replaced by underscores as well. By default, all table names are generated
in lower case but it is possible to override that flag if your schema requires it.
Concretely, a TelephoneNumber
entity will be mapped to the telephone_number
table.
If you’d rather use Hibernate 5’s default instead, set the following property:
spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
See HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration
and JpaBaseConfiguration
for more details.
To take full control of the configuration of the EntityManagerFactory
, you need to add
a @Bean
named ‘entityManagerFactory’. Spring Boot auto-configuration switches off its
entity manager based on the presence of a bean of that type.
Even if the default EntityManagerFactory
works fine, you will need to define a new one
because otherwise the presence of the second bean of that type will switch off the
default. To make it easy to do that you can use the convenient EntityManagerBuilder
provided by Spring Boot, or if you prefer you can just use the
LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean
directly from Spring ORM.
Example:
// add two data sources configured as above @Bean public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean customerEntityManagerFactory( EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) { return builder .dataSource(customerDataSource()) .packages(Customer.class) .persistenceUnit("customers") .build(); } @Bean public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean orderEntityManagerFactory( EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder) { return builder .dataSource(orderDataSource()) .packages(Order.class) .persistenceUnit("orders") .build(); }
The configuration above almost works on its own. To complete the picture you need to
configure TransactionManagers
for the two EntityManagers
as well. One of them could
be picked up by the default JpaTransactionManager
in Spring Boot if you mark it as
@Primary
. The other would have to be explicitly injected into a new instance. Or you
might be able to use a JTA transaction manager spanning both.
If you are using Spring Data, you need to configure @EnableJpaRepositories
accordingly:
@Configuration @EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Customer.class, entityManagerFactoryRef = "customerEntityManagerFactory") public class CustomerConfiguration { ... } @Configuration @EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Order.class, entityManagerFactoryRef = "orderEntityManagerFactory") public class OrderConfiguration { ... }
Spring Boot will not search for or use a META-INF/persistence.xml
by default. If you
prefer to use a traditional persistence.xml
, you need to define your own @Bean
of type
LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean
(with id ‘entityManagerFactory’, and set the persistence
unit name there.
See
JpaBaseConfiguration
for the default settings.
Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Mongo can both create Repository
implementations for you
automatically. If they are both present on the classpath, you might have to do some extra
configuration to tell Spring Boot which one (or both) you want to create repositories for
you. The most explicit way to do that is to use the standard Spring Data
@Enable*Repositories
and tell it the location of your Repository
interfaces
(where ‘*’ is ‘Jpa’ or ‘Mongo’ or both).
There are also flags spring.data.*.repositories.enabled
that you can use to switch the
auto-configured repositories on and off in external configuration. This is useful for
instance in case you want to switch off the Mongo repositories and still use the
auto-configured MongoTemplate
.
The same obstacle and the same features exist for other auto-configured Spring Data repository types (Elasticsearch, Solr). Just change the names of the annotations and flags respectively.
Spring Data REST can expose the Repository
implementations as REST endpoints for you as
long as Spring MVC has been enabled for the application.
Spring Boot exposes a set of useful properties from the spring.data.rest
namespace that
customize the
RepositoryRestConfiguration
.
If you need to provide additional customization, you should use a
RepositoryRestConfigurer
bean.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you don’t specify any order on your custom |
If you want to configure a component that will be used by JPA then you need to ensure that the component is initialized before JPA. Where the component is auto-configured Spring Boot will take care of this for you. For example, when Flyway is auto-configured, Hibernate is configured to depend upon Flyway so that the latter has a chance to initialize the database before Hibernate tries to use it.
If you are configuring a component yourself, you can use an
EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor
subclass as a convenient way of setting up
the necessary dependencies. For example, if you are using Hibernate Search with
Elasticsearch as its index manager then any EntityManagerFactory
beans must be
configured to depend on the elasticsearchClient
bean:
/** * {@link EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor} that ensures that * {@link EntityManagerFactory} beans depend on the {@code elasticsearchClient} bean. */ @Configuration static class ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration extends EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor { ElasticsearchJpaDependencyConfiguration() { super("elasticsearchClient"); } }
If you need to use jOOQ with multiple data sources, you should create your own
DSLContext
for each, refer to
JooqAutoConfiguration
for more details.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
In particular, |
An SQL database can be initialized in different ways depending on what your stack is. Or of course you can do it manually as long as the database is a separate process.
JPA has features for DDL generation, and these can be set up to run on startup against the database. This is controlled through two external properties:
spring.jpa.generate-ddl
(boolean) switches the feature on and off and is vendor
independent.spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
(enum) is a Hibernate feature that controls the
behavior in a more fine-grained way. See below for more detail.You can set spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
explicitly and the standard Hibernate property
values are none
, validate
, update
, create
, create-drop
. Spring Boot chooses a
default value for you based on whether it thinks your database is embedded (default
create-drop
) or not (default none
). An embedded database is detected by looking at the
Connection
type: hsqldb
, h2
and derby
are embedded, the rest are not. Be careful
when switching from in-memory to a ‘real’ database that you don’t make assumptions about
the existence of the tables and data in the new platform. You either have to set ddl-auto
explicitly, or use one of the other mechanisms to initialize the database.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You can output the schema creation by enabling the |
In addition, a file named import.sql
in the root of the classpath will be executed on
startup if Hibernate creates the schema from scratch (that is if the ddl-auto
property
is set to create
or create-drop
). This can be useful for demos and for testing if you
are careful, but probably not something you want to be on the classpath in production. It
is a Hibernate feature (nothing to do with Spring).
Spring Boot can automatically create the schema (DDL scripts) of your DataSource
and
initialize it (DML scripts): it loads SQL from the standard root classpath locations
schema.sql
and data.sql
, respectively. In addition Spring Boot will process the
schema-${platform}.sql
and data-${platform}.sql
files (if present), where platform
is the value of spring.datasource.platform
. This allows you to switch to database
specific scripts if necessary, e.g. you might choose to set it to the vendor name of the
database (hsqldb
, h2
, oracle
, mysql
, postgresql
etc.).
Spring Boot enables the fail-fast feature of the Spring JDBC initializer by default, so if
the scripts cause exceptions the application will fail to start. You can tune that using
spring.datasource.continue-on-error
.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
In a JPA-based app, you can choose to let Hibernate create the schema or use
|
You can also disable initialization by setting spring.datasource.initialize
to false
.
If you are using Spring Batch then it comes pre-packaged with SQL initialization scripts
for most popular database platforms. Spring Boot will detect your database type, and
execute those scripts by default, and in this case will switch the fail fast setting to
false (errors are logged but do not prevent the application from starting). This is
because the scripts are known to be reliable and generally do not contain bugs, so errors
are ignorable, and ignoring them makes the scripts idempotent. You can switch off the
initialization explicitly using spring.batch.initializer.enabled=false
.
Spring Boot supports two higher-level migration tools: Flyway and Liquibase.
To automatically run Flyway database migrations on startup, add the
org.flywaydb:flyway-core
to your classpath.
The migrations are scripts in the form V<VERSION>__<NAME>.sql
(with <VERSION>
an
underscore-separated version, e.g. ‘1’ or ‘2_1’). By default they live in a folder
classpath:db/migration
but you can modify that using flyway.locations
. You can also
add a special {vendor}
placeholder to use vendor-specific scripts. Assume the following:
flyway.locations=db/migration/{vendor}
Rather than using db/migration
, this configuration will set the folder to use according
to the type of the database (i.e. db/migration/mysql
for MySQL). The list of supported
database are available in DatabaseDriver
.
See also the Flyway class from flyway-core for details of available settings like schemas
etc. In addition Spring Boot provides a small set of properties in
FlywayProperties
that can be used to disable the migrations, or switch off the location checking. Spring
Boot will call Flyway.migrate()
to perform the database migration. If you would like
more control, provide a @Bean
that implements
FlywayMigrationStrategy
.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
If you want to make use of Flyway
callbacks, those scripts should also live in the |
By default Flyway will autowire the (@Primary
) DataSource
in your context and
use that for migrations. If you like to use a different DataSource
you can create
one and mark its @Bean
as @FlywayDataSource
- if you do that remember to create
another one and mark it as @Primary
if you want two data sources.
Or you can use Flyway’s native DataSource
by setting flyway.[url,user,password]
in external properties.
There is a Flyway sample so you can see how to set things up.
You can also use Flyway to provide data for specific scenarios. For example, you can
place test-specific migrations in src/test/resources
and they will only be run when your
application starts for testing. If you want to be more sophisticated you can use
profile-specific configuration to customize flyway.locations
so that certain migrations
will only run when a particular profile is active. For example, in
application-dev.properties
you could set flyway.locations
to
classpath:/db/migration, classpath:/dev/db/migration
and migrations in dev/db/migration
will only run when the dev
profile is active.
To automatically run Liquibase database migrations on startup, add the
org.liquibase:liquibase-core
to your classpath.
The master change log is by default read from db/changelog/db.changelog-master.yaml
but
can be set using liquibase.change-log
. In addition to YAML, Liquibase also supports
JSON, XML, and SQL change log formats.
By default Liquibase will autowire the (@Primary
) DataSource
in your context and use
that for migrations. If you like to use a different DataSource
you can create one and
mark its @Bean
as @LiquibaseDataSource
- if you do that remember to create another one
and mark it as @Primary
if you want two data sources. Or you can use Liquibase’s native
DataSource
by setting liquibase.[url,user,password]
in external properties.
See
LiquibaseProperties
for details of available settings like contexts, default schema etc.
There is a Liquibase sample so you can see how to set things up.
If your JMS broker does not support transacted session, you will have to disable the
support of transactions altogether. If you create your own JmsListenerContainerFactory
there is nothing to do since it won’t be transacted by default. If you want to use
the DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer
to reuse Spring Boot’s default, you
can disable transacted session as follows:
@Bean public DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory jmsListenerContainerFactory( ConnectionFactory connectionFactory, DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactoryConfigurer configurer) { DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory listenerFactory = new DefaultJmsListenerContainerFactory(); configurer.configure(listenerFactory, connectionFactory); listenerFactory.setTransactionManager(null); listenerFactory.setSessionTransacted(false); return listenerFactory; }
This overrides the default factory and this should be applied to any other factory that your application defines, if any.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
By default, batch applications require a |
Spring Batch auto-configuration is enabled by adding @EnableBatchProcessing
(from Spring Batch) somewhere in your context.
By default it executes all Jobs
in the application context on startup (see
JobLauncherCommandLineRunner
for details). You can narrow down to a specific job or jobs by specifying
spring.batch.job.names
(comma-separated job name patterns).
If the application context includes a JobRegistry
then the jobs in
spring.batch.job.names
are looked up in the registry instead of being autowired from the
context. This is a common pattern with more complex systems where multiple jobs are
defined in child contexts and registered centrally.
See BatchAutoConfiguration and @EnableBatchProcessing for more details.
In a standalone application the Actuator HTTP port defaults to the same as the main HTTP
port. To make the application listen on a different port set the external property
management.port
. To listen on a completely different network address (e.g. if you have
an internal network for management and an external one for user applications) you can
also set management.address
to a valid IP address that the server is able to bind to.
For more detail look at the
ManagementServerProperties
source code and
Section 48.3, “Customizing the management server port”
in the ‘Production-ready features’ section.
Spring Boot installs a ‘whitelabel’ error page that you will see in browser client if you encounter a server error (machine clients consuming JSON and other media types should see a sensible response with the right error code).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Set |
Overriding the error page with your own depends on the templating technology that you are
using. For example, if you are using Thymeleaf you would add an error.html
template and
if you are using FreeMarker you would add an error.ftl
template. In general what you
need is a View
that resolves with a name of error
, and/or a @Controller
that handles
the /error
path. Unless you replaced some of the default configuration you should find
a BeanNameViewResolver
in your ApplicationContext
so a @Bean
with id error
would
be a simple way of doing that. Look at
ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration
for more options.
See also the section on Error Handling for details of how to register handlers in the servlet container.
Information returned by the env
and configprops
endpoints can be somewhat sensitive
so keys matching a certain pattern are sanitized by default (i.e. their values are
replaced by ).
Spring Boot uses sensible defaults for such keys: for instance, any key ending with the
word "password", "secret", "key" or "token" is sanitized. It is also possible to use a
regular expression instead, such as credentials.
to sanitize any key that holds the
word credentials
as part of the key.
The patterns to use can be customized using the endpoints.env.keys-to-sanitize
and
endpoints.configprops.keys-to-sanitize
respectively.
Actuator HTTP endpoints are only available for Spring MVC-based applications. If you want
to use Jersey and still use the actuator you will need to enable Spring MVC (by depending
on spring-boot-starter-web
, for example). By default, both Jersey and the Spring MVC
dispatcher servlet are mapped to the same path (/
). You will need to change the path for
one of them (by configuring server.servlet-path
for Spring MVC or
spring.jersey.application-path
for Jersey). For example, if you add
server.servlet-path=/system
into application.properties
, the actuator HTTP endpoints
will be available under /system
.
If you define a @Configuration
with @EnableWebSecurity
anywhere in your application
it will switch off the default webapp security settings in Spring Boot (but leave the
Actuator’s security enabled). To tweak the defaults try setting properties in
security.*
(see
SecurityProperties
for details of available settings) and SECURITY
section of
Common application properties.
If you provide a @Bean
of type AuthenticationManager
the default one will not be
created, so you have the full feature set of Spring Security available (e.g.
various authentication options).
Spring Security also provides a convenient AuthenticationManagerBuilder
which can be
used to build an AuthenticationManager
with common options. The recommended way to
use this in a webapp is to inject it into a void method in a
WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter
, e.g.
@Configuration public class SecurityConfiguration extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter { @Autowired public void configureGlobal(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception { auth.inMemoryAuthentication() .withUser("barry").password("password").roles("USER"); // ... etc. } // ... other stuff for application security }
You will get the best results if you put this in a nested class, or a standalone class
(i.e. not mixed in with a lot of other @Beans
that might be allowed to influence the
order of instantiation). The secure web sample
is a useful template to follow.
If you experience instantiation issues (e.g. using JDBC or JPA for the user detail store)
it might be worth extracting the AuthenticationManagerBuilder
callback into a
GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter
(in the init()
method so it happens before the
authentication manager is needed elsewhere), e.g.
@Configuration public class AuthenticationManagerConfiguration extends GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter { @Override public void init(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) { auth.inMemoryAuthentication() // ... etc. } }
Ensuring that all your main endpoints are only available over HTTPS is an important
chore for any application. If you are using Tomcat as a servlet container, then
Spring Boot will add Tomcat’s own RemoteIpValve
automatically if it detects some
environment settings, and you should be able to rely on the HttpServletRequest
to
report whether it is secure or not (even downstream of a proxy server that handles the
real SSL termination). The standard behavior is determined by the presence or absence of
certain request headers (x-forwarded-for
and x-forwarded-proto
), whose names are
conventional, so it should work with most front end proxies. You can switch on the valve
by adding some entries to application.properties
, e.g.
server.tomcat.remote-ip-header=x-forwarded-for server.tomcat.protocol-header=x-forwarded-proto
(The presence of either of those properties will switch on the valve. Or you can add the
RemoteIpValve
yourself by adding a TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory
bean.)
Spring Security can also be configured to require a secure channel for all (or some
requests). To switch that on in a Spring Boot application you just need to set
security.require_ssl
to true
in application.properties
.
There are several options for hot reloading. The recommended approach is to use
spring-boot-devtools
as it provides
additional development-time features such as support for fast application restarts
and LiveReload as well as sensible development-time configuration (e.g. template caching).
Devtools works by monitoring the classpath for changes. This means that static resource
changes must be "built" for the change to take affect. By default, this happens
automatically in Eclipse when you save your changes. In IntelliJ IDEA, Make Project will
trigger the necessary build. Due to the
default restart
exclusions, changes to static resources will not trigger a restart of your application.
They will, however, trigger a live reload.
Alternatively, running in an IDE (especially with debugging on) is a good way to do development (all modern IDEs allow reloading of static resources and usually also hot-swapping of Java class changes).
Finally, the Maven and Gradle plugins can
be configured (see the addResources
property) to support running from the command line
with reloading of static files directly from source. You can use that with an external
css/js compiler process if you are writing that code with higher level tools.
Most of the templating technologies supported by Spring Boot include a configuration
option to disable caching (see below for details). If you’re using the
spring-boot-devtools
module these properties will be
automatically configured
for you at development time.
If you are using Thymeleaf, then set spring.thymeleaf.cache
to false
. See
ThymeleafAutoConfiguration
for other Thymeleaf customization options.
If you are using FreeMarker, then set spring.freemarker.cache
to false
. See
FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration
for other FreeMarker customization options.
If you are using Groovy templates, then set spring.groovy.template.cache
to false
. See
GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration
for other Groovy customization options.
The spring-boot-devtools
module includes support for automatic application restarts.
Whilst not as fast as technologies such as JRebel
or Spring Loaded it’s usually
significantly faster than a “cold start”. You should probably give it a try before
investigating some of the more complex reload options discussed below.
