The preferred approach is to use Spring's highest level persistence integration APIs. These do not replace the native APIs, but internally handle resource creation/reuse, cleanup, optional transaction synchronization of the resources and exception mapping so that user data access code doesn't have to worry about these concerns at all, but can concentrate purely on non-boilerplate persistence logic. Generally, the same template approach is used for all persistence APIs, with examples including the JdbcTemplate, HibernateTemplate, and JdoTemplate classes (detailed in subsequent chapters of this reference documentation.

At a lower level exist classes such as DataSourceUtils (for JDBC), SessionFactoryUtils (for Hibernate), PersistenceManagerFactoryUtils (for JDO), and so on. When it is preferable for application code to deal directly with the resource types of the native persistence APIs, these classes ensure that proper Spring Framework-managed instances are obtained, transactions are (optionally) synchronized, and exceptions which happen in the process are properly mapped to a consistent API.

For example, in the case of JDBC, instead of the traditional JDBC approach of calling the getConnection() method on the DataSource, you would instead use Spring's org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils class as follows:

Connection conn = DataSourceUtils.getConnection(dataSource);

If an existing transaction exists, and already has a connection synchronized (linked) to it, that instance will be returned. Otherwise, the method call will trigger the creation of a new connection, which will be (optionally) synchronized to any existing transaction, and made available for subsequent reuse in that same transaction. As mentioned, this has the added advantage that any SQLException will be wrapped in a Spring Framework CannotGetJdbcConnectionException - one of the Spring Framework's hierarchy of unchecked DataAccessExceptions. This gives you more information than can easily be obtained from the SQLException, and ensures portability across databases: even across different persistence technologies.

It should be noted that this will also work fine without Spring transaction management (transaction synchronization is optional), so you can use it whether or not you are using Spring for transaction management.

Of course, once you've used Spring's JDBC support or Hibernate support, you will generally prefer not to use DataSourceUtils or the other helper classes, because you'll be much happier working via the Spring abstraction than directly with the relevant APIs. For example, if you use the Spring JdbcTemplate or jdbc.object package to simplify your use of JDBC, correct connection retrieval happens behind the scenes and you won't need to write any special code.

At the very lowest level exists the TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy class. This is a proxy for a target DataSource, which wraps the target DataSource to add awareness of Spring-managed transactions. In this respect, it is similar to a transactional JNDI DataSource as provided by a J2EE server.

It should almost never be necessary or desirable to use this class, except when existing code exists which must be called and passed a standard JDBC DataSource interface implementation. In that case, it's possible to still have this code be usable, but participating in Spring managed transactions. It is preferable to write your new code using the higher level abstractions mentioned above.

The aim of this section is to dispel the mystique that is sometimes associated with the use of declarative transactions. It is all very well for this reference documentation simply to tell you to annotate your classes with the @Transactional annotation, add the line ('<tx:annotation-driven/>') to your configuration, and then expect you to understand how it all works. This section will explain the inner workings of Spring's declarative transaction infrastructure to help you navigate your way back upstream to calmer waters in the event of transaction-related issues.

	Tip
	Looking at the Spring source code is a good way to get a real understanding of Spring's transaction support. You should find the Javadoc informative and complete. We suggest turning the logging level to 'DEBUG' in your Spring-enabled application(s) during development to better see what goes on under the hood.

The most important concepts to grasp with regard to Spring's declarative transaction support are that this support is enabled via AOP proxies, and that the transactional advice is driven by metadata (currently XML- or annotation-based). The combination of a proxy with transactional metadata yields an AOP proxy that uses a TransactionInterceptor in conjunction with an appropriate PlatformTransactionManager implementation to drive transactions around method invocations.

	Note
	Although knowledge of AOP (and specifically Spring AOP) is not required in order to use Spring's declarative transaction support, it can help. Spring AOP is thoroughly covered in the chapter entitled Chapter 6, Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring.

Conceptually, calling a method on a transactional proxy looks like this...

Consider the following interface, and its attendant implementation. The intent is to convey the concepts, and using the rote Foo and Bar tropes means that you can concentrate on the transaction usage and not have to worry about the domain model.