For more details see the Chapter 20, Developer tools section.
Modern IDEs (Eclipse, IDEA, etc.) all support hot swapping of bytecode, so if you make a change that doesn’t affect class or method signatures it should reload cleanly with no side effects.
Spring Loaded goes a little further in
that it can reload class definitions with changes in the method signatures. With some
customization it can force an ApplicationContext
to refresh itself (but there is no
general mechanism to ensure that would be safe for a running application anyway, so it
would only ever be a development time trick probably).
To use Spring Loaded with the Maven command line, just add it as a dependency in the Spring Boot plugin declaration, e.g.
<plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>springloaded</artifactId> <version>1.2.6.RELEASE</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </plugin>
This normally works pretty well with Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA as long as they have their build configuration aligned with the Maven defaults (Eclipse m2e does this out of the box).
You need to jump through a few hoops if you want to use Spring Loaded in combination with Gradle and IntelliJ IDEA. By default, IntelliJ IDEA will compile classes into a different location than Gradle, causing Spring Loaded monitoring to fail.
To configure IntelliJ IDEA correctly you can use the idea
Gradle plugin:
buildscript { repositories { jcenter() } dependencies { classpath "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.5.14.RELEASE" classpath 'org.springframework:springloaded:1.2.6.RELEASE' } } apply plugin: 'idea' idea { module { inheritOutputDirs = false outputDir = file("$buildDir/classes/main/") } } // ...
![]() | Note |
---|---|
IntelliJ IDEA must be configured to use the same Java version as the command line
Gradle task and |
You can also additionally enable ‘Make Project Automatically’ inside IntelliJ IDEA to automatically compile your code whenever a file is saved.
Both the Maven and Gradle plugin allow to generate build information containing
the coordinates, name and version of the project. The plugin can also be configured
to add additional properties through configuration. When such file is present,
Spring Boot auto-configures a BuildProperties
bean.
To generate build information with Maven, add an execution for the build-info
goal:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> <executions> <execution> <goals> <goal>build-info</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Check the Spring Boot Maven Plugin documentation for more details. |
And to do the same with Gradle:
springBoot { buildInfo() }
Additional properties can be added using the DSL:
springBoot { buildInfo { additionalProperties = [ 'foo': 'bar' ] } }
Both Maven and Gradle allow to generate a git.properties
file containing information
about the state of your git
source code repository when the project was built.
For Maven users the spring-boot-starter-parent
POM includes a pre-configured plugin to
generate a git.properties
file. Simply add the following declaration to your POM:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>pl.project13.maven</groupId> <artifactId>git-commit-id-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
Gradle users can achieve the same result using the
gradle-git-properties
plugin
plugins { id "com.gorylenko.gradle-git-properties" version "1.4.17" }
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
The commit time in |
If you use a Maven build that inherits directly or indirectly from spring-boot-dependencies
(for instance spring-boot-starter-parent
) but you want to override a specific
third-party dependency you can add appropriate <properties>
elements. Browse
the spring-boot-dependencies
POM for a complete list of properties. For example, to pick a different slf4j
version
you would add the following:
<properties> <slf4j.version>1.7.5<slf4j.version> </properties>
![]() | Note |
---|---|
This only works if your Maven project inherits (directly or indirectly) from
|
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
Each Spring Boot release is designed and tested against a specific set of third-party dependencies. Overriding versions may cause compatibility issues. |
To override dependency versions in Gradle, you can specify a version as shown below:
ext['slf4j.version'] = '1.7.5'
For additional information, please refer to the Gradle Dependency Management Plugin documentation.
The spring-boot-maven-plugin
can be used to create an executable ‘fat’ JAR. If you
are using the spring-boot-starter-parent
POM you can simply declare the plugin and
your jars will be repackaged:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
If you are not using the parent POM you can still use the plugin, however, you must
additionally add an <executions>
section:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>1.5.14.RELEASE</version> <executions> <execution> <goals> <goal>repackage</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
See the plugin documentation for full usage details.
Like a war file, a Spring Boot application is not intended to be used as a dependency. If your application contains classes that you want to share with other projects, the recommended approach is to move that code into a separate module. The separate module can then be depended upon by your application and other projects.
If you cannot rearrange your code as recommended above, Spring Boot’s Maven and Gradle
plugins must be configured to produce a separate artifact that is suitable for use as a
dependency. The executable archive cannot be used as a dependency as the
executable jar
format packages application classes in BOOT-INF/classes
. This means
that they cannot be found when the executable jar is used as a dependency.
To produce the two artifacts, one that can be used as a dependency and one that is executable, a classifier must be specified. This classifier is applied to the name of the executable archive, leaving the default archive for use as dependency.
To configure a classifier of exec
in Maven, the following configuration can be used:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <classifier>exec</classifier> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
And when using Gradle, the following configuration can be used:
bootRepackage {
classifier = 'exec'
}
Most nested libraries in an executable jar do not need to be unpacked in order to run,
however, certain libraries can have problems. For example, JRuby includes its own nested
jar support which assumes that the jruby-complete.jar
is always directly available as a
file in its own right.
To deal with any problematic libraries, you can flag that specific nested jars should be automatically unpacked to the ‘temp folder’ when the executable jar first runs.
For example, to indicate that JRuby should be flagged for unpack using the Maven Plugin you would add the following configuration:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <requiresUnpack> <dependency> <groupId>org.jruby</groupId> <artifactId>jruby-complete</artifactId> </dependency> </requiresUnpack> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
And to do that same with Gradle:
springBoot {
requiresUnpack = ['org.jruby:jruby-complete']
}
Often if you have an executable and a non-executable jar as build products, the executable
version will have additional configuration files that are not needed in a library jar.
E.g. the application.yml
configuration file might excluded from the non-executable JAR.
Here’s how to do that in Maven:
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <classifier>exec</classifier> </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId> <executions> <execution> <id>exec</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>jar</goal> </goals> <configuration> <classifier>exec</classifier> </configuration> </execution> <execution> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>jar</goal> </goals> <configuration> <!-- Need this to ensure application.yml is excluded --> <forceCreation>true</forceCreation> <excludes> <exclude>application.yml</exclude> </excludes> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
In Gradle you can create a new JAR archive with standard task DSL features, and then have
the bootRepackage
task depend on that one using its withJarTask
property:
jar { baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile' version = '0.0.0' excludes = ['**/application.yml'] } task('execJar', type:Jar, dependsOn: 'jar') { baseName = 'spring-boot-sample-profile' version = '0.0.0' classifier = 'exec' from sourceSets.main.output } bootRepackage { withJarTask = tasks['execJar'] }
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Maven you can use
the jvmArguments
property of the maven plugin.
Check this example for more details.
To attach a remote debugger to a Spring Boot application started with Gradle you can use
the jvmArgs
property of bootRun
task or --debug-jvm
command line option.
build.gradle
:
bootRun {
jvmArgs "-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005"
}
Command line:
$ gradle bootRun --debug-jvm
Check Gradle Application Plugin for more details.
To build with Ant you need to grab dependencies, compile and then create a jar or war
archive. To make it executable you can either use the spring-boot-antlib
module, or you can follow these instructions:
BOOT-INF/classes
directory. If you are building a war, package the application’s
classes in a nested WEB-INF/classes
directory as usual.BOOT-INF/lib
directory for a jar or
WEB-INF/lib
for a war. Remember not to compress the entries in the archive.provided
(embedded container) dependencies in a nested BOOT-INF/lib
directory for jar or WEB-INF/lib-provided
for a war. Remember not to compress the
entries in the archive.spring-boot-loader
classes at the root of the archive (so the Main-Class
is available).JarLauncher
for a jar file, as a Main-Class
attribute in the manifest and specify the other properties it needs as manifest entries,
principally a Start-Class
.Example:
<target name="build" depends="compile"> <jar destfile="target/${ant.project.name}-${spring-boot.version}.jar" compress="false"> <mappedresources> <fileset dir="target/classes" /> <globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/classes/*"/> </mappedresources> <mappedresources> <fileset dir="src/main/resources" erroronmissingdir="false"/> <globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/classes/*"/> </mappedresources> <mappedresources> <fileset dir="${lib.dir}/runtime" /> <globmapper from="*" to="BOOT-INF/lib/*"/> </mappedresources> <zipfileset src="${lib.dir}/loader/spring-boot-loader-jar-${spring-boot.version}.jar" /> <manifest> <attribute name="Main-Class" value="org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher" /> <attribute name="Start-Class" value="${start-class}" /> </manifest> </jar> </target>
The Ant Sample has a
build.xml
with a manual
task that should work if you run it with
$ ant -lib <folder containing ivy-2.2.jar> clean manual
after which you can run the application with
$ java -jar target/*.jar
If you want to use Spring Boot with Java 6 there are a small number of configuration changes that you will have to make. The exact changes depend on your application’s functionality.
If you are using one of Boot’s embedded Servlet containers you will have to use a Java 6-compatible container. Both Tomcat 7 and Jetty 8 are Java 6 compatible. See Section 73.16, “Use Tomcat 7.x or 8.0” and Section 73.18, “Use Jetty 8” for details.
Jackson 2.7 and later requires Java 7. If you want to use Jackson with Java 6 you will have to downgrade to Jackson 2.6.
Spring Boot uses the Jackson BOM that was introduced as of Jackson 2.7 so you can’t just
override the jackson.version
property. In order to use Jackson 2.6, you will have to
define the individual modules in the dependencyManagement
section of your build, check
this
example for more details.
While the Java Transaction API itself doesn’t require Java 7 the official API jar
contains classes that have been built to require Java 7. If you are using JTA then
you will need to replace the official JTA 1.2 API jar with one that has been built
to work on Java 6. To do so, exclude any transitive dependencies on
javax.transaction:javax.transaction-api
and replace them with a dependency on
org.jboss.spec.javax.transaction:jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec:1.0.0.Final
The first step in producing a deployable war file is to provide a
SpringBootServletInitializer
subclass and override its configure
method. This makes
use of Spring Framework’s Servlet 3.0 support and allows you to configure your
application when it’s launched by the servlet container. Typically, you update your
application’s main class to extend SpringBootServletInitializer
:
@SpringBootApplication public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer { @Override protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) { return application.sources(Application.class); } public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }
The next step is to update your build configuration so that your project produces a war file
rather than a jar file. If you’re using Maven and using spring-boot-starter-parent
(which
configures Maven’s war plugin for you) all you need to do is to modify pom.xml
to change the
packaging to war:
<packaging>war</packaging>
If you’re using Gradle, you need to modify build.gradle
to apply the war plugin to the
project:
apply plugin: 'war'
The final step in the process is to ensure that the embedded servlet container doesn’t interfere with the servlet container to which the war file will be deployed. To do so, you need to mark the embedded servlet container dependency as provided.
If you’re using Maven:
<dependencies> <!-- … --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId> <scope>provided</scope> </dependency> <!-- … --> </dependencies>
And if you’re using Gradle:
dependencies { // … providedRuntime 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-tomcat' // … }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using a version of Gradle that supports compile only dependencies (2.12
or later), you should continue to use |
If you’re using the Spring Boot build tools,
marking the embedded servlet container dependency as provided will produce an executable war
file with the provided dependencies packaged in a lib-provided
directory. This means
that, in addition to being deployable to a servlet container, you can also run your
application using java -jar
on the command line.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Take a look at Spring Boot’s sample applications for a Maven-based example of the above-described configuration. |
Older Servlet containers don’t have support for the ServletContextInitializer
bootstrap
process used in Servlet 3.0. You can still use Spring and Spring Boot in these containers
but you are going to need to add a web.xml
to your application and configure it to load
an ApplicationContext
via a DispatcherServlet
.
For a non-web application it should be easy (throw away the code that creates your
ApplicationContext
and replace it with calls to SpringApplication
or
SpringApplicationBuilder
). Spring MVC web applications are generally amenable to first
creating a deployable war application, and then migrating it later to an executable war
and/or jar. Useful reading is in the Getting
Started Guide on Converting a jar to a war.
Create a deployable war by extending SpringBootServletInitializer
(e.g. in a class
called Application
), and add the Spring Boot @SpringBootApplication
annotation.
Example:
@SpringBootApplication public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer { @Override protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) { // Customize the application or call application.sources(...) to add sources // Since our example is itself a @Configuration class (via @SpringBootApplication) // we actually don't need to override this method. return application; } }
Remember that whatever you put in the sources
is just a Spring ApplicationContext
and
normally anything that already works should work here. There might be some beans you can
remove later and let Spring Boot provide its own defaults for them, but it should be
possible to get something working first.
Static resources can be moved to /public
(or /static
or /resources
or
/META-INF/resources
) in the classpath root. Same for messages.properties
(Spring Boot
detects this automatically in the root of the classpath).
Vanilla usage of Spring DispatcherServlet
and Spring Security should require no further
changes. If you have other features in your application, using other servlets or filters
for instance, then you may need to add some configuration to your Application
context,
replacing those elements from the web.xml
as follows:
@Bean
of type Servlet
or ServletRegistrationBean
installs that bean in the
container as if it was a <servlet/>
and <servlet-mapping/>
in web.xml
.@Bean
of type Filter
or FilterRegistrationBean
behaves similarly (like a
<filter/>
and <filter-mapping/>
.ApplicationContext
in an XML file can be added through an @ImportResource
in
your Application
. Or simple cases where annotation configuration is heavily used
already can be recreated in a few lines as @Bean
definitions.Once the war is working we make it executable by adding a main
method to our
Application
, e.g.
public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); }
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you intend to start your application as a war or as an executable application, you
need to share the customizations of the builder in a method that is both available to the
@SpringBootApplication public class Application extends SpringBootServletInitializer { @Override protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder builder) { return configureApplication(builder); } public static void main(String[] args) { configureApplication(new SpringApplicationBuilder()).run(args); } private static SpringApplicationBuilder configureApplication(SpringApplicationBuilder builder) { return builder.sources(Application.class).bannerMode(Banner.Mode.OFF); } } |
Applications can fall into more than one category:
web.xml
.web.xml
.All of these should be amenable to translation, but each might require slightly different tricks.
Servlet 3.0+ applications might translate pretty easily if they already use the Spring
Servlet 3.0+ initializer support classes. Normally all the code from an existing
WebApplicationInitializer
can be moved into a SpringBootServletInitializer
. If your
existing application has more than one ApplicationContext
(e.g. if it uses
AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer
) then you might be able to squash all your context
sources into a single SpringApplication
. The main complication you might encounter is if
that doesn’t work and you need to maintain the context hierarchy. See the
entry on building a hierarchy for
examples. An existing parent context that contains web-specific features will usually
need to be broken up so that all the ServletContextAware
components are in the child
context.
Applications that are not already Spring applications might be convertible to a Spring Boot application, and the guidance above might help, but your mileage may vary.
To deploy a Spring Boot application to WebLogic you must ensure that your servlet
initializer directly implements WebApplicationInitializer
(even if you extend from a
base class that already implements it).
A typical initializer for WebLogic would be something like this:
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.boot.context.web.SpringBootServletInitializer; import org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer; @SpringBootApplication public class MyApplication extends SpringBootServletInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer { }
If you use logback, you will also need to tell WebLogic to prefer the packaged version
rather than the version that pre-installed with the server. You can do this by adding a
WEB-INF/weblogic.xml
file with the following contents:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <wls:weblogic-web-app xmlns:wls="http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/ejb-jar_3_0.xsd http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app http://xmlns.oracle.com/weblogic/weblogic-web-app/1.4/weblogic-web-app.xsd"> <wls:container-descriptor> <wls:prefer-application-packages> <wls:package-name>org.slf4j</wls:package-name> </wls:prefer-application-packages> </wls:container-descriptor> </wls:weblogic-web-app>
Spring Boot uses Servlet 3.0 APIs to initialize the ServletContext
(register Servlets
etc.) so you can’t use the same application out of the box in a Servlet 2.5 container.
It is however possible to run a Spring Boot application on an older container with some
special tools. If you include org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-legacy
as a
dependency (maintained separately to the
core of Spring Boot and currently available at 1.0.2.RELEASE), all you should need to do
is create a web.xml
and declare a context listener to create the application context and
your filters and servlets. The context listener is a special purpose one for Spring Boot,
but the rest of it is normal for a Spring application in Servlet 2.5. Example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>demo.Application</param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.boot.legacy.context.web.SpringBootContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <filter> <filter-name>metricsFilter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy</filter-class> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>metricsFilter</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <servlet> <servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextAttribute</param-name> <param-value>org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext.ROOT</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
In this example we are using a single application context (the one created by the context
listener) and attaching it to the DispatcherServlet
using an init parameter. This is
normal in a Spring Boot application (you normally only have one application context).
Various properties can be specified inside your application.properties
/application.yml
file or as command line switches. This section provides a list of common Spring Boot
properties and references to the underlying classes that consume them.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Property contributions can come from additional jar files on your classpath so you should not consider this an exhaustive list. It is also perfectly legit to define your own properties. |
![]() | Warning |
---|---|
This sample file is meant as a guide only. Do not copy/paste the entire content into your application; rather pick only the properties that you need. |
# =================================================================== # COMMON SPRING BOOT PROPERTIES # # This sample file is provided as a guideline. Do NOT copy it in its # entirety to your own application. ^^^ # =================================================================== # ---------------------------------------- # CORE PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # BANNER banner.charset=UTF-8 # Banner file encoding. banner.location=classpath:banner.txt # Banner file location. banner.image.location=classpath:banner.gif # Banner image file location (jpg/png can also be used). banner.image.width= # Width of the banner image in chars (default 76) banner.image.height= # Height of the banner image in chars (default based on image height) banner.image.margin= # Left hand image margin in chars (default 2) banner.image.invert= # If images should be inverted for dark terminal themes (default false) # LOGGING logging.config= # Location of the logging configuration file. For instance `classpath:logback.xml` for Logback logging.exception-conversion-word=%wEx # Conversion word used when logging exceptions. logging.file= # Log file name. For instance `myapp.log` logging.level.*= # Log levels severity mapping. For instance `logging.level.org.springframework=DEBUG` logging.path= # Location of the log file. For instance `/var/log` logging.pattern.console= # Appender pattern for output to the console. Only supported with the default logback setup. logging.pattern.file= # Appender pattern for output to the file. Only supported with the default logback setup. logging.pattern.level= # Appender pattern for log level (default %5p). Only supported with the default logback setup. logging.register-shutdown-hook=false # Register a shutdown hook for the logging system when it is initialized. # AOP spring.aop.auto=true # Add @EnableAspectJAutoProxy. spring.aop.proxy-target-class= # Whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created (true) as opposed to standard Java interface-based proxies (false). Defaults to "true" when using Spring Transaction Management, otherwise "false". # IDENTITY (ContextIdApplicationContextInitializer) spring.application.index= # Application index. spring.application.name= # Application name. # ADMIN (SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration) spring.application.admin.enabled=false # Enable admin features for the application. spring.application.admin.jmx-name=org.springframework.boot:type=Admin,name=SpringApplication # JMX name of the application admin MBean. # AUTO-CONFIGURATION spring.autoconfigure.exclude= # Auto-configuration classes to exclude. # SPRING CORE spring.beaninfo.ignore=true # Skip search of BeanInfo classes. # SPRING CACHE (CacheProperties) spring.cache.cache-names= # Comma-separated list of cache names to create if supported by the underlying cache manager. spring.cache.caffeine.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CaffeineSpec for more details on the spec format. spring.cache.couchbase.expiration=0 # Entry expiration in milliseconds. By default the entries never expire. spring.cache.ehcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize EhCache. spring.cache.guava.spec= # The spec to use to create caches. Check CacheBuilderSpec for more details on the spec format. spring.cache.infinispan.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Infinispan. spring.cache.jcache.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize the cache manager. spring.cache.jcache.provider= # Fully qualified name of the CachingProvider implementation to use to retrieve the JSR-107 compliant cache manager. Only needed if more than one JSR-107 implementation is available on the classpath. spring.cache.type= # Cache type, auto-detected according to the environment by default. # SPRING CONFIG - using environment property only (ConfigFileApplicationListener) spring.config.location= # Config file locations. spring.config.name=application # Config file name. # HAZELCAST (HazelcastProperties) spring.hazelcast.config= # The location of the configuration file to use to initialize Hazelcast. # PROJECT INFORMATION (ProjectInfoProperties) spring.info.build.location=classpath:META-INF/build-info.properties # Location of the generated build-info.properties file. spring.info.git.location=classpath:git.properties # Location of the generated git.properties file. # JMX spring.jmx.default-domain= # JMX domain name. spring.jmx.enabled=true # Expose management beans to the JMX domain. spring.jmx.server=mbeanServer # MBeanServer bean name. # Email (MailProperties) spring.mail.default-encoding=UTF-8 # Default MimeMessage encoding. spring.mail.host= # SMTP server host. For instance `smtp.example.com` spring.mail.jndi-name= # Session JNDI name. When set, takes precedence to others Session settings. spring.mail.password= # Login password of the SMTP server. spring.mail.port= # SMTP server port. spring.mail.properties.*= # Additional JavaMail Session properties. spring.mail.protocol=smtp # Protocol used by the SMTP server. spring.mail.test-connection=false # Test that the mail server is available on startup. spring.mail.username= # Login user of the SMTP server. # APPLICATION SETTINGS (SpringApplication) spring.main.banner-mode=console # Mode used to display the banner when the application runs. spring.main.sources= # Sources (class name, package name or XML resource location) to include in the ApplicationContext. spring.main.web-environment= # Run the application in a web environment (auto-detected by default). # FILE ENCODING (FileEncodingApplicationListener) spring.mandatory-file-encoding= # Expected character encoding the application must use. # INTERNATIONALIZATION (MessageSourceAutoConfiguration) spring.messages.always-use-message-format=false # Set whether to always apply the MessageFormat rules, parsing even messages without arguments. spring.messages.basename=messages # Comma-separated list of basenames (essentially a fully-qualified classpath location), each following the ResourceBundle convention with relaxed support for slash based locations. spring.messages.cache-seconds=-1 # Loaded resource bundle files cache expiration, in seconds. When set to -1, bundles are cached forever. spring.messages.encoding=UTF-8 # Message bundles encoding. spring.messages.fallback-to-system-locale=true # Set whether to fall back to the system Locale if no files for a specific Locale have been found. # OUTPUT spring.output.ansi.enabled=detect # Configure the ANSI output. # PID FILE (ApplicationPidFileWriter) spring.pid.fail-on-write-error= # Fail if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used but it cannot write the PID file. spring.pid.file= # Location of the PID file to write (if ApplicationPidFileWriter is used). # PROFILES spring.profiles.active= # Comma-separated list (or list if using YAML) of active profiles. spring.profiles.include= # Unconditionally activate the specified comma separated profiles (or list of profiles if using YAML). # SENDGRID (SendGridAutoConfiguration) spring.sendgrid.api-key= # SendGrid api key (alternative to username/password). spring.sendgrid.username= # SendGrid account username. spring.sendgrid.password= # SendGrid account password. spring.sendgrid.proxy.host= # SendGrid proxy host. spring.sendgrid.proxy.port= # SendGrid proxy port. # ---------------------------------------- # WEB PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # EMBEDDED SERVER CONFIGURATION (ServerProperties) server.address= # Network address to which the server should bind to. server.compression.enabled=false # If response compression is enabled. server.compression.excluded-user-agents= # List of user-agents to exclude from compression. server.compression.mime-types=text/html,text/xml,text/plain,text/css,text/javascript,application/javascript # Comma-separated list of MIME types that should be compressed. server.compression.min-response-size=2048 # Minimum response size that is required for compression to be performed. server.connection-timeout= # Time in milliseconds that connectors will wait for another HTTP request before closing the connection. When not set, the connector's container-specific default will be used. Use a value of -1 to indicate no (i.e. infinite) timeout. server.context-parameters.*= # Servlet context init parameters. For instance `server.context-parameters.a=alpha` server.context-path= # Context path of the application. server.display-name=application # Display name of the application. server.max-http-header-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP message header. server.error.include-stacktrace=never # When to include a "stacktrace" attribute. server.error.path=/error # Path of the error controller. server.error.whitelabel.enabled=true # Enable the default error page displayed in browsers in case of a server error. server.jetty.acceptors= # Number of acceptor threads to use. server.jetty.max-http-post-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP post or put content. server.jetty.selectors= # Number of selector threads to use. server.jsp-servlet.class-name=org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServlet # The class name of the JSP servlet. server.jsp-servlet.init-parameters.*= # Init parameters used to configure the JSP servlet server.jsp-servlet.registered=true # Whether or not the JSP servlet is registered server.port=8080 # Server HTTP port. server.server-header= # Value to use for the Server response header (no header is sent if empty) server.servlet-path=/ # Path of the main dispatcher servlet. server.use-forward-headers= # If X-Forwarded-* headers should be applied to the HttpRequest. server.session.cookie.comment= # Comment for the session cookie. server.session.cookie.domain= # Domain for the session cookie. server.session.cookie.http-only= # "HttpOnly" flag for the session cookie. server.session.cookie.max-age= # Maximum age of the session cookie in seconds. server.session.cookie.name= # Session cookie name. server.session.cookie.path= # Path of the session cookie. server.session.cookie.secure= # "Secure" flag for the session cookie. server.session.persistent=false # Persist session data between restarts. server.session.store-dir= # Directory used to store session data. server.session.timeout= # Session timeout in seconds. server.session.tracking-modes= # Session tracking modes (one or more of the following: "cookie", "url", "ssl"). server.ssl.ciphers= # Supported SSL ciphers. server.ssl.client-auth= # Whether client authentication is wanted ("want") or needed ("need"). Requires a trust store. server.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support. server.ssl.enabled-protocols= # Enabled SSL protocols. server.ssl.key-alias= # Alias that identifies the key in the key store. server.ssl.key-password= # Password used to access the key in the key store. server.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate (typically a jks file). server.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store. server.ssl.key-store-provider= # Provider for the key store. server.ssl.key-store-type= # Type of the key store. server.ssl.protocol=TLS # SSL protocol to use. server.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates. server.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store. server.ssl.trust-store-provider= # Provider for the trust store. server.ssl.trust-store-type= # Type of the trust store. server.tomcat.accept-count= # Maximum queue length for incoming connection requests when all possible request processing threads are in use. server.tomcat.accesslog.buffered=true # Buffer output such that it is only flushed periodically. server.tomcat.accesslog.directory=logs # Directory in which log files are created. Can be relative to the tomcat base dir or absolute. server.tomcat.accesslog.enabled=false # Enable access log. server.tomcat.accesslog.file-date-format=.yyyy-MM-dd # Date format to place in log file name. server.tomcat.accesslog.pattern=common # Format pattern for access logs. server.tomcat.accesslog.prefix=access_log # Log file name prefix. server.tomcat.accesslog.rename-on-rotate=false # Defer inclusion of the date stamp in the file name until rotate time. server.tomcat.accesslog.request-attributes-enabled=false # Set request attributes for IP address, Hostname, protocol and port used for the request. server.tomcat.accesslog.rotate=true # Enable access log rotation. server.tomcat.accesslog.suffix=.log # Log file name suffix. server.tomcat.additional-tld-skip-patterns= # Comma-separated list of additional patterns that match jars to ignore for TLD scanning. server.tomcat.background-processor-delay=30 # Delay in seconds between the invocation of backgroundProcess methods. server.tomcat.basedir= # Tomcat base directory. If not specified a temporary directory will be used. server.tomcat.internal-proxies=10\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 192\\.168\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 169\\.254\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 127\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 172\\.1[6-9]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 172\\.2[0-9]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3}|\\ 172\\.3[0-1]{1}\\.\\d{1,3}\\.\\d{1,3} # regular expression matching trusted IP addresses. server.tomcat.max-connections= # Maximum number of connections that the server will accept and process at any given time. server.tomcat.max-http-post-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP post content. server.tomcat.max-threads=0 # Maximum amount of worker threads. server.tomcat.min-spare-threads=0 # Minimum amount of worker threads. server.tomcat.port-header=X-Forwarded-Port # Name of the HTTP header used to override the original port value. server.tomcat.protocol-header= # Header that holds the incoming protocol, usually named "X-Forwarded-Proto". server.tomcat.protocol-header-https-value=https # Value of the protocol header that indicates that the incoming request uses SSL. server.tomcat.redirect-context-root= # Whether requests to the context root should be redirected by appending a / to the path. server.tomcat.remote-ip-header= # Name of the http header from which the remote ip is extracted. For instance `X-FORWARDED-FOR` server.tomcat.uri-encoding=UTF-8 # Character encoding to use to decode the URI. server.undertow.accesslog.dir= # Undertow access log directory. server.undertow.accesslog.enabled=false # Enable access log. server.undertow.accesslog.pattern=common # Format pattern for access logs. server.undertow.accesslog.prefix=access_log. # Log file name prefix. server.undertow.accesslog.rotate=true # Enable access log rotation. server.undertow.accesslog.suffix=log # Log file name suffix. server.undertow.buffer-size= # Size of each buffer in bytes. server.undertow.direct-buffers= # Allocate buffers outside the Java heap. server.undertow.io-threads= # Number of I/O threads to create for the worker. server.undertow.max-http-post-size=0 # Maximum size in bytes of the HTTP post content. server.undertow.worker-threads= # Number of worker threads. # FREEMARKER (FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration) spring.freemarker.allow-request-override=false # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.freemarker.allow-session-override=false # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.freemarker.cache=false # Enable template caching. spring.freemarker.charset=UTF-8 # Template encoding. spring.freemarker.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists. spring.freemarker.content-type=text/html # Content-Type value. spring.freemarker.enabled=true # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology. spring.freemarker.expose-request-attributes=false # Set whether all request attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.freemarker.expose-session-attributes=false # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.freemarker.expose-spring-macro-helpers=true # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by Spring's macro library, under the name "springMacroRequestContext". spring.freemarker.prefer-file-system-access=true # Prefer file system access for template loading. File system access enables hot detection of template changes. spring.freemarker.prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. spring.freemarker.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views. spring.freemarker.settings.*= # Well-known FreeMarker keys which will be passed to FreeMarker's Configuration. spring.freemarker.suffix=.ftl # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. spring.freemarker.template-loader-path=classpath:/templates/ # Comma-separated list of template paths. spring.freemarker.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved. # GROOVY TEMPLATES (GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration) spring.groovy.template.allow-request-override=false # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.groovy.template.allow-session-override=false # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.groovy.template.cache= # Enable template caching. spring.groovy.template.charset=UTF-8 # Template encoding. spring.groovy.template.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists. spring.groovy.template.configuration.*= # See GroovyMarkupConfigurer spring.groovy.template.content-type=test/html # Content-Type value. spring.groovy.template.enabled=true # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology. spring.groovy.template.expose-request-attributes=false # Set whether all request attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.groovy.template.expose-session-attributes=false # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.groovy.template.expose-spring-macro-helpers=true # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by Spring's macro library, under the name "springMacroRequestContext". spring.groovy.template.prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. spring.groovy.template.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views. spring.groovy.template.resource-loader-path=classpath:/templates/ # Template path. spring.groovy.template.suffix=.tpl # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. spring.groovy.template.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved. # SPRING HATEOAS (HateoasProperties) spring.hateoas.use-hal-as-default-json-media-type=true # Specify if application/hal+json responses should be sent to requests that accept application/json. # HTTP message conversion spring.http.converters.preferred-json-mapper=jackson # Preferred JSON mapper to use for HTTP message conversion. Set to "gson" to force the use of Gson when both it and Jackson are on the classpath. # HTTP encoding (HttpEncodingProperties) spring.http.encoding.charset=UTF-8 # Charset of HTTP requests and responses. Added to the "Content-Type" header if not set explicitly. spring.http.encoding.enabled=true # Enable http encoding support. spring.http.encoding.force= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP requests and responses. spring.http.encoding.force-request= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP requests. Defaults to true when "force" has not been specified. spring.http.encoding.force-response= # Force the encoding to the configured charset on HTTP responses. spring.http.encoding.mapping= # Locale to Encoding mapping. # MULTIPART (MultipartProperties) spring.http.multipart.enabled=true # Enable support of multi-part uploads. spring.http.multipart.file-size-threshold=0 # Threshold after which files will be written to disk. Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB" to indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size. spring.http.multipart.location= # Intermediate location of uploaded files. spring.http.multipart.max-file-size=1MB # Max file size. Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB" to indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size. spring.http.multipart.max-request-size=10MB # Max request size. Values can use the suffixed "MB" or "KB" to indicate a Megabyte or Kilobyte size. spring.http.multipart.resolve-lazily=false # Whether to resolve the multipart request lazily at the time of file or parameter access. # JACKSON (JacksonProperties) spring.jackson.date-format= # Date format string or a fully-qualified date format class name. For instance `yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss`. spring.jackson.default-property-inclusion= # Controls the inclusion of properties during serialization. spring.jackson.deserialization.*= # Jackson on/off features that affect the way Java objects are deserialized. spring.jackson.generator.*= # Jackson on/off features for generators. spring.jackson.joda-date-time-format= # Joda date time format string. If not configured, "date-format" will be used as a fallback if it is configured with a format string. spring.jackson.locale= # Locale used for formatting. spring.jackson.mapper.*= # Jackson general purpose on/off features. spring.jackson.parser.*= # Jackson on/off features for parsers. spring.jackson.property-naming-strategy= # One of the constants on Jackson's PropertyNamingStrategy. Can also be a fully-qualified class name of a PropertyNamingStrategy subclass. spring.jackson.serialization.*= # Jackson on/off features that affect the way Java objects are serialized. spring.jackson.time-zone= # Time zone used when formatting dates. For instance `America/Los_Angeles` # JERSEY (JerseyProperties) spring.jersey.application-path= # Path that serves as the base URI for the application. Overrides the value of "@ApplicationPath" if specified. spring.jersey.filter.order=0 # Jersey filter chain order. spring.jersey.init.