<!-- the service interface that we want to make transactional -->
            
package x.y.service;
            
public interface FooService {

    Foo getFoo(String fooName);

    Foo getFoo(String fooName, String barName);

    void insertFoo(Foo foo);

    void updateFoo(Foo foo);

}

<!-- an implementation of the above interface -->
            
package x.y.service;

public class DefaultFooService implements FooService {

    public Foo getFoo(String fooName) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public Foo getFoo(String fooName, String barName) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public void insertFoo(Foo foo) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public void updateFoo(Foo foo) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

}

(For the purposes of this example, the fact that the implementation class (DefaultFooService) throws UnsupportedOperationException instances in the body of each implemented method is good; it allows us to see transactions being created and then rolled back in response to the UnsupportedOperationException instance being thrown.)

Let's assume that the first two methods of the FooService interface (getFoo(String) and getFoo(String, String)) have to execute in the context of a transaction with read-only semantics, and that the other methods (insertFoo(Foo) and updateFoo(Foo)) have to execute in the context of a transaction with read-write semantics.

To configure this scenario in a declarative fashion using XML-based metadata, you would write the following configuration (don't worry about taking it in all at once; everything will be explained in detail in the next few paragraphs).

<!-- from the file 'context.xml' -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">
  
  <!-- this is the service object that we want to make transactional -->
  <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>

  <!-- the transactional advice (i.e. what 'happens'; see the <aop:advisor/> bean below) -->
  <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">
    <!-- the transactional semantics... -->
    <tx:attributes>
      <!-- all methods starting with 'get' are read-only -->
      <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
      <!-- other methods use the default transaction settings (see below) -->
      <tx:method name="*"/>
    </tx:attributes>
  </tx:advice>
  
  <!-- ensure that the above transactional advice runs for any execution
      of an operation defined by the FooService interface -->
  <aop:config>
    <aop:pointcut id="fooServiceOperation" expression="execution(* x.y.service.FooService.*(..))"/>
    <aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut-ref="fooServiceOperation"/>
  </aop:config>
  
  <!-- don't forget the DataSource -->
  <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
    <property name="driverClassName" value="oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"/>
    <property name="url" value="jdbc:oracle:thin:@rj-t42:1521:elvis"/>
    <property name="username" value="scott"/>
    <property name="password" value="tiger"/>
  </bean>

  <!-- similarly, don't forget the (particular) PlatformTransactionManager -->
  <bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
  </bean>
  
  <!-- other <bean/> definitions here -->

</beans>

Let's pick apart the above configuration. We have a service object (the 'fooService' bean) that we want to make transactional. The transaction semantics that we want to apply are encapsulated in the <tx:advice/> definition. The <tx:advice/> definition reads as “... all methods on starting with 'get' are to execute in the context of a read-only transaction, and all other methods are to execute with the default transaction semantics”. The 'transaction-manager' attribute of the <tx:advice/> tag is set to the name of the PlatformTransactionManager bean that is going to actually drive the transactions (in this case the 'txManager' bean).

	Tip
	You can actually omit the 'transaction-manager' attribute in the transactional advice (<tx:advice/>) if the bean name of the PlatformTransactionManager that you want to wire in has the name 'transactionManager'. If the PlatformTransactionManager bean that you want to wire in has any other name, then you have to be explicit and use the 'transaction-manager' attribute as in the example above.

The final piece of the configuration is the <aop:config/> definition. This ensures that the transactional advice defined by the 'txAdvice' bean actually gets to execute at the appropriate points in the application. First we define a pointcut that matches the execution of any operation defined in the FooService interface (and we called this pointcut 'fooServiceOperation'). Then we combine the pointcut with the 'txAdvice' using an advisor. The result indicates that at the execution of a 'fooServiceOperation', the advice defined by 'txAdvice' will be run.

The expression defined within the <aop:pointcut/> element is an AspectJ pointcut expression; see the chapter entitled Chapter 6, Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring for more details on pointcut expressions in Spring 2.0.

A common requirement is to make an entire service layer transactional. The best way to do this is simply to change the pointcut expression to match any operation in your service layer. For example:

<aop:config>
    <aop:pointcut id="fooServiceMethods" expression="execution(* x.y.service.*.*(..))"/>
    <aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut-ref="fooServiceMethods"/>
  </aop:config>

(This example assumes that all your service interfaces are defined in the 'x.y.service' package, again, see the chapter entitled Chapter 6, Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring for more details.)