*= # Init parameters to pass to Jersey via the servlet or filter. spring.jersey.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Jersey servlet. spring.jersey.type=servlet # Jersey integration type. # SPRING LDAP (LdapProperties) spring.ldap.urls= # LDAP URLs of the server. spring.ldap.base= # Base suffix from which all operations should originate. spring.ldap.username= # Login user of the server. spring.ldap.password= # Login password of the server. spring.ldap.base-environment.*= # LDAP specification settings. # EMBEDDED LDAP (EmbeddedLdapProperties) spring.ldap.embedded.base-dn= # The base DN spring.ldap.embedded.credential.username= # Embedded LDAP username. spring.ldap.embedded.credential.password= # Embedded LDAP password. spring.ldap.embedded.ldif=classpath:schema.ldif # Schema (LDIF) script resource reference. spring.ldap.embedded.port= # Embedded LDAP port. spring.ldap.embedded.validation.enabled=true # Enable LDAP schema validation. spring.ldap.embedded.validation.schema= # Path to the custom schema. # SPRING MOBILE DEVICE VIEWS (DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration) spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.enable-fallback=false # Enable support for fallback resolution. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.enabled=false # Enable device view resolver. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.mobile-prefix=mobile/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view names for mobile devices. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.mobile-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for mobile devices. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.normal-prefix= # Prefix that gets prepended to view names for normal devices. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.normal-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for normal devices. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.tablet-prefix=tablet/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view names for tablet devices. spring.mobile.devicedelegatingviewresolver.tablet-suffix= # Suffix that gets appended to view names for tablet devices. # SPRING MOBILE SITE PREFERENCE (SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration) spring.mobile.sitepreference.enabled=true # Enable SitePreferenceHandler. # MUSTACHE TEMPLATES (MustacheAutoConfiguration) spring.mustache.allow-request-override= # Set whether HttpServletRequest attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.mustache.allow-session-override= # Set whether HttpSession attributes are allowed to override (hide) controller generated model attributes of the same name. spring.mustache.cache= # Enable template caching. spring.mustache.charset= # Template encoding. spring.mustache.check-template-location= # Check that the templates location exists. spring.mustache.content-type= # Content-Type value. spring.mustache.enabled= # Enable MVC view resolution for this technology. spring.mustache.expose-request-attributes= # Set whether all request attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.mustache.expose-session-attributes= # Set whether all HttpSession attributes should be added to the model prior to merging with the template. spring.mustache.expose-spring-macro-helpers= # Set whether to expose a RequestContext for use by Spring's macro library, under the name "springMacroRequestContext". spring.mustache.prefix=classpath:/templates/ # Prefix to apply to template names. spring.mustache.request-context-attribute= # Name of the RequestContext attribute for all views. spring.mustache.suffix=.html # Suffix to apply to template names. spring.mustache.view-names= # White list of view names that can be resolved. # SPRING MVC (WebMvcProperties) spring.mvc.async.request-timeout= # Amount of time (in milliseconds) before asynchronous request handling times out. spring.mvc.date-format= # Date format to use. For instance `dd/MM/yyyy`. spring.mvc.dispatch-trace-request=false # Dispatch TRACE requests to the FrameworkServlet doService method. spring.mvc.dispatch-options-request=true # Dispatch OPTIONS requests to the FrameworkServlet doService method. spring.mvc.favicon.enabled=true # Enable resolution of favicon.ico. spring.mvc.formcontent.putfilter.enabled=true # Enable Spring's HttpPutFormContentFilter. spring.mvc.ignore-default-model-on-redirect=true # If the content of the "default" model should be ignored during redirect scenarios. spring.mvc.locale= # Locale to use. By default, this locale is overridden by the "Accept-Language" header. spring.mvc.locale-resolver=accept-header # Define how the locale should be resolved. spring.mvc.log-resolved-exception=false # Enable warn logging of exceptions resolved by a "HandlerExceptionResolver". spring.mvc.media-types.*= # Maps file extensions to media types for content negotiation. spring.mvc.message-codes-resolver-format= # Formatting strategy for message codes. For instance `PREFIX_ERROR_CODE`. spring.mvc.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Spring Web Services servlet. spring.mvc.static-path-pattern=/** # Path pattern used for static resources. spring.mvc.throw-exception-if-no-handler-found=false # If a "NoHandlerFoundException" should be thrown if no Handler was found to process a request. spring.mvc.view.prefix= # Spring MVC view prefix. spring.mvc.view.suffix= # Spring MVC view suffix. # SPRING RESOURCES HANDLING (ResourceProperties) spring.resources.add-mappings=true # Enable default resource handling. spring.resources.cache-period= # Cache period for the resources served by the resource handler, in seconds. spring.resources.chain.cache=true # Enable caching in the Resource chain. spring.resources.chain.enabled= # Enable the Spring Resource Handling chain. Disabled by default unless at least one strategy has been enabled. spring.resources.chain.gzipped=false # Enable resolution of already gzipped resources. spring.resources.chain.html-application-cache=false # Enable HTML5 application cache manifest rewriting. spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.enabled=false # Enable the content Version Strategy. spring.resources.chain.strategy.content.paths=/** # Comma-separated list of patterns to apply to the Version Strategy. spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.enabled=false # Enable the fixed Version Strategy. spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.paths=/** # Comma-separated list of patterns to apply to the Version Strategy. spring.resources.chain.strategy.fixed.version= # Version string to use for the Version Strategy. spring.resources.static-locations=classpath:/META-INF/resources/,classpath:/resources/,classpath:/static/,classpath:/public/ # Locations of static resources. # SPRING SESSION (SessionProperties) spring.session.hazelcast.flush-mode=on-save # Sessions flush mode. spring.session.hazelcast.map-name=spring:session:sessions # Name of the map used to store sessions. spring.session.jdbc.initializer.enabled= # Create the required session tables on startup if necessary. Enabled automatically if the default table name is set or a custom schema is configured. spring.session.jdbc.schema=classpath:org/springframework/session/jdbc/schema-@@platform@@.sql # Path to the SQL file to use to initialize the database schema. spring.session.jdbc.table-name=SPRING_SESSION # Name of database table used to store sessions. spring.session.mongo.collection-name=sessions # Collection name used to store sessions. spring.session.redis.flush-mode=on-save # Sessions flush mode. spring.session.redis.namespace= # Namespace for keys used to store sessions. spring.session.store-type= # Session store type. # SPRING SOCIAL (SocialWebAutoConfiguration) spring.social.auto-connection-views=false # Enable the connection status view for supported providers. # SPRING SOCIAL FACEBOOK (FacebookAutoConfiguration) spring.social.facebook.app-id= # your application's Facebook App ID spring.social.facebook.app-secret= # your application's Facebook App Secret # SPRING SOCIAL LINKEDIN (LinkedInAutoConfiguration) spring.social.linkedin.app-id= # your application's LinkedIn App ID spring.social.linkedin.app-secret= # your application's LinkedIn App Secret # SPRING SOCIAL TWITTER (TwitterAutoConfiguration) spring.social.twitter.app-id= # your application's Twitter App ID spring.social.twitter.app-secret= # your application's Twitter App Secret # THYMELEAF (ThymeleafAutoConfiguration) spring.thymeleaf.cache=true # Enable template caching. spring.thymeleaf.check-template=true # Check that the template exists before rendering it. spring.thymeleaf.check-template-location=true # Check that the templates location exists. spring.thymeleaf.content-type=text/html # Content-Type value. spring.thymeleaf.enabled=true # Enable MVC Thymeleaf view resolution. spring.thymeleaf.encoding=UTF-8 # Template encoding. spring.thymeleaf.excluded-view-names= # Comma-separated list of view names that should be excluded from resolution. spring.thymeleaf.mode=HTML5 # Template mode to be applied to templates. See also StandardTemplateModeHandlers. spring.thymeleaf.prefix=classpath:/templates/ # Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. spring.thymeleaf.suffix=.html # Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. spring.thymeleaf.template-resolver-order= # Order of the template resolver in the chain. spring.thymeleaf.view-names= # Comma-separated list of view names that can be resolved. # SPRING WEB SERVICES (WebServicesProperties) spring.webservices.path=/services # Path that serves as the base URI for the services. spring.webservices.servlet.init= # Servlet init parameters to pass to Spring Web Services. spring.webservices.servlet.load-on-startup=-1 # Load on startup priority of the Spring Web Services servlet. # ---------------------------------------- # SECURITY PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # SECURITY (SecurityProperties) security.basic.authorize-mode=role # Security authorize mode to apply. security.basic.enabled=true # Enable basic authentication. security.basic.path=/** # Comma-separated list of paths to secure. security.basic.realm=Spring # HTTP basic realm name. security.enable-csrf=false # Enable Cross Site Request Forgery support. security.filter-order=0 # Security filter chain order. security.filter-dispatcher-types=ASYNC, FORWARD, INCLUDE, REQUEST # Security filter chain dispatcher types. security.headers.cache=true # Enable cache control HTTP headers. security.headers.content-security-policy= # Value for content security policy header. security.headers.content-security-policy-mode=default # Content security policy mode. security.headers.content-type=true # Enable "X-Content-Type-Options" header. security.headers.frame=true # Enable "X-Frame-Options" header. security.headers.hsts=all # HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) mode (none, domain, all). security.headers.xss=true # Enable cross site scripting (XSS) protection. security.ignored= # Comma-separated list of paths to exclude from the default secured paths. security.require-ssl=false # Enable secure channel for all requests. security.sessions=stateless # Session creation policy (always, never, if_required, stateless). security.user.name=user # Default user name. security.user.password= # Password for the default user name. A random password is logged on startup by default. security.user.role=USER # Granted roles for the default user name. # SECURITY OAUTH2 CLIENT (OAuth2ClientProperties) security.oauth2.client.client-id= # OAuth2 client id. security.oauth2.client.client-secret= # OAuth2 client secret. A random secret is generated by default # SECURITY OAUTH2 RESOURCES (ResourceServerProperties) security.oauth2.resource.filter-order= # The order of the filter chain used to authenticate tokens. security.oauth2.resource.id= # Identifier of the resource. security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-uri= # The URI of the JWT token. Can be set if the value is not available and the key is public. security.oauth2.resource.jwt.key-value= # The verification key of the JWT token. Can either be a symmetric secret or PEM-encoded RSA public key. security.oauth2.resource.jwk.key-set-uri= # The URI for getting the set of keys that can be used to validate the token. security.oauth2.resource.prefer-token-info=true # Use the token info, can be set to false to use the user info. security.oauth2.resource.service-id=resource # security.oauth2.resource.token-info-uri= # URI of the token decoding endpoint. security.oauth2.resource.token-type= # The token type to send when using the userInfoUri. security.oauth2.resource.user-info-uri= # URI of the user endpoint. # SECURITY OAUTH2 SSO (OAuth2SsoProperties) security.oauth2.sso.filter-order= # Filter order to apply if not providing an explicit WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter security.oauth2.sso.login-path=/login # Path to the login page, i.e. the one that triggers the redirect to the OAuth2 Authorization Server # ---------------------------------------- # DATA PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # FLYWAY (FlywayProperties) flyway.baseline-description= # flyway.baseline-version=1 # version to start migration flyway.baseline-on-migrate= # flyway.check-location=false # Check that migration scripts location exists. flyway.clean-on-validation-error= # flyway.enabled=true # Enable flyway. flyway.encoding= # flyway.ignore-failed-future-migration= # flyway.init-sqls= # SQL statements to execute to initialize a connection immediately after obtaining it. flyway.locations=classpath:db/migration # locations of migrations scripts flyway.out-of-order= # flyway.password= # JDBC password if you want Flyway to create its own DataSource flyway.placeholder-prefix= # flyway.placeholder-replacement= # flyway.placeholder-suffix= # flyway.placeholders.*= # flyway.schemas= # schemas to update flyway.sql-migration-prefix=V # flyway.sql-migration-separator= # flyway.sql-migration-suffix=.sql # flyway.table= # flyway.url= # JDBC url of the database to migrate. If not set, the primary configured data source is used. flyway.user= # Login user of the database to migrate. flyway.validate-on-migrate= # # LIQUIBASE (LiquibaseProperties) liquibase.change-log=classpath:/db/changelog/db.changelog-master.yaml # Change log configuration path. liquibase.check-change-log-location=true # Check the change log location exists. liquibase.contexts= # Comma-separated list of runtime contexts to use. liquibase.default-schema= # Default database schema. liquibase.drop-first=false # Drop the database schema first. liquibase.enabled=true # Enable liquibase support. liquibase.labels= # Comma-separated list of runtime labels to use. liquibase.parameters.*= # Change log parameters. liquibase.password= # Login password of the database to migrate. liquibase.rollback-file= # File to which rollback SQL will be written when an update is performed. liquibase.url= # JDBC url of the database to migrate. If not set, the primary configured data source is used. liquibase.user= # Login user of the database to migrate. # COUCHBASE (CouchbaseProperties) spring.couchbase.bootstrap-hosts= # Couchbase nodes (host or IP address) to bootstrap from. spring.couchbase.bucket.name=default # Name of the bucket to connect to. spring.couchbase.bucket.password= # Password of the bucket. spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.key-value=1 # Number of sockets per node against the Key/value service. spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.query=1 # Number of sockets per node against the Query (N1QL) service. spring.couchbase.env.endpoints.view=1 # Number of sockets per node against the view service. spring.couchbase.env.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support. Enabled automatically if a "keyStore" is provided unless specified otherwise. spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store= # Path to the JVM key store that holds the certificates. spring.couchbase.env.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store. spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.connect=5000 # Bucket connections timeout in milliseconds. spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.key-value=2500 # Blocking operations performed on a specific key timeout in milliseconds. spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.query=7500 # N1QL query operations timeout in milliseconds. spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.socket-connect=1000 # Socket connect connections timeout in milliseconds. spring.couchbase.env.timeouts.view=7500 # Regular and geospatial view operations timeout in milliseconds. # DAO (PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration) spring.dao.exceptiontranslation.enabled=true # Enable the PersistenceExceptionTranslationPostProcessor. # CASSANDRA (CassandraProperties) spring.data.cassandra.cluster-name= # Name of the Cassandra cluster. spring.data.cassandra.compression=none # Compression supported by the Cassandra binary protocol. spring.data.cassandra.connect-timeout-millis= # Socket option: connection time out. spring.data.cassandra.consistency-level= # Queries consistency level. spring.data.cassandra.contact-points=localhost # Comma-separated list of cluster node addresses. spring.data.cassandra.fetch-size= # Queries default fetch size. spring.data.cassandra.keyspace-name= # Keyspace name to use. spring.data.cassandra.load-balancing-policy= # Class name of the load balancing policy. spring.data.cassandra.port= # Port of the Cassandra server. spring.data.cassandra.password= # Login password of the server. spring.data.cassandra.read-timeout-millis= # Socket option: read time out. spring.data.cassandra.reconnection-policy= # Reconnection policy class. spring.data.cassandra.repositories.enabled= # Enable Cassandra repositories. spring.data.cassandra.retry-policy= # Class name of the retry policy. spring.data.cassandra.serial-consistency-level= # Queries serial consistency level. spring.data.cassandra.schema-action=none # Schema action to take at startup. spring.data.cassandra.ssl=false # Enable SSL support. spring.data.cassandra.username= # Login user of the server. # DATA COUCHBASE (CouchbaseDataProperties) spring.data.couchbase.auto-index=false # Automatically create views and indexes. spring.data.couchbase.consistency=read-your-own-writes # Consistency to apply by default on generated queries. spring.data.couchbase.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Couchbase repositories. # ELASTICSEARCH (ElasticsearchProperties) spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-name=elasticsearch # Elasticsearch cluster name. spring.data.elasticsearch.cluster-nodes= # Comma-separated list of cluster node addresses. If not specified, starts a client node. spring.data.elasticsearch.properties.*= # Additional properties used to configure the client. spring.data.elasticsearch.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Elasticsearch repositories. # DATA LDAP spring.data.ldap.repositories.enabled=true # Enable LDAP repositories. # MONGODB (MongoProperties) spring.data.mongodb.authentication-database= # Authentication database name. spring.data.mongodb.database=test # Database name. spring.data.mongodb.field-naming-strategy= # Fully qualified name of the FieldNamingStrategy to use. spring.data.mongodb.grid-fs-database= # GridFS database name. spring.data.mongodb.host=localhost # Mongo server host. Cannot be set with uri. spring.data.mongodb.password= # Login password of the mongo server. Cannot be set with uri. spring.data.mongodb.port=27017 # Mongo server port. Cannot be set with uri. spring.data.mongodb.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Mongo repositories. spring.data.mongodb.uri=mongodb://localhost/test # Mongo database URI. Cannot be set with host, port and credentials. spring.data.mongodb.username= # Login user of the mongo server. Cannot be set with uri. # DATA REDIS spring.data.redis.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Redis repositories. # NEO4J (Neo4jProperties) spring.data.neo4j.compiler= # Compiler to use. spring.data.neo4j.embedded.enabled=true # Enable embedded mode if the embedded driver is available. spring.data.neo4j.open-in-view=true # Register OpenSessionInViewInterceptor. Binds a Neo4j Session to the thread for the entire processing of the request. spring.data.neo4j.password= # Login password of the server. spring.data.neo4j.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Neo4j repositories. spring.data.neo4j.uri= # URI used by the driver. Auto-detected by default. spring.data.neo4j.username= # Login user of the server. # DATA REST (RepositoryRestProperties) spring.data.rest.base-path= # Base path to be used by Spring Data REST to expose repository resources. spring.data.rest.default-media-type= # Content type to use as a default when none is specified. spring.data.rest.default-page-size= # Default size of pages. spring.data.rest.detection-strategy=default # Strategy to use to determine which repositories get exposed. spring.data.rest.enable-enum-translation= # Enable enum value translation via the Spring Data REST default resource bundle. spring.data.rest.limit-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates how many results to return at once. spring.data.rest.max-page-size= # Maximum size of pages. spring.data.rest.page-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates what page to return. spring.data.rest.return-body-on-create= # Return a response body after creating an entity. spring.data.rest.return-body-on-update= # Return a response body after updating an entity. spring.data.rest.sort-param-name= # Name of the URL query string parameter that indicates what direction to sort results. # SOLR (SolrProperties) spring.data.solr.host=http://127.0.0.1:8983/solr # Solr host. Ignored if "zk-host" is set. spring.data.solr.repositories.enabled=true # Enable Solr repositories. spring.data.solr.zk-host= # ZooKeeper host address in the form HOST:PORT. # DATASOURCE (DataSourceAutoConfiguration & DataSourceProperties) spring.datasource.continue-on-error=false # Do not stop if an error occurs while initializing the database. spring.datasource.data= # Data (DML) script resource references. spring.datasource.data-username= # User of the database to execute DML scripts (if different). spring.datasource.data-password= # Password of the database to execute DML scripts (if different). spring.datasource.dbcp2.*= # Commons DBCP2 specific settings spring.datasource.driver-class-name= # Fully qualified name of the JDBC driver. Auto-detected based on the URL by default. spring.datasource.generate-unique-name=false # Generate a random datasource name. spring.datasource.hikari.*= # Hikari specific settings spring.datasource.initialize=true # Populate the database using 'data.sql'. spring.datasource.jmx-enabled=false # Enable JMX support (if provided by the underlying pool). spring.datasource.jndi-name= # JNDI location of the datasource. Class, url, username & password are ignored when set. spring.datasource.name=testdb # Name of the datasource. spring.datasource.password= # Login password of the database. spring.datasource.platform=all # Platform to use in the DDL or DML scripts (e.g. schema-${platform}.sql or data-${platform}.sql). spring.datasource.schema= # Schema (DDL) script resource references. spring.datasource.schema-username= # User of the database to execute DDL scripts (if different). spring.datasource.schema-password= # Password of the database to execute DDL scripts (if different). spring.datasource.separator=; # Statement separator in SQL initialization scripts. spring.datasource.sql-script-encoding= # SQL scripts encoding. spring.datasource.tomcat.*= # Tomcat datasource specific settings spring.datasource.type= # Fully qualified name of the connection pool implementation to use. By default, it is auto-detected from the classpath. spring.datasource.url= # JDBC url of the database. spring.datasource.username= # Login user of the database. spring.datasource.xa.data-source-class-name= # XA datasource fully qualified name. spring.datasource.xa.properties= # Properties to pass to the XA data source. # JEST (Elasticsearch HTTP client) (JestProperties) spring.elasticsearch.jest.connection-timeout=3000 # Connection timeout in milliseconds. spring.elasticsearch.jest.multi-threaded=true # Enable connection requests from multiple execution threads. spring.elasticsearch.jest.password= # Login password. spring.elasticsearch.jest.proxy.host= # Proxy host the HTTP client should use. spring.elasticsearch.jest.proxy.port= # Proxy port the HTTP client should use. spring.elasticsearch.jest.read-timeout=3000 # Read timeout in milliseconds. spring.elasticsearch.jest.uris=http://localhost:9200 # Comma-separated list of the Elasticsearch instances to use. spring.elasticsearch.jest.username= # Login user. # H2 Web Console (H2ConsoleProperties) spring.h2.console.enabled=false # Enable the console. spring.h2.console.path=/h2-console # Path at which the console will be available. spring.h2.console.settings.trace=false # Enable trace output. spring.h2.console.settings.web-allow-others=false # Enable remote access. # JOOQ (JooqProperties) spring.jooq.sql-dialect= # SQLDialect JOOQ used when communicating with the configured datasource. For instance `POSTGRES` # JPA (JpaBaseConfiguration, HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration) spring.data.jpa.repositories.enabled=true # Enable JPA repositories. spring.jpa.database= # Target database to operate on, auto-detected by default. Can be alternatively set using the "databasePlatform" property. spring.jpa.database-platform= # Name of the target database to operate on, auto-detected by default. Can be alternatively set using the "Database" enum. spring.jpa.generate-ddl=false # Initialize the schema on startup. spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto= # DDL mode. This is actually a shortcut for the "hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" property. Default to "create-drop" when using an embedded database, "none" otherwise. spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.implicit-strategy= # Hibernate 5 implicit naming strategy fully qualified name. spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy= # Hibernate 5 physical naming strategy fully qualified name. spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.strategy= # Hibernate 4 naming strategy fully qualified name. Not supported with Hibernate 5. spring.jpa.hibernate.use-new-id-generator-mappings= # Use Hibernate's newer IdentifierGenerator for AUTO, TABLE and SEQUENCE. spring.jpa.open-in-view=true # Register OpenEntityManagerInViewInterceptor. Binds a JPA EntityManager to the thread for the entire processing of the request. spring.jpa.properties.*= # Additional native properties to set on the JPA provider. spring.jpa.show-sql=false # Enable logging of SQL statements. # JTA (JtaAutoConfiguration) spring.jta.enabled=true # Enable JTA support. spring.jta.log-dir= # Transaction logs directory. spring.jta.transaction-manager-id= # Transaction manager unique identifier. # ATOMIKOS (AtomikosProperties) spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.borrow-connection-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for borrowing connections from the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.ignore-session-transacted-flag=true # Whether or not to ignore the transacted flag when creating session. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.local-transaction-mode=false # Whether or not local transactions are desired. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.maintenance-interval=60 # The time, in seconds, between runs of the pool's maintenance thread. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are cleaned up from the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-lifetime=0 # The time, in seconds, that a connection can be pooled for before being destroyed. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.max-pool-size=1 # The maximum size of the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.min-pool-size=1 # The minimum size of the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.reap-timeout=0 # The reap timeout, in seconds, for borrowed connections. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.atomikos.connectionfactory.unique-resource-name=jmsConnectionFactory # The unique name used to identify the resource during recovery. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.borrow-connection-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for borrowing connections from the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.default-isolation-level= # Default isolation level of connections provided by the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.login-timeout= # Timeout, in seconds, for establishing a database connection. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.maintenance-interval=60 # The time, in seconds, between runs of the pool's maintenance thread. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are cleaned up from the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-lifetime=0 # The time, in seconds, that a connection can be pooled for before being destroyed. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.max-pool-size=1 # The maximum size of the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.min-pool-size=1 # The minimum size of the pool. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.reap-timeout=0 # The reap timeout, in seconds, for borrowed connections. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.test-query= # SQL query or statement used to validate a connection before returning it. spring.jta.atomikos.datasource.unique-resource-name=dataSource # The unique name used to identify the resource during recovery. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.checkpoint-interval=500 # Interval between checkpoints. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.default-jta-timeout=10000 # Default timeout for JTA transactions. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.enable-logging=true # Enable disk logging. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.force-shutdown-on-vm-exit=false # Specify if a VM shutdown should trigger forced shutdown of the transaction core. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.log-base-dir= # Directory in which the log files should be stored. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.log-base-name=tmlog # Transactions log file base name. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.max-actives=50 # Maximum number of active transactions. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.max-timeout=300000 # Maximum timeout (in milliseconds) that can be allowed for transactions. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.serial-jta-transactions=true # Specify if sub-transactions should be joined when possible. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.service= # Transaction manager implementation that should be started. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.threaded-two-phase-commit=false # Use different (and concurrent) threads for two-phase commit on the participating resources. spring.jta.atomikos.properties.transaction-manager-unique-name= # Transaction manager's unique name. # BITRONIX spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquire-increment=1 # Number of connections to create when growing the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquisition-interval=1 # Time, in seconds, to wait before trying to acquire a connection again after an invalid connection was acquired. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.acquisition-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for acquiring connections from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.allow-local-transactions=true # Whether or not the transaction manager should allow mixing XA and non-XA transactions. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.apply-transaction-timeout=false # Whether or not the transaction timeout should be set on the XAResource when it is enlisted. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.automatic-enlisting-enabled=true # Whether or not resources should be enlisted and delisted automatically. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.cache-producers-consumers=true # Whether or not produces and consumers should be cached. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.defer-connection-release=true # Whether or not the provider can run many transactions on the same connection and supports transaction interleaving. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.ignore-recovery-failures=false # Whether or not recovery failures should be ignored. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are cleaned up from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.max-pool-size=10 # The maximum size of the pool. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.min-pool-size=0 # The minimum size of the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.password= # The password to use to connect to the JMS provider. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.share-transaction-connections=false # Whether or not connections in the ACCESSIBLE state can be shared within the context of a transaction. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.test-connections=true # Whether or not connections should be tested when acquired from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.two-pc-ordering-position=1 # The position that this resource should take during two-phase commit (always first is Integer.MIN_VALUE, always last is Integer.MAX_VALUE). spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.unique-name=jmsConnectionFactory # The unique name used to identify the resource during recovery. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.use-tm-join=true Whether or not TMJOIN should be used when starting XAResources. spring.jta.bitronix.connectionfactory.user= # The user to use to connect to the JMS provider. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquire-increment=1 # Number of connections to create when growing the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquisition-interval=1 # Time, in seconds, to wait before trying to acquire a connection again after an invalid connection was acquired. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.acquisition-timeout=30 # Timeout, in seconds, for acquiring connections from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.allow-local-transactions=true # Whether or not the transaction manager should allow mixing XA and non-XA transactions. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.apply-transaction-timeout=false # Whether or not the transaction timeout should be set on the XAResource when it is enlisted. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.automatic-enlisting-enabled=true # Whether or not resources should be enlisted and delisted automatically. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.cursor-holdability= # The default cursor holdability for connections. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.defer-connection-release=true # Whether or not the database can run many transactions on the same connection and supports transaction interleaving. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.enable-jdbc4-connection-test= # Whether or not Connection.isValid() is called when acquiring a connection from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.ignore-recovery-failures=false # Whether or not recovery failures should be ignored. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.isolation-level= # The default isolation level for connections. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.local-auto-commit= # The default auto-commit mode for local transactions. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.login-timeout= # Timeout, in seconds, for establishing a database connection. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.max-idle-time=60 # The time, in seconds, after which connections are cleaned up from the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.max-pool-size=10 # The maximum size of the pool. 0 denotes no limit. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.min-pool-size=0 # The minimum size of the pool. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.prepared-statement-cache-size=0 # The target size of the prepared statement cache. 0 disables the cache. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.share-transaction-connections=false # Whether or not connections in the ACCESSIBLE state can be shared within the context of a transaction. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.test-query= # SQL query or statement used to validate a connection before returning it. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.two-pc-ordering-position=1 # The position that this resource should take during two-phase commit (always first is Integer.MIN_VALUE, always last is Integer.MAX_VALUE). spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.unique-name=dataSource # The unique name used to identify the resource during recovery. spring.jta.bitronix.datasource.use-tm-join=true Whether or not TMJOIN should be used when starting XAResources. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.allow-multiple-lrc=false # Allow multiple LRC resources to be enlisted into the same transaction. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.asynchronous2-pc=false # Enable asynchronously execution of two phase commit. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.background-recovery-interval-seconds=60 # Interval in seconds at which to run the recovery process in the background. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.current-node-only-recovery=true # Recover only the current node. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.debug-zero-resource-transaction=false # Log the creation and commit call stacks of transactions executed without a single enlisted resource. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.default-transaction-timeout=60 # Default transaction timeout in seconds. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.disable-jmx=false # Enable JMX support. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.exception-analyzer= # Set the fully qualified name of the exception analyzer implementation to use. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.filter-log-status=false # Enable filtering of logs so that only mandatory logs are written. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.force-batching-enabled=true # Set if disk forces are batched. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.forced-write-enabled=true # Set if logs are forced to disk. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.graceful-shutdown-interval=60 # Maximum amount of seconds the TM will wait for transactions to get done before aborting them at shutdown time. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.jndi-transaction-synchronization-registry-name= # JNDI name of the TransactionSynchronizationRegistry. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.jndi-user-transaction-name= # JNDI name of the UserTransaction. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.journal=disk # Name of the journal. Can be 'disk', 'null' or a class name. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.log-part1-filename=btm1.tlog # Name of the first fragment of the journal. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.log-part2-filename=btm2.tlog # Name of the second fragment of the journal. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.max-log-size-in-mb=2 # Maximum size in megabytes of the journal fragments. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.resource-configuration-filename= # ResourceLoader configuration file name. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.server-id= # ASCII ID that must uniquely identify this TM instance. Default to the machine's IP address. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.skip-corrupted-logs=false # Skip corrupted transactions log entries. spring.jta.bitronix.properties.warn-about-zero-resource-transaction=true # Log a warning for transactions executed without a single enlisted resource. # NARAYANA (NarayanaProperties) spring.jta.narayana.default-timeout=60 # Transaction timeout in seconds. spring.jta.narayana.expiry-scanners=com.arjuna.ats.internal.arjuna.recovery.ExpiredTransactionStatusManagerScanner # Comma-separated list of expiry scanners. spring.jta.narayana.log-dir= # Transaction object store directory. spring.jta.narayana.one-phase-commit=true # Enable one phase commit optimisation. spring.jta.narayana.periodic-recovery-period=120 # Interval in which periodic recovery scans are performed in seconds. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-backoff-period=10 # Back off period between first and second phases of the recovery scan in seconds. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-db-pass= # Database password to be used by recovery manager. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-db-user= # Database username to be used by recovery manager. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-jms-pass= # JMS password to be used by recovery manager. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-jms-user= # JMS username to be used by recovery manager. spring.jta.narayana.recovery-modules= # Comma-separated list of recovery modules. spring.jta.narayana.transaction-manager-id=1 # Unique transaction manager id. spring.jta.narayana.xa-resource-orphan-filters= # Comma-separated list of orphan filters. # EMBEDDED MONGODB (EmbeddedMongoProperties) spring.mongodb.embedded.features=SYNC_DELAY # Comma-separated list of features to enable. spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.database-dir= # Directory used for data storage. spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.oplog-size= # Maximum size of the oplog in megabytes. spring.mongodb.embedded.storage.repl-set-name= # Name of the replica set. spring.mongodb.embedded.version=2.6.10 # Version of Mongo to use. # REDIS (RedisProperties) spring.redis.cluster.max-redirects= # Maximum number of redirects to follow when executing commands across the cluster. spring.redis.cluster.nodes= # Comma-separated list of "host:port" pairs to bootstrap from. spring.redis.database=0 # Database index used by the connection factory. spring.redis.url= # Connection URL, will override host, port and password (user will be ignored), e.g. redis://user:[email protected]:6379 spring.redis.host=localhost # Redis server host. spring.redis.password= # Login password of the redis server. spring.redis.ssl=false # Enable SSL support. spring.redis.pool.max-active=8 # Max number of connections that can be allocated by the pool at a given time. Use a negative value for no limit. spring.redis.pool.max-idle=8 # Max number of "idle" connections in the pool. Use a negative value to indicate an unlimited number of idle connections. spring.redis.pool.max-wait=-1 # Maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) a connection allocation should block before throwing an exception when the pool is exhausted. Use a negative value to block indefinitely. spring.redis.pool.min-idle=0 # Target for the minimum number of idle connections to maintain in the pool. This setting only has an effect if it is positive. spring.redis.port=6379 # Redis server port. spring.redis.sentinel.master= # Name of Redis server. spring.redis.sentinel.nodes= # Comma-separated list of host:port pairs. spring.redis.timeout=0 # Connection timeout in milliseconds. # TRANSACTION (TransactionProperties) spring.transaction.default-timeout= # Default transaction timeout in seconds. spring.transaction.rollback-on-commit-failure= # Perform the rollback on commit failures. # ---------------------------------------- # INTEGRATION PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # ACTIVEMQ (ActiveMQProperties) spring.activemq.broker-url= # URL of the ActiveMQ broker. Auto-generated by default. spring.activemq.close-timeout=15000 # Time to wait, in milliseconds, before considering a close complete. spring.activemq.in-memory=true # Specify if the default broker URL should be in memory. Ignored if an explicit broker has been specified. spring.activemq.non-blocking-redelivery=false # Do not stop message delivery before re-delivering messages from a rolled back transaction. This implies that message order will not be preserved when this is enabled. spring.activemq.password= # Login password of the broker. spring.activemq.send-timeout=0 # Time to wait, in milliseconds, on Message sends for a response. Set it to 0 to indicate to wait forever. spring.activemq.user= # Login user of the broker. spring.activemq.packages.trust-all= # Trust all packages. spring.activemq.packages.trusted= # Comma-separated list of specific packages to trust (when not trusting all packages). spring.activemq.pool.block-if-full=true # Block when a connection is requested and the pool is full. Set it to false to throw a "JMSException" instead. spring.activemq.pool.block-if-full-timeout=-1 # Blocking period, in milliseconds, before throwing an exception if the pool is still full. spring.activemq.pool.create-connection-on-startup=true # Create a connection on startup. Can be used to warm-up the pool on startup. spring.activemq.pool.enabled=false # Whether a PooledConnectionFactory should be created instead of a regular ConnectionFactory. spring.activemq.pool.expiry-timeout=0 # Connection expiration timeout in milliseconds. spring.activemq.pool.idle-timeout=30000 # Connection idle timeout in milliseconds. spring.activemq.pool.max-connections=1 # Maximum number of pooled connections. spring.activemq.pool.maximum-active-session-per-connection=500 # Maximum number of active sessions per connection. spring.activemq.pool.reconnect-on-exception=true # Reset the connection when a "JMXException" occurs. spring.activemq.pool.time-between-expiration-check=-1 # Time to sleep, in milliseconds, between runs of the idle connection eviction thread. When negative, no idle connection eviction thread runs. spring.activemq.pool.use-anonymous-producers=true # Use only one anonymous "MessageProducer" instance. Set it to false to create one "MessageProducer" every time one is required. # ARTEMIS (ArtemisProperties) spring.artemis.embedded.cluster-password= # Cluster password. Randomly generated on startup by default. spring.artemis.embedded.data-directory= # Journal file directory. Not necessary if persistence is turned off. spring.artemis.embedded.enabled=true # Enable embedded mode if the Artemis server APIs are available. spring.artemis.embedded.persistent=false # Enable persistent store. spring.artemis.embedded.queues= # Comma-separated list of queues to create on startup. spring.artemis.embedded.server-id= # Server id. By default, an auto-incremented counter is used. spring.artemis.embedded.topics= # Comma-separated list of topics to create on startup. spring.artemis.host=localhost # Artemis broker host. spring.artemis.mode= # Artemis deployment mode, auto-detected by default. spring.artemis.password= # Login password of the broker. spring.artemis.port=61616 # Artemis broker port. spring.artemis.user= # Login user of the broker. # SPRING BATCH (BatchProperties) spring.batch.initializer.enabled= # Create the required batch tables on startup if necessary. Enabled automatically if no custom table prefix is set or if a custom schema is configured. spring.batch.job.enabled=true # Execute all Spring Batch jobs in the context on startup. spring.batch.job.names= # Comma-separated list of job names to execute on startup (For instance `job1,job2`). By default, all Jobs found in the context are executed. spring.batch.schema=classpath:org/springframework/batch/core/schema-@@platform@@.sql # Path to the SQL file to use to initialize the database schema. spring.batch.table-prefix= # Table prefix for all the batch meta-data tables. # JMS (JmsProperties) spring.jms.jndi-name= # Connection factory JNDI name. When set, takes precedence to others connection factory auto-configurations. spring.jms.listener.acknowledge-mode= # Acknowledge mode of the container. By default, the listener is transacted with automatic acknowledgment. spring.jms.listener.auto-startup=true # Start the container automatically on startup. spring.jms.listener.concurrency= # Minimum number of concurrent consumers. spring.jms.listener.max-concurrency= # Maximum number of concurrent consumers. spring.jms.pub-sub-domain=false # Specify if the default destination type is topic. spring.jms.template.default-destination= # Default destination to use on send/receive operations that do not have a destination parameter. spring.jms.template.delivery-delay= # Delivery delay to use for send calls in milliseconds. spring.jms.template.delivery-mode= # Delivery mode. Enable QoS when set. spring.jms.template.priority= # Priority of a message when sending. Enable QoS when set. spring.jms.template.qos-enabled= # Enable explicit QoS when sending a message. spring.jms.template.receive-timeout= # Timeout to use for receive calls in milliseconds. spring.jms.template.time-to-live= # Time-to-live of a message when sending in milliseconds. Enable QoS when set. # APACHE KAFKA (KafkaProperties) spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers= # Comma-delimited list of host:port pairs to use for establishing the initial connection to the Kafka cluster. spring.kafka.client-id= # Id to pass to the server when making requests; used for server-side logging. spring.kafka.consumer.auto-commit-interval= # Frequency in milliseconds that the consumer offsets are auto-committed to Kafka if 'enable.auto.commit' true. spring.kafka.consumer.auto-offset-reset= # What to do when there is no initial offset in Kafka or if the current offset does not exist any more on the server. spring.kafka.consumer.bootstrap-servers= # Comma-delimited list of host:port pairs to use for establishing the initial connection to the Kafka cluster. spring.kafka.consumer.client-id= # Id to pass to the server when making requests; used for server-side logging. spring.kafka.consumer.enable-auto-commit= # If true the consumer's offset will be periodically committed in the background. spring.kafka.consumer.fetch-max-wait= # Maximum amount of time in milliseconds the server will block before answering the fetch request if there isn't sufficient data to immediately satisfy the requirement given by "fetch.min.bytes". spring.kafka.consumer.fetch-min-size= # Minimum amount of data the server should return for a fetch request in bytes. spring.kafka.consumer.group-id= # Unique string that identifies the consumer group this consumer belongs to. spring.kafka.consumer.heartbeat-interval= # Expected time in milliseconds between heartbeats to the consumer coordinator. spring.kafka.consumer.key-deserializer= # Deserializer class for keys. spring.kafka.consumer.max-poll-records= # Maximum number of records returned in a single call to poll(). spring.kafka.consumer.value-deserializer= # Deserializer class for values. spring.kafka.listener.ack-count= # Number of records between offset commits when ackMode is "COUNT" or "COUNT_TIME". spring.kafka.listener.ack-mode= # Listener AckMode; see the spring-kafka documentation. spring.kafka.listener.ack-time= # Time in milliseconds between offset commits when ackMode is "TIME" or "COUNT_TIME". spring.kafka.listener.concurrency= # Number of threads to run in the listener containers. spring.kafka.listener.poll-timeout= # Timeout in milliseconds to use when polling the consumer. spring.kafka.producer.acks= # Number of acknowledgments the producer requires the leader to have received before considering a request complete. spring.kafka.producer.batch-size= # Default batch size in bytes. spring.kafka.producer.bootstrap-servers= # Comma-delimited list of host:port pairs to use for establishing the initial connection to the Kafka cluster. spring.kafka.producer.buffer-memory= # Total bytes of memory the producer can use to buffer records waiting to be sent to the server. spring.kafka.producer.client-id= # Id to pass to the server when making requests; used for server-side logging. spring.kafka.producer.compression-type= # Compression type for all data generated by the producer. spring.kafka.producer.key-serializer= # Serializer class for keys. spring.kafka.producer.retries= # When greater than zero, enables retrying of failed sends. spring.kafka.producer.value-serializer= # Serializer class for values. spring.kafka.properties.*= # Additional properties used to configure the client. spring.kafka.ssl.key-password= # Password of the private key in the key store file. spring.kafka.ssl.keystore-location= # Location of the key store file. spring.kafka.ssl.keystore-password= # Store password for the key store file. spring.kafka.ssl.truststore-location= # Location of the trust store file. spring.kafka.ssl.truststore-password= # Store password for the trust store file. spring.kafka.template.default-topic= # Default topic to which messages will be sent. # RABBIT (RabbitProperties) spring.rabbitmq.addresses= # Comma-separated list of addresses to which the client should connect. spring.rabbitmq.cache.channel.checkout-timeout= # Number of milliseconds to wait to obtain a channel if the cache size has been reached. spring.rabbitmq.cache.channel.size= # Number of channels to retain in the cache. spring.rabbitmq.cache.connection.mode=channel # Connection factory cache mode. spring.rabbitmq.cache.connection.size= # Number of connections to cache. spring.rabbitmq.connection-timeout= # Connection timeout, in milliseconds; zero for infinite. spring.rabbitmq.dynamic=true # Create an AmqpAdmin bean. spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost # RabbitMQ host. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.acknowledge-mode= # Acknowledge mode of container. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.auto-startup=true # Start the container automatically on startup. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.concurrency= # Minimum number of consumers. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.default-requeue-rejected= # Whether or not to requeue delivery failures; default `true`. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.idle-event-interval= # How often idle container events should be published in milliseconds. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.max-concurrency= # Maximum number of consumers. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.prefetch= # Number of messages to be handled in a single request. It should be greater than or equal to the transaction size (if used). spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.enabled=false # Whether or not publishing retries are enabled. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.initial-interval=1000 # Interval between the first and second attempt to deliver a message. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.max-attempts=3 # Maximum number of attempts to deliver a message. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.max-interval=10000 # Maximum interval between attempts. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.multiplier=1.0 # A multiplier to apply to the previous delivery retry interval. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.retry.stateless=true # Whether or not retry is stateless or stateful. spring.rabbitmq.listener.simple.transaction-size= # Number of messages to be processed in a transaction. For best results it should be less than or equal to the prefetch count. spring.rabbitmq.password= # Login to authenticate against the broker. spring.rabbitmq.port=5672 # RabbitMQ port. spring.rabbitmq.publisher-confirms=false # Enable publisher confirms. spring.rabbitmq.publisher-returns=false # Enable publisher returns. spring.rabbitmq.requested-heartbeat= # Requested heartbeat timeout, in seconds; zero for none. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.enabled=false # Enable SSL support. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store. spring.rabbitmq.ssl.algorithm= # SSL algorithm to use. By default configure by the rabbit client library. spring.rabbitmq.template.mandatory=false # Enable mandatory messages. spring.rabbitmq.template.receive-timeout=0 # Timeout for `receive()` methods. spring.rabbitmq.template.reply-timeout=5000 # Timeout for `sendAndReceive()` methods. spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.enabled=false # Set to true to enable retries in the `RabbitTemplate`. spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.initial-interval=1000 # Interval between the first and second attempt to publish a message. spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.max-attempts=3 # Maximum number of attempts to publish a message. spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.max-interval=10000 # Maximum number of attempts to publish a message. spring.rabbitmq.template.retry.multiplier=1.0 # A multiplier to apply to the previous publishing retry interval. spring.rabbitmq.username= # Login user to authenticate to the broker. spring.rabbitmq.virtual-host= # Virtual host to use when connecting to the broker. # ---------------------------------------- # ACTUATOR PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # ENDPOINTS (AbstractEndpoint subclasses) endpoints.enabled=true # Enable endpoints. endpoints.sensitive= # Default endpoint sensitive setting. endpoints.actuator.enabled=true # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.actuator.path= # Endpoint URL path. endpoints.actuator.sensitive=false # Enable security on the endpoint. endpoints.auditevents.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.auditevents.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.auditevents.sensitive=false # Enable security on the endpoint. endpoints.autoconfig.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.autoconfig.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.autoconfig.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.autoconfig.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.beans.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.beans.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.beans.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.beans.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.configprops.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.configprops.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.configprops.keys-to-sanitize=password,secret,key,token,.*credentials.*,vcap_services,sun.java.command # Keys that should be sanitized. Keys can be simple strings that the property ends with or regex expressions. endpoints.configprops.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.configprops.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.docs.curies.enabled=false # Enable the curie generation. endpoints.docs.enabled=true # Enable actuator docs endpoint. endpoints.docs.path=/docs # endpoints.docs.sensitive=false # endpoints.dump.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.dump.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.dump.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.dump.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.env.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.env.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.env.keys-to-sanitize=password,secret,key,token,.*credentials.*,vcap_services,sun.java.command # Keys that should be sanitized. Keys can be simple strings that the property ends with or regex expressions. endpoints.env.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.env.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.flyway.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.flyway.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.flyway.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.health.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.health.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.health.mapping.*= # Mapping of health statuses to HTTP status codes. By default, registered health statuses map to sensible defaults (i.e. UP maps to 200). endpoints.health.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.health.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.health.time-to-live=1000 # Time to live for cached result, in milliseconds. endpoints.heapdump.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.heapdump.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.heapdump.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.hypermedia.enabled=false # Enable hypermedia support for endpoints. endpoints.info.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.info.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.info.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.info.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.jolokia.enabled=true # Enable Jolokia endpoint. endpoints.jolokia.path=/jolokia # Endpoint URL path. endpoints.jolokia.sensitive=true # Enable security on the endpoint. endpoints.liquibase.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.liquibase.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.liquibase.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.logfile.enabled=true # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.logfile.external-file= # External Logfile to be accessed. endpoints.logfile.path=/logfile # Endpoint URL path. endpoints.logfile.sensitive=true # Enable security on the endpoint. endpoints.loggers.enabled=true # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.loggers.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.loggers.path=/logfile # Endpoint path. endpoints.loggers.sensitive=true # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.mappings.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.mappings.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.mappings.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.mappings.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.metrics.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.metrics.filter.enabled=true # Enable the metrics servlet filter. endpoints.metrics.filter.gauge-submissions=merged # Http filter gauge submissions (merged, per-http-method) endpoints.metrics.filter.counter-submissions=merged # Http filter counter submissions (merged, per-http-method) endpoints.metrics.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.metrics.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.metrics.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.shutdown.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.shutdown.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.shutdown.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.shutdown.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. endpoints.trace.enabled= # Enable the endpoint. endpoints.trace.filter.enabled=true # Enable the trace servlet filter. endpoints.trace.id= # Endpoint identifier. endpoints.trace.path= # Endpoint path. endpoints.trace.sensitive= # Mark if the endpoint exposes sensitive information. # ENDPOINTS CORS CONFIGURATION (EndpointCorsProperties) endpoints.cors.allow-credentials= # Set whether credentials are supported. When not set, credentials are not supported. endpoints.cors.allowed-headers= # Comma-separated list of headers to allow in a request. '*' allows all headers. endpoints.cors.allowed-methods=GET # Comma-separated list of methods to allow. '*' allows all methods. endpoints.cors.allowed-origins= # Comma-separated list of origins to allow. '*' allows all origins. When not set, CORS support is disabled. endpoints.cors.exposed-headers= # Comma-separated list of headers to include in a response. endpoints.cors.max-age=1800 # How long, in seconds, the response from a pre-flight request can be cached by clients. # JMX ENDPOINT (EndpointMBeanExportProperties) endpoints.jmx.domain= # JMX domain name. Initialized with the value of 'spring.jmx.default-domain' if set. endpoints.jmx.enabled=true # Enable JMX export of all endpoints. endpoints.jmx.static-names= # Additional static properties to append to all ObjectNames of MBeans representing Endpoints. endpoints.jmx.unique-names=false # Ensure that ObjectNames are modified in case of conflict. # JOLOKIA (JolokiaProperties) jolokia.config.*= # See Jolokia manual # MANAGEMENT HTTP SERVER (ManagementServerProperties) management.add-application-context-header=true # Add the "X-Application-Context" HTTP header in each response. management.address= # Network address that the management endpoints should bind to. management.context-path= # Management endpoint context-path. For instance `/actuator` management.cloudfoundry.enabled= # Enable extended Cloud Foundry actuator endpoints management.cloudfoundry.skip-ssl-validation= # Skip SSL verification for Cloud Foundry actuator endpoint security calls management.port= # Management endpoint HTTP port. Uses the same port as the application by default. Configure a different port to use management-specific SSL. management.security.enabled=true # Enable security. management.security.roles=ACTUATOR # Comma-separated list of roles that can access the management endpoint. management.security.sessions=stateless # Session creating policy to use (always, never, if_required, stateless). management.ssl.ciphers= # Supported SSL ciphers. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.client-auth= # Whether client authentication is wanted ("want") or needed ("need"). Requires a trust store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.enabled= # Enable SSL support. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.enabled-protocols= # Enabled SSL protocols. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-alias= # Alias that identifies the key in the key store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-password= # Password used to access the key in the key store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-store= # Path to the key store that holds the SSL certificate (typically a jks file). Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-store-password= # Password used to access the key store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-store-provider= # Provider for the key store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.key-store-type= # Type of the key store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.protocol=TLS # SSL protocol to use. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.trust-store= # Trust store that holds SSL certificates. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.trust-store-password= # Password used to access the trust store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.trust-store-provider= # Provider for the trust store. Requires a custom management.port. management.ssl.trust-store-type= # Type of the trust store. Requires a custom management.port. # HEALTH INDICATORS management.health.db.enabled=true # Enable database health check. management.health.cassandra.enabled=true # Enable cassandra health check. management.health.couchbase.enabled=true # Enable couchbase health check. management.health.defaults.enabled=true # Enable default health indicators. management.health.diskspace.enabled=true # Enable disk space health check. management.health.diskspace.path= # Path used to compute the available disk space. management.health.diskspace.threshold=0 # Minimum disk space that should be available, in bytes. management.health.elasticsearch.enabled=true # Enable elasticsearch health check. management.health.elasticsearch.indices= # Comma-separated index names. management.health.elasticsearch.response-timeout=100 # The time, in milliseconds, to wait for a response from the cluster. management.health.jms.enabled=true # Enable JMS health check. management.health.ldap.enabled=true # Enable LDAP health check. management.health.mail.enabled=true # Enable Mail health check. management.health.mongo.enabled=true # Enable MongoDB health check. management.health.rabbit.enabled=true # Enable RabbitMQ health check. management.health.redis.enabled=true # Enable Redis health check. management.health.solr.enabled=true # Enable Solr health check. management.health.status.order=DOWN, OUT_OF_SERVICE, UP, UNKNOWN # Comma-separated list of health statuses in order of severity. # INFO CONTRIBUTORS (InfoContributorProperties) management.info.build.enabled=true # Enable build info. management.info.defaults.enabled=true # Enable default info contributors. management.info.env.enabled=true # Enable environment info. management.info.git.enabled=true # Enable git info. management.info.git.mode=simple # Mode to use to expose git information. # REMOTE SHELL (ShellProperties) management.shell.auth.type=simple # Authentication type. Auto-detected according to the environment. management.shell.auth.jaas.domain=my-domain # JAAS domain. management.shell.auth.key.path= # Path to the authentication key. This should point to a valid ".pem" file. management.shell.auth.simple.user.name=user # Login user. management.shell.auth.simple.user.password= # Login password. management.shell.auth.spring.roles=ACTUATOR # Comma-separated list of required roles to login to the CRaSH console. management.shell.command-path-patterns=classpath*:/commands/**,classpath*:/crash/commands/** # Patterns to use to look for commands. management.shell.command-refresh-interval=-1 # Scan for changes and update the command if necessary (in seconds). management.shell.config-path-patterns=classpath*:/crash/* # Patterns to use to look for configurations. management.shell.disabled-commands=jpa*,jdbc*,jndi* # Comma-separated list of commands to disable. management.shell.disabled-plugins= # Comma-separated list of plugins to disable. Certain plugins are disabled by default based on the environment. management.shell.ssh.auth-timeout = # Number of milliseconds after user will be prompted to login again. management.shell.ssh.enabled=true # Enable CRaSH SSH support. management.shell.ssh.idle-timeout = # Number of milliseconds after which unused connections are closed. management.shell.ssh.key-path= # Path to the SSH server key. management.shell.ssh.port=2000 # SSH port. management.shell.telnet.enabled=false # Enable CRaSH telnet support. Enabled by default if the TelnetPlugin is available. management.shell.telnet.port=5000 # Telnet port. # TRACING (TraceProperties) management.trace.include=request-headers,response-headers,cookies,errors # Items to be included in the trace. # METRICS EXPORT (MetricExportProperties) spring.metrics.export.aggregate.key-pattern= # Pattern that tells the aggregator what to do with the keys from the source repository. spring.metrics.export.aggregate.prefix= # Prefix for global repository if active. spring.metrics.export.delay-millis=5000 # Delay in milliseconds between export ticks. Metrics are exported to external sources on a schedule with this delay. spring.metrics.export.enabled=true # Flag to enable metric export (assuming a MetricWriter is available). spring.metrics.export.excludes= # List of patterns for metric names to exclude. Applied after the includes. spring.metrics.export.includes= # List of patterns for metric names to include. spring.metrics.export.redis.key=keys.spring.metrics # Key for redis repository export (if active). spring.metrics.export.redis.prefix=spring.metrics # Prefix for redis repository if active. spring.metrics.export.send-latest= # Flag to switch off any available optimizations based on not exporting unchanged metric values. spring.metrics.export.statsd.host= # Host of a statsd server to receive exported metrics. spring.metrics.export.statsd.port=8125 # Port of a statsd server to receive exported metrics. spring.metrics.export.statsd.prefix= # Prefix for statsd exported metrics. spring.metrics.export.triggers.*= # Specific trigger properties per MetricWriter bean name. # ---------------------------------------- # DEVTOOLS PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- # DEVTOOLS (DevToolsProperties) spring.devtools.livereload.enabled=true # Enable a livereload.com compatible server. spring.devtools.livereload.port=35729 # Server port. spring.devtools.restart.additional-exclude= # Additional patterns that should be excluded from triggering a full restart. spring.devtools.restart.additional-paths= # Additional paths to watch for changes. spring.devtools.restart.enabled=true # Enable automatic restart. spring.devtools.restart.exclude=META-INF/maven/**,META-INF/resources/**,resources/**,static/**,public/**,templates/**,**/*Test.class,**/*Tests.class,git.properties # Patterns that should be excluded from triggering a full restart. spring.devtools.restart.poll-interval=1000 # Amount of time (in milliseconds) to wait between polling for classpath changes. spring.devtools.restart.quiet-period=400 # Amount of quiet time (in milliseconds) required without any classpath changes before a restart is triggered. spring.devtools.restart.trigger-file= # Name of a specific file that when changed will trigger the restart check. If not specified any classpath file change will trigger the restart. # REMOTE DEVTOOLS (RemoteDevToolsProperties) spring.devtools.remote.context-path=/.~~spring-boot!~ # Context path used to handle the remote connection. spring.devtools.remote.debug.enabled=true # Enable remote debug support. spring.devtools.remote.debug.local-port=8000 # Local remote debug server port. spring.devtools.remote.proxy.host= # The host of the proxy to use to connect to the remote application. spring.devtools.remote.proxy.port= # The port of the proxy to use to connect to the remote application. spring.devtools.remote.restart.enabled=true # Enable remote restart. spring.devtools.remote.secret= # A shared secret required to establish a connection (required to enable remote support). spring.devtools.remote.secret-header-name=X-AUTH-TOKEN # HTTP header used to transfer the shared secret. # ---------------------------------------- # TESTING PROPERTIES # ---------------------------------------- spring.test.database.replace=any # Type of existing DataSource to replace. spring.test.mockmvc.print=default # MVC Print option.
Spring Boot jars are shipped with meta-data files that provide details of all supported
configuration properties. The files are designed to allow IDE developers to offer
contextual help and “code completion” as users are working with application.properties
or application.yml
files.
The majority of the meta-data file is generated automatically at compile time by
processing all items annotated with @ConfigurationProperties
. However, it is possible
to write part of the meta-data manually
for corner cases or more advanced use cases.
Configuration meta-data files are located inside jars under
META-INF/spring-configuration-metadata.json
They use a simple JSON format with items
categorized under either “groups” or “properties” and additional values hint
categorized under "hints":
{"groups": [ { "name": "server", "type": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties", "sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties" }, { "name": "spring.jpa.hibernate", "type": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties$Hibernate", "sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties", "sourceMethod": "getHibernate()" } ... ],"properties": [ { "name": "server.port", "type": "java.lang.Integer", "sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties" }, { "name": "server.servlet-path", "type": "java.lang.String", "sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties", "defaultValue": "/" }, { "name": "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto", "type": "java.lang.String", "description": "DDL mode. This is actually a shortcut for the \"hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto\" property.", "sourceType": "org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties$Hibernate" } ... ],"hints": [ { "name": "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto", "values": [ { "value": "none", "description": "Disable DDL handling." }, { "value": "validate", "description": "Validate the schema, make no changes to the database." }, { "value": "update", "description": "Update the schema if necessary." }, { "value": "create", "description": "Create the schema and destroy previous data." }, { "value": "create-drop", "description": "Create and then destroy the schema at the end of the session." } ] } ]}
Each “property” is a configuration item that the user specifies with a given value.
For example server.port
and server.servlet-path
might be specified in
application.properties
as follows:
server.port=9090 server.servlet-path=/home
The “groups” are higher level items that don’t themselves specify a value, but instead
provide a contextual grouping for properties. For example the server.port
and
server.servlet-path
properties are part of the server
group.
![]() | Note |
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It is not required that every “property” has a “group”, some properties might just exist in their own right. |
Finally, “hints” are additional information used to assist the user in configuring a
given property. When configuring the spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
property, a tool can
use it to offer some auto-completion help for the none
, validate
, update
, create
and create-drop
values.
The JSON object contained in the groups
array can contain the following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| String | The full name of the group. This attribute is mandatory. |
| String | The class name of the data type of the group. For example, if the group was based
on a class annotated with |
| String | A short description of the group that can be displayed to users. May be omitted if no
description is available. It is recommended that descriptions are a short paragraphs,
with the first line providing a concise summary. The last line in the description should
end with a period ( |
| String | The class name of the source that contributed this group. For example, if the group
was based on a |
| String | The full name of the method (include parenthesis and argument types) that contributed
this group. For example, the name of a |
The JSON object contained in the properties
array can contain the following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| String | The full name of the property. Names are in lowercase dashed form (e.g.
|
| String | The full signature of the data type of the property. For example, |
| String | A short description of the group that can be displayed to users. May be omitted if no
description is available. It is recommended that descriptions are a short paragraphs,
with the first line providing a concise summary. The last line in the description should
end with a period ( |
| String | The class name of the source that contributed this property. For example, if the
property was from a class annotated with |
| Object | The default value which will be used if the property is not specified. Can also be an array of value(s) if the type of the property is an array. May be omitted if the default value is not known. |
| Deprecation | Specify if the property is deprecated. May be omitted if the field is not deprecated or if that information is not known. See below for more details. |
The JSON object contained in the deprecation
attribute of each properties
element can
contain the following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| String | The level of deprecation, can be either |
| String | A short description of the reason why the property was deprecated. May be omitted if no
reason is available. It is recommended that descriptions are a short paragraphs,
with the first line providing a concise summary. The last line in the description should
end with a period ( |
| String | The full name of the property that is replacing this deprecated property. May be omitted if there is no replacement for this property. |
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Prior to Spring Boot 1.3, a single |
Deprecation can also be specified declaratively in code by adding the
@DeprecatedConfigurationProperty
annotation to the getter exposing the deprecated
property. For instance, let’s assume the app.foo.target
property was confusing and
was renamed to app.foo.name
@ConfigurationProperties("app.foo") public class FooProperties { private String name; public String getName() { ... } public void setName(String name) { ... } @DeprecatedConfigurationProperty(replacement = "app.foo.name") @Deprecated public String getTarget() { return getName(); } @Deprecated public void setTarget(String target) { setName(target); } }
![]() | Note |
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There is no way to set a |
The code above makes sure that the deprecated property still works (delegating
to the name
property behind the scenes). Once the getTarget
and setTarget
methods can be removed from your public API, the automatic deprecation hint in the
meta-data will go away as well. If you want to keep a hint, adding manual meta-data with
an error
deprecation level ensures that users are still informed about that property and
is particularly useful when a replacement
is provided.
The JSON object contained in the hints
array can contain the following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| String | The full name of the property that this hint refers to. Names are in lowercase dashed
form (e.g. |
| ValueHint[] | A list of valid values as defined by the |
| ValueProvider[] | A list of providers as defined by the |
The JSON object contained in the values
attribute of each hint
element can contain the
following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| Object | A valid value for the element to which the hint refers to. Can also be an array of value(s) if the type of the property is an array. This attribute is mandatory. |
| String | A short description of the value that can be displayed to users. May be omitted if no
description is available. It is recommended that descriptions are a short paragraphs,
with the first line providing a concise summary. The last line in the description should
end with a period ( |
The JSON object contained in the providers
attribute of each hint
element can contain the
following attributes:
Name | Type | Purpose |
---|---|---|
| String | The name of the provider to use to offer additional content assistance for the element to which the hint refers to. |
| JSON object | Any additional parameter that the provider supports (check the documentation of the provider for more details). |
It is perfectly acceptable for “property” and “group” objects with the same name to appear multiple times within a meta-data file. For example, you could bind two separate classes to the same prefix, with each potentially offering overlap of property names. While this is not supposed to be a frequent scenario, consumers of meta-data should take care to ensure that they support such scenarios.
To improve the user experience and further assist the user in configuring a given property, you can provide additional meta-data that:
The name
attribute of each hint refers to the name
of a property. In the initial
example above, we provide 5 values for the spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
property:
none
, validate
, update
, create
and create-drop
. Each value may have a
description as well.
If your property is of type Map
, you can provide hints for both the keys and the
values (but not for the map itself). The special .keys
and .values
suffixes must
be used to refer to the keys and the values respectively.
Let’s assume a foo.contexts
that maps magic String values to an integer:
@ConfigurationProperties("foo") public class FooProperties { private Map<String,Integer> contexts; // getters and setters }
The magic values are foo and bar for instance. In order to offer additional content assistance for the keys, you could add the following to the manual meta-data of the module:
{"hints": [ { "name": "foo.contexts.keys", "values": [ { "value": "foo" }, { "value": "bar" } ] } ]}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
Of course, you should have an |
Providers are a powerful way of attaching semantics to a property. We define in the section below the official providers that you can use for your own hints. Bare in mind however that your favorite IDE may implement some of these or none of them. It could eventually provide its own as well.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
As this is a new feature, IDE vendors will have to catch up with this new feature. |
The table below summarizes the list of supported providers:
Name | Description |
---|---|
| Permit any additional value to be provided. |
| Auto-complete the classes available in the project. Usually constrained by a base
class that is specified via the |
| Handle the property as if it was defined by the type defined via the mandatory |
| Auto-complete valid logger names. Typically, package and class names available in the current project can be auto-completed. |
| Auto-complete the available bean names in the current project. Usually constrained
by a base class that is specified via the |
| Auto-complete the available Spring profile names in the project. |
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
No more than one provider can be active for a given property but you can specify several providers if they can all manage the property in some ways. Make sure to place the most powerful provider first as the IDE must use the first one in the JSON section it can handle. If no provider for a given property is supported, no special content assistance is provided either. |
The any provider permits any additional values to be provided. Regular value validation based on the property type should be applied if this is supported.
This provider will be typically used if you have a list of values and any extra values are still to be considered as valid.
The example below offers on
and off
as auto-completion values for system.state
; any
other value is also allowed:
{"hints": [ { "name": "system.state", "values": [ { "value": "on" }, { "value": "off" } ], "providers": [ { "name": "any" } ] } ]}
The class-reference provider auto-completes classes available in the project. This provider supports these parameters:
Parameter | Type | Default value | Description |
---|---|---|---|
|
| none | The fully qualified name of the class that should be assignable to the chosen value. Typically used to filter out non candidate classes. Note that this information can be provided by the type itself by exposing a class with the appropriate upper bound. |
|
| true | Specify if only concrete classes are to be considered as valid candidates. |
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard server.jsp-servlet.class-name
property that defines the JspServlet
class name to use:
{"hints": [ { "name": "server.jsp-servlet.class-name", "providers": [ { "name": "class-reference", "parameters": { "target": "javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet" } } ] } ]}
The handle-as provider allows you to substitute the type of the property to a more
high-level type. This typically happens when the property has a java.lang.String
type
because you don’t want your configuration classes to rely on classes that may not be
on the classpath. This provider supports these parameters:
Parameter | Type | Default value | Description |
---|---|---|---|
|
| none | The fully qualified name of the type to consider for the property. This parameter is mandatory. |
The following types can be used:
java.lang.Enum
that lists the possible values for the property (By all means, try to
define the property with the Enum
type instead as no further hint should be required for
the IDE to auto-complete the values).java.nio.charset.Charset
: auto-completion of charset/encoding values (e.g. UTF-8
)java.util.Locale
: auto-completion of locales (e.g. en_US
)org.springframework.util.MimeType
: auto-completion of content type values (e.g. text/plain
)org.springframework.core.io.Resource
: auto-completion of Spring’s Resource abstraction to
refer to a file on the filesystem or on the classpath. (e.g. classpath:/foo.properties
)![]() | Note |
---|---|
If multiple values can be provided, use a |
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard liquibase.change-log
property that defines the path to the changelog to use. It is actually used internally as a
org.springframework.core.io.Resource
but cannot be exposed as such as we need to keep the
original String value to pass it to the Liquibase API.
{"hints": [ { "name": "liquibase.change-log", "providers": [ { "name": "handle-as", "parameters": { "target": "org.springframework.core.io.Resource" } } ] } ]}
The logger-name provider auto-completes valid logger names. Typically, package and class names available in the current project can be auto-completed. Specific frameworks may have extra magic logger names that could be supported as well.