Now that we've analyzed the configuration, you may be asking yourself, “Okay... but what does all this configuration actually do?”.

What the above configuration is going to do is create a transactional proxy around the object that is created from the 'fooService' bean definition. The proxy will be configured with the transactional advice, so that when an appropriate method is invoked on the proxy, a transaction may be started, suspended, be marked as read-only, etc, depending on the transaction semantics associated with that method.

Let's consider the following driver program to test the above configuration.

public final class Boot {

    public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
        ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("context.xml", Boot.class);
        FooService fooService = (FooService) ctx.getBean("fooService");
        fooService.insertFoo (new Foo());
    }
}

The output from running the above program will look something like this. (Please note that the Log4J output and the attendant stacktrace from the UnsupportedOperationException thrown by the insertFoo(..) method of the DefaultFooService class have been truncated in the interest of clarity.)

    <!-- the Spring container is starting up... -->
[AspectJInvocationContextExposingAdvisorAutoProxyCreator] - Creating implicit proxy
        for bean 'fooService' with 0 common interceptors and 1 specific interceptors
    <!-- the DefaultFooService is actually proxied -->
[JdkDynamicAopProxy] - Creating JDK dynamic proxy for [x.y.service.DefaultFooService]

    <!-- ... the insertFoo(..) method is now being invoked on the proxy -->

[TransactionInterceptor] - Getting transaction for x.y.service.FooService.insertFoo
    <!-- the transactional advice kicks in here... -->
[DataSourceTransactionManager] - Creating new transaction with name [x.y.service.FooService.insertFoo]
[DataSourceTransactionManager] - Acquired Connection
        [org.apache.commons.dbcp.PoolableConnection@a53de4] for JDBC transaction

    <!-- the insertFoo(..) method from DefaultFooService throws an exception... -->
[RuleBasedTransactionAttribute] - Applying rules to determine whether transaction should
        rollback on java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
[TransactionInterceptor] - Invoking rollback for transaction on x.y.service.FooService.insertFoo
        due to throwable [java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException]

   <!-- and the transaction is rolled back (by default, RuntimeException instances cause rollback) -->
[DataSourceTransactionManager] - Rolling back JDBC transaction on Connection
        [org.apache.commons.dbcp.PoolableConnection@a53de4]
[DataSourceTransactionManager] - Releasing JDBC Connection after transaction
[DataSourceUtils] - Returning JDBC Connection to DataSource

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
	at x.y.service.DefaultFooService.insertFoo(DefaultFooService.java:14)
   <!-- AOP infrastructure stack trace elements removed for clarity -->
	at $Proxy0.insertFoo(Unknown Source)
	at Boot.main(Boot.java:11)

The previous section outlined the basics of how to specify the transactional settings for the classes, typically service layer classes, in your application in a declarative fashion. This section describes how you can control the rollback of transactions in a simple declarative fashion.

The easiest (and indeed recommended) way to indicate to the Spring Framework's transaction infrastructure that a transaction's work is to be rolled back is to throw an Exception from code that is currently executing in the context of a transaction. The Spring Framework's transaction infrastructure code will catch any unhandled Exception as it bubbles up the call stack, and will mark the transaction for rollback.

However, please note that the Spring Framework's transaction infrastructure code will, by default, only mark a transaction for rollback in the case of runtime, unchecked exceptions; that is, when the thrown exception an instance or subclass of RuntimeException. (Errors will also - by default - result in a rollback.) Checked exceptions that are thrown from a transactional method will not result in the transaction being rolled back.

So much for the default settings; these settings, namely exactly which Exception types mark a transaction for rollback, can of course be changed. Find below a snippet of XML configuration that demonstrates how one would configure rollback for a checked, application-specific Exception type.

<tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">
  <tx:attributes>
	 <tx:method name="get*" read-only="false" rollback-for="NoProductInStockException"/>
	 <tx:method name="*"/>
  </tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>

The second way to indicate to the Spring Framework's transaction infrastructure that a transaction's work is to be rolled back is to do so programmatically Although very simple, this way is quite invasive, and tightly couples your code to the Spring Framework's transaction infrastructure. Find below a snippet of code that does programmatic rollback of a Spring Framework-managed transaction:

public void resolvePosition() {
    try {
        // some business logic...
    } catch (NoProductInStockException ex) {
        // trigger rollback programmatically
        TransactionAspectSupport.currentTransactionStatus().setRollbackOnly();
    }
}

You are strongly encouraged to use the declarative approach to rollback if at all possible. The programmtic means of rolling back is, as you can see, available to you should you need it, but it's usage flies in the face of achieving a clean POJO-based model in your application.

Let's now consider the scenario where you have a number of service layer objects, and you want to apply totally different transactional semantics to each group of those objects. You can effect this in Spring by defining any number of distinct <aop:advisor/> elements with differing 'pointcut' and 'advice-ref' attribute values.

By way of an example, let's assume that all of your service layer classes are defined in a root 'x.y.service' package. To make all beans that are instances of classes defined in said package (or in subpackages) and that have names ending in 'Service' have the default transactional semantics, you could write the following configuration:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
    xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">

    <aop:config>

        <aop:pointcut id="serviceOperation"
                    expression="execution(* x.y.service..*Service.*(..))"/>

        <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="serviceOperation" advice-ref="txAdvice"/>

    </aop:config>

    <!-- these two beans will be transactional... -->
    <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>
    <bean id="barService" class="x.y.service.extras.SimpleBarService"/>

    <!-- ... and these two beans won't -->
    <bean id="anotherService" class="org.xyz.SomeService"/> <!-- (not in the right package) -->
    <bean id="barManager" class="x.y.service.SimpleBarManager"/> <!-- (doesn't end in 'Service') -->

    <tx:advice id="txAdvice">
        <tx:attributes>
            <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
            <tx:method name="*"/>
        </tx:attributes>
    </tx:advice>

    <!-- other transaction infrastructure beans such as a PlatformTransactionManager omitted... -->

</beans>

Find below an example of configuring two distinct beans with totally different transactional settings.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
    xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
    xsi:schemaLocation="
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">

    <aop:config>

        <aop:pointcut id="defaultServiceOperation"
                    expression="execution(* x.y.service.*Service.*(..))"/>
        <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="defaultServiceOperation" advice-ref="defaultTxAdvice"/>
        
        <aop:pointcut id="noTxServiceOperation"
                    expression="execution(* x.y.service.ddl.DefaultDdlManager.*(..))"/>
        <aop:advisor pointcut-ref="noTxServiceOperation" advice-ref="noTxAdvice"/>

    </aop:config>

    <!-- this bean will be transactional (c.f. the 'defaultServiceOperation' pointcut) -->
    <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>

    <!-- this bean will also be transactional, but with totally different transactional settings -->
    <bean id="anotherFooService" class="x.y.service.ddl.DefaultDdlManager"/>

    <tx:advice id="defaultTxAdvice">
        <tx:attributes>
            <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
            <tx:method name="*"/>
        </tx:attributes>
    </tx:advice>
    
    <tx:advice id="noTxAdvice">
        <tx:attributes>
            <tx:method name="*" propagation="NEVER"/>
        </tx:attributes>
    </tx:advice>

    <!-- other transaction infrastructure beans such as a PlatformTransactionManager omitted... -->

</beans>

This section summarises the various transactional settings that can be specified using the <tx:advice/> tag. The default <tx:advice/> settings are:

These default settings can, of course, be changed; the various attributes of the <tx:method/> tags that are nested within <tx:advice/> and <tx:attributes/> tags are summarized below:

	Note
	The functionality offered by the @Transactional annotation and the attendant support classes is only available to you if you are using at least Java 5 (Tiger).

In addition to the XML-based declarative approach to transaction configuration, you can also use an annotation-based approach to transaction configuration. Declaring transaction semantics directly in the Java source code puts the declarations much closer to the affected code, and there is generally not much danger of undue coupling, since code that is meant to be used transactionally is almost always deployed that way anyway.

The ease-of-use afforded by the use of the @Transactional annotation is best illustrated with an example, after which all of the details will be explained. Consider the following class definition:

<!-- the service class that we want to make transactional -->
@Transactional
public class DefaultFooService implements FooService {

    Foo getFoo(String fooName);

    Foo getFoo(String fooName, String barName);

    void insertFoo(Foo foo);

    void updateFoo(Foo foo);
}

When the above POJO is defined as a bean in a Spring IoC container, said bean instance can be made transactional by adding merely one line of XML configuration, like so:

<!-- from the file 'context.xml' -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">
  
  <!-- this is the service object that we want to make transactional -->
  <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>

  <!-- enable the configuration of transactional behavior based on annotations -->
  <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="txManager"/>

  <!-- a PlatformTransactionManager is still required -->
  <bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
    <!-- (this dependency is defined somewhere else) -->
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
  </bean>
  
  <!-- other <bean/> definitions here -->

</beans>

	Tip
	You can actually omit the 'transaction-manager' attribute in the <tx:annotation-driven/> tag if the bean name of the PlatformTransactionManager that you want to wire in has the name 'transactionManager'. If the PlatformTransactionManager bean that you want to dependency inject has any other name, then you have to be explicit and use the 'transaction-manager' attribute as in the example above.

The @Transactional annotation may be placed before an interface definition, a method on an interface, a class definition, or a public method on a class. However, please note that the mere presence of the @Transactional annotation is not enough to actually turn on the transactional behavior - the @Transactional annotation is simply metadata that can be consumed by something that is @Transactional-aware and that can use said metadata to configure the appropriate beans with transactional behavior. In the case of the above example, it is the presence of the <tx:annotation-driven/> element that switches on the transactional behavior.

The Spring team's recommendation is that you place the @Transactional annotation on the concrete class (or method of a concrete class), as opposed to on any interface(s) that the class may implement. You certainly can place the @Transactional annotation on an interface, but this will only work as you would expect it to if you are using interface-based proxies. Because annotations are not inherited it means that if you are using class-based proxying then the transaction settings will not be recognised by the class-based proxying infrastructure and the object will not be wrapped in a transaction proxy (which would be decidedly bad). So please do take the Spring teams's advice and use the @Transactional annotation on concrete classes.

Note

When using the @Transactional style of declarative transaction demarcation you can control whether or not interface- or class-based proxies are created via the presence and value of the "proxy-target-class" attribute on the attendant <tx:annotation-driven/> element. If the value of the boolean-style value of the "proxy-target-class" attribute is set to "true", then class-based proxying will be in effect (and this currently requires the presence of the CGLIB library (cglib.jar) on the classpath). If the value of the "proxy-target-class" attribute is set to "false" or if the attribute is omitted, then standard JDK interface-based proxying will be in effect.

The most derived location takes precedence when evaluating the transactional settings for a method. In the case of the following example, the DefaultFooService class is annotated with the settings for a read-only transaction, but the @Transactional annotation on the updateFoo(Foo) method in the same class takes precedence over the transactional settings defined in the class level annotation.

@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public class DefaultFooService implements FooService {

    public Foo getFoo(String fooName) {
        // do something
    }

    // these settings have precedence for this method
    @Transactional(readOnly = false, propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
    public void updateFoo(Foo foo) {
        // do something
    }
}

Consider the situation where you have an instance of a class, and you would like to execute both transactional and (to keep things simple) some basic profiling advice. So how do you effect this in the context of using <tx:annotation-driven/>?

What we want to see when we invoke the updateFoo(Foo) method is:

	Note
	This chapter is not concerned with explaining AOP in any great detail (except as it applies to transactions). Please see the chapter entitled Chapter 6, Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring for detailed coverage of the various bits and pieces of the following AOP configuration (and AOP in general).

Here is the code for a simple profiling aspect. (Please note that the ordering of advice is controlled via the Ordered interface. For full details on advice ordering, see the section entitled Section 6.2.4.7, “Advice ordering”.)

package x.y;

import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;
import org.springframework.core.Ordered;

public class SimpleProfiler implements Ordered {

    private int order;

    // allows us to control the ordering of advice
    public int getOrder() {
        return this.order;
    }

    public void setOrder(int order) {
        this.order = order;
    }

    // this method is the around advice
    public Object profile(ProceedingJoinPoint call) throws Throwable {
        Object returnValue;
        StopWatch clock = new StopWatch(getClass().getName());
        try {
            clock.start(call.toShortString());
            returnValue = call.proceed();
        } finally {
            clock.stop();
            System.out.println(clock.prettyPrint());
        }
        return returnValue;
    }
}

Here is the attendant configuration that will effect what we want.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">

    <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>

    <!-- this is the aspect -->
    <bean id="profiler" class="x.y.SimpleProfiler">
        <!-- execute before the transactional advice (hence the lower order number) -->
        <property name="order" value="1"/>
    </bean>
    
    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="txManager"/>

    <aop:config>
        <!-- this advice will execute around the transactional advice -->
        <aop:aspect id="profilingAspect" ref="profiler">
            <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethodWithReturnValue"
                          expression="execution(!void x.y..*Service.*(..))"/>
            <aop:around method="profile" pointcut-ref="serviceMethodWithReturnValue"/>
        </aop:aspect>
    </aop:config>

    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver"/>
        <property name="url" value="jdbc:oracle:thin:@rj-t42:1521:elvis"/>
        <property name="username" value="scott"/>
        <property name="password" value="tiger"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>

</beans>

The result of the above configuration will be a 'fooService' bean that has profiling and transactional aspects applied to it in that order. The configuration of any number of additional aspects is effected in a similar fashion.

Finally, find below some example configuration for effecting the same setup as above, but using the purely XML declarative approach.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd">

    <bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>

    <!-- the profiling advice -->
    <bean id="profiler" class="x.y.SimpleProfiler">
        <!-- execute before the transactional advice (hence the lower order number) -->
        <property name="order" value="1"/>
    </bean>

    <aop:config>
        
        <aop:pointcut id="entryPointMethod" expression="execution(* x.y..*Service.*(..))"/>

        <!-- will execute after the profiling advice (c.f. the order attribute) -->
        <aop:advisor
                advice-ref="txAdvice"
                pointcut-ref="entryPointMethod"
                order="2"/> <!-- order value is higher than the profiling aspect -->

        <aop:aspect id="profilingAspect" ref="profiler">
            <aop:pointcut id="serviceMethodWithReturnValue"
                          expression="execution(!void x.y..*Service.*(..))"/>
            <aop:around method="profile" pointcut-ref="serviceMethodWithReturnValue"/>
        </aop:aspect>

    </aop:config>

    <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">
        <tx:attributes>
            <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true"/>
            <tx:method name="*"/>
        </tx:attributes>
    </tx:advice>

    <!-- other <bean/> definitions such as a DataSource and a PlatformTransactionManager here -->

</beans>

The result of the above configuration will be a 'fooService' bean that has profiling and transactional aspects applied to it in that order. If we wanted the profiling advice to execute after the transactional advice on the way in, and before the transactional advice on the way out, then we would simply swap the value of the profiling aspect bean's 'order' property such that it was higher than the transactional advice's order value.

The configuration of any number of additional aspects is effected in a similar fashion.

It is also possible to use the Spring Framework's @Transactional support outside of a Spring container by means of an AspectJ aspect. To use this support you must first annotate your classes (and optionally your classes' methods with the @Transactional annotation, and then you must link (weave) your application with the org.springframework.transaction.aspectj.AnnotationTransactionAspect defined in the spring-aspects.jar file. The aspect must also be configured with a transaction manager. You could of course use the Spring Framework's IoC container to take care of dependency injecting the aspect, but since we're focusing here on applications running outside of a Spring container, we'll show you how to do it programmatically.

	Note
	Prior to continuing, you may well want to read the previous sections entitled Section 9.5.6, “Using @Transactional” and Chapter 6, Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring respectively.

// construct an appropriate transaction manager 
DataSourceTransactionManager txManager = new DataSourceTransactionManager(getDataSource());

// configure the AnnotationTransactionAspect to use it; this must be done before executing any transactional methods
AnnotationTransactionAspect.aspectOf().setTransactionManager (txManager); 

	Note
	When using this aspect, you must annotate the implementation class (and/or methods within that class), not the interface (if any) that the class implements. AspectJ follows Java's rule that annotations on interfaces are not inherited.

The @Transactional annotation on a class specifies the default transaction semantics for the execution of any public method in the class.

The @Transactional on a method within the class overrides the default transaction semantics given by the class annotation (if present). Methods with public, protected, and default visibility may all be annotated. Annotating