Since a logger name can be any arbitrary name, really, this provider should allow any value but could highlight valid packages and class names that are not available in the project’s classpath.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard logging.level
property, keys
are logger names and values correspond to the standard log levels or any custom
level:
{"hints": [ { "name": "logging.level.keys", "values": [ { "value": "root", "description": "Root logger used to assign the default logging level." } ], "providers": [ { "name": "logger-name" } ] }, { "name": "logging.level.values", "values": [ { "value": "trace" }, { "value": "debug" }, { "value": "info" }, { "value": "warn" }, { "value": "error" }, { "value": "fatal" }, { "value": "off" } ], "providers": [ { "name": "any" } ] } ]}
The spring-bean-reference provider auto-completes the beans that are defined in the configuration of the current project. This provider supports these parameters:
Parameter | Type | Default value | Description |
---|---|---|---|
|
| none | The fully qualified name of the bean class that should be assignable to the candidate. Typically used to filter out non candidate beans. |
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard spring.jmx.server
property
that defines the name of the MBeanServer
bean to use:
{"hints": [ { "name": "spring.jmx.server", "providers": [ { "name": "spring-bean-reference", "parameters": { "target": "javax.management.MBeanServer" } } ] } ]}
![]() | Note |
---|---|
The binder is not aware of the meta-data so if you provide that hint, you
will still need to transform the bean name into an actual Bean reference using
the |
The spring-profile-name provider auto-completes the Spring profiles that are defined in the configuration of the current project.
The meta-data snippet below corresponds to the standard spring.profiles.active
property that defines the name of the Spring profile(s) to enable:
{"hints": [ { "name": "spring.profiles.active", "providers": [ { "name": "spring-profile-name" } ] } ]}
You can easily generate your own configuration meta-data file from items annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties
by using the spring-boot-configuration-processor
jar.
The jar includes a Java annotation processor which is invoked as your project is
compiled. To use the processor, simply include spring-boot-configuration-processor
as
an optional dependency, for example with Maven you would add:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency>
With Gradle you would add:
dependencies {
compileOnly "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-configuration-processor"
}
compileJava.dependsOn(processResources)
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You need to add |
The processor will pick up both classes and methods that are annotated with
@ConfigurationProperties
. The Javadoc for field values within configuration classes
will be used to populate the description
attribute.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You should only use simple text with |
Properties are discovered via the presence of standard getters and setters with special
handling for collection types (that will be detected even if only a getter is present). The
annotation processor also supports the use of the @Data
, @Getter
and @Setter
lombok
annotations.
![]() | Note |
---|---|
If you are using AspectJ in your project, you need to make sure that the annotation
processor only runs once. There are several ways to do this: with Maven, you can
configure the <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <proc>none</proc> </configuration> </plugin> |
The annotation processor will automatically consider inner classes as nested properties. For example, the following class:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix="server") public class ServerProperties { private String name; private Host host; // ... getter and setters public static class Host { private String ip; private int port; // ... getter and setters } }
Will produce meta-data information for server.name
, server.host.ip
and
server.host.port
properties. You can use the @NestedConfigurationProperty
annotation on a field to indicate that a regular (non-inner) class should be treated as
if it were nested.
![]() | Tip |
---|---|
This has no effect on collections and maps as those types are automatically identified and a single meta-data property is generated for each of them. |
Spring Boot’s configuration file handling is quite flexible; and it is often the case
that properties may exist that are not bound to a @ConfigurationProperties
bean. You
may also need to tune some attributes of an existing key. To support such cases and allow
you to provide custom "hints", the annotation processor will automatically merge items
from META-INF/additional-spring-configuration-metadata.json
into the main meta-data
file.
If you refer to a property that has been detected automatically, the description, default value and deprecation information are overridden if specified. If the manual property declaration is not identified in the current module, it is added as a brand new property.
The format of the additional-spring-configuration-metadata.json
file is exactly the same
as the regular spring-configuration-metadata.json
. The additional properties file is
optional, if you don’t have any additional properties, simply don’t add it.
Here is a list of all auto-configuration classes provided by Spring Boot with links to
documentation and source code. Remember to also look at the autoconfig report in your
application for more details of which features are switched on.
(start the app with --debug
or -Ddebug
, or in an Actuator application use the
autoconfig
endpoint).
The following auto-configuration classes are from the spring-boot-autoconfigure
module:
Configuration Class | Links |
---|---|
The following auto-configuration classes are from the spring-boot-actuator
module:
Configuration Class | Links |
---|---|
Here is a table of the various @…Test
annotations that can be used to test
slices of your application and the auto-configuration that they import by default:
Test slice | Imported auto-configuration |
---|---|
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The spring-boot-loader
modules allows Spring Boot to support executable jar and
war files. If you’re using the Maven or Gradle plugin, executable jars are
automatically generated and you generally won’t need to know the details of how
they work.
If you need to create executable jars from a different build system, or if you are just curious about the underlying technology, this section provides some background.
Java does not provide any standard way to load nested jar files (i.e. jar files that are themselves contained within a jar). This can be problematic if you are looking to distribute a self-contained application that you can just run from the command line without unpacking.
To solve this problem, many developers use “shaded” jars. A shaded jar simply packages all classes, from all jars, into a single 'uber jar'. The problem with shaded jars is that it becomes hard to see which libraries you are actually using in your application. It can also be problematic if the same filename is used (but with different content) in multiple jars. Spring Boot takes a different approach and allows you to actually nest jars directly.
Spring Boot Loader compatible jar files should be structured in the following way:
example.jar | +-META-INF | +-MANIFEST.MF +-org | +-springframework | +-boot | +-loader | +-<spring boot loader classes> +-BOOT-INF +-classes | +-mycompany | +-project | +-YourClasses.class +-lib +-dependency1.jar +-dependency2.jar
Application classes should be placed in a nested BOOT-INF/classes
directory.
Dependencies should be placed in a nested BOOT-INF/lib
directory.
Spring Boot Loader compatible war files should be structured in the following way:
example.war | +-META-INF | +-MANIFEST.MF +-org | +-springframework | +-boot | +-loader | +-<spring boot loader classes> +-WEB-INF +-classes | +-com | +-mycompany | +-project | +-YourClasses.class +-lib | +-dependency1.jar | +-dependency2.jar +-lib-provided +-servlet-api.jar +-dependency3.jar
Dependencies should be placed in a nested WEB-INF/lib
directory. Any dependencies
that are required when running embedded but are not required when deploying to
a traditional web container should be placed in WEB-INF/lib-provided
.
The core class used to support loading nested jars is
org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile
. It allows you to load jar
content from a standard jar file, or from nested child jar data. When first loaded, the
location of each JarEntry
is mapped to a physical file offset of the outer jar:
myapp.jar +-------------------+-------------------------+ | /BOOT-INF/classes | /BOOT-INF/lib/mylib.jar | |+-----------------+||+-----------+----------+| || A.class ||| B.class | C.class || |+-----------------+||+-----------+----------+| +-------------------+-------------------------+ ^ ^ ^ 0063 3452 3980
The example above shows how A.class
can be found in /BOOT-INF/classes
in myapp.jar
position 0063
. B.class
from the nested jar can actually be found in myapp.jar
position 3452
and C.class
is at position 3980
.
Armed with this information, we can load specific nested entries by simply seeking to the appropriate part of the outer jar. We don’t need to unpack the archive and we don’t need to read all entry data into memory.
Spring Boot Loader strives to remain compatible with existing code and libraries.
org.springframework.boot.loader.jar.JarFile
extends from java.util.jar.JarFile
and
should work as a drop-in replacement. The getURL()
method will return a URL
that
opens a java.net.JarURLConnection
compatible connection and can be used with Java’s
URLClassLoader
.
The org.springframework.boot.loader.Launcher
class is a special bootstrap class that
is used as an executable jars main entry point. It is the actual Main-Class
in your jar
file and it’s used to setup an appropriate URLClassLoader
and ultimately call your
main()
method.
There are 3 launcher subclasses (JarLauncher
, WarLauncher
and PropertiesLauncher
).
Their purpose is to load resources (.class
files etc.) from nested jar files or war
files in directories (as opposed to explicitly on the classpath). In the case of
JarLauncher
and WarLauncher
the nested paths are fixed. JarLauncher
looks in
BOOT-INF/lib/
and WarLauncher
looks in WEB-INF/lib/
and WEB-INF/lib-provided/
so
you just add extra jars in those locations if you want more. The PropertiesLauncher
looks in BOOT-INF/lib/
in your application archive by default, but you can add
additional locations by setting an environment variable LOADER_PATH
or loader.path
in loader.properties
(comma-separated list of directories, archives, or directories
within archives).
You need to specify an appropriate Launcher
as the Main-Class
attribute of
META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
. The actual class that you want to launch (i.e. the class that
you wrote that contains a main
method) should be specified in the Start-Class
attribute.
For example, here is a typical MANIFEST.MF
for an executable jar file:
Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
For a war file, it would be:
Main-Class: org.springframework.boot.loader.WarLauncher Start-Class: com.mycompany.project.MyApplication
![]() | Note |
---|---|
You do not need to specify |
PropertiesLauncher
has a few special features that can be enabled with external
properties (System properties, environment variables, manifest entries or
loader.properties
).
![]() | Note |
---|---|
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Key | Purpose |
---|---|
| Comma-separated Classpath, e.g. |
| Used to resolve relative paths in |
| Default arguments for the main method (space separated) |
| Name of main class to launch, e.g. |
| Name of properties file, e.g. |
| Path to properties file, e.g. |
| Boolean flag to indicate that all properties should be added to System properties
(defaults to |
When specified as environment variables or manifest entries, the following names should be used:
Key | Manifest entry | Environment variable |
---|---|---|
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![]() | Tip |
---|---|
Build plugins automatically move the |
loader.properties
are searched for in loader.home
then in the root of the
classpath, then in classpath:/BOOT-INF/classes
. The first location that exists is
used.loader.home
is only the directory location of an additional properties file
(overriding the default) as long as loader.config.location
is not specified.loader.path
can contain directories (scanned recursively for jar and zip files),
archive paths, a directory within an archive that is scanned for jar files (for
example, dependencies.jar!/lib
), or wildcard patterns (for the default JVM behavior).
Archive paths can be relative to loader.home
, or anywhere in the file system with a
jar:file:
prefix.loader.path
(if empty) defaults to BOOT-INF/lib
(meaning a local directory or a
nested one if running from an archive). Because of this PropertiesLauncher
behaves the
same as JarLauncher
when no additional configuration is provided.loader.path
can not be used to configure the location of loader.properties
(the
classpath used to search for the latter is the JVM classpath when PropertiesLauncher
is launched).loader.properties
, exploded archive manifest, archive
manifest.There are a number of restrictions that you need to consider when working with a Spring Boot Loader packaged application.
The ZipEntry
for a nested jar must be saved using the ZipEntry.STORED
method. This
is required so that we can seek directly to individual content within the nested jar.
The content of the nested jar file itself can still be compressed, as can any other
entries in the outer jar.
Launched applications should use Thread.getContextClassLoader()
when loading classes
(most libraries and frameworks will do this by default). Trying to load nested jar
classes via ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()
will fail. Please be aware that
java.util.Logging
always uses the system classloader, for this reason you should
consider a different logging implementation.
If the above restrictions mean that you cannot use Spring Boot Loader the following alternatives could be considered:
The table below provides details of all of the dependency versions that are provided by Spring Boot in its CLI, Maven dependency management and Gradle plugin. When you declare a dependency on one of these artifacts without declaring a version the version that is listed in the table will be used.
Group ID | Artifact ID | Version |
---|---|---|
|
| 2.7.7 |
|
| 1.1.11 |
|
| 1.1.11 |
|
| 1.1.11 |
|
| 3.9.3 |
|
| 3.9.3 |
|
| 3.9.3 |
|
| 2.1.0 |
|
| 2.3.7 |
|
| 3.1.4 |
|
| 3.1.4 |
|
| 1.3.4 |
|
| 2.8.0 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11.2 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.10 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11.1 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 2.8.11 |
|
| 8.2.11 |
|
| 2.3.5 |
|
| 1.3 |
|
| 1.9.64 |
|
| 2.8.5 |
|
| 1.1.1 |
|
| 1.4.197 |
|
| 3.7.8 |
|
| 3.7.8 |
|
| 3.7.1 |
|
| 1.1.3 |
|
| 3.7.8 |
|
| 2.2.0 |
|
| 2.2.0 |
|
| 6.1.0.jre7 |
|
| 4.1.4 |
|
| 4.1.4 |
|
| 4.1.4 |
|
| 4.1.4 |
|
| 4.1.4 |
|
| 1.13 |
|
| 2.2.2 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 3.1.0 |
|
| 3.2.1 |
|
| 2.5.1 |
|
| 2.3.13 |
|
| 2.4.13 |
|
| 1.9.3 |
|
| 1.10 |
|
| 3.2.2 |
|
| 1.4 |
|
| 2.1 |
|
| 1.6 |
|
| 1.50.5 |
|
| 1.6.1 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 3.1.5 |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.8.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.7.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.7.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.7.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.7.RELEASE |
|
| 2.0.4 |
|
| 1.4.25.Final |
|
| 1.4.25.Final |
|
| 1.4.25.Final |
|
| 1.0.0 |
|
| 1.1-rev-1 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 3.1.0 |
|
| 1.2 |
|
| 1.2 |
|
| 1.1.0.Final |
|
| 1.1.6 |
|
| 2.9.9 |
|
| 4.12 |
|
| 5.1.46 |
|
| 4.2.2 |
|
| 4.2.2 |
|
| 2.10.5 |
|
| 2.21 |
|
| 1.3.1 |
|
| 1.9.22 |
|
| 1.4.0 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 5.14.5 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 1.5.6 |
|
| 2.1.1 |
|
| 2.4.3 |
|
| 10.13.1.1 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 4.1.3 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 4.4.9 |
|
| 4.5.5 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 2.7 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 5.5.5 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 8.5.31 |
|
| 1.8.13 |
|
| 1.8.13 |
|
| 1.8.13 |
|
| 2.6.0 |
|
| 2.1.4 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.4.15 |
|
| 2.7.8 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 1.3.2 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 2.2.0.v201112011158 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 9.4.11.v20180605 |
|
| 3.2.3 |
|
| 3.2.3 |
|
| 3.2.3 |
|
| 2.4.6 |
|
| 2.2.14 |
|
| 2.2.14 |
|
| 2.2.14 |
|
| 3.2.1 |
|
| 2.3.28 |
|
| 3.0.0 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 2.25.1 |
|
| 1.3 |
|
| 1.3 |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.0.12.Final |
|
| 5.3.6.Final |
|
| 5.3.6.Final |
|
| 2.3.6 |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 8.2.11.Final |
|
| 3.21.0-GA |
|
| 7.6.0.Final |
|
| 3.3.2.Final |
|
| 5.5.31.Final |
|
| 5.5.31.Final |
|
| 5.5.31.Final |
|
| 5.5.31.Final |
|
| 2.0.6 |
|
| 1.3.7 |
|
| 3.9.6 |
|
| 3.9.6 |
|
| 3.9.6 |
|
| 20140107 |
|
| 3.5.5 |
|
| 1.5.9 |
|
| 1.10.19 |
|
| 3.4.3 |
|
| 3.4.3 |
|
| 8.0.33 |
|
| 2.1.6 |
|
| 2.1.6 |
|
| 2.1.6 |
|
| 2.1.6 |
|
| 9.4.1212.jre7 |
|
| 1.16.22 |
|
| 2.21 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 2.53.1 |
|
| 1.4.0 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.7.25 |
|
| 1.0-groovy-2.4 |
|
| 1.0-groovy-2.4 |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.8.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.18.RELEASE |
|
| 1.7.8.RELEASE |
|
| 1.7.8.RELEASE |
|
| 1.7.8.RELEASE |
|
| 1.7.8.RELEASE |
|
| 3.0.9.RELEASE |
|
| 3.0.9.RELEASE |
|
| 3.0.9.RELEASE |
|
| 3.0.9.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.14.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.6.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.6.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.6.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.6.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.6.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.5.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.13.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.2.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.1.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.1.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.9.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.11.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.0.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.10.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.10.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.10.13.RELEASE |
|
| 4.2.13.RELEASE |
|
| 1.8.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.6.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.6.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.6.13.RELEASE |
|
| 2.1.13.RELEASE |
|
| 0.23.0.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 1.2.3.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
|
| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 4.3.17.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.8.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.8.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.3.2.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.5.RELEASE |
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| 1.2.0.RELEASE |
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| 1.2.0.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.2.2.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 1.0.9.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 4.2.7.RELEASE |
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| 2.0.15.RELEASE |
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| 2.0.15.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.3.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 2.0.3.RELEASE |
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| 2.0.3.RELEASE |
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| 1.0.2.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.2.RELEASE |
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| 1.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 2.4.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.4.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.4.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.4.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.4.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 2.1.6.RELEASE |
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| 2.1.2.RELEASE |
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| 2.1.0.RELEASE |
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| 2.1.3.RELEASE |
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| 9f96c74 |
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| 0.32-1 |
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| 3.15.1 |
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| 1.17 |
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| 2.9.0 |
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| 1.6.3 |
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| 1.4.01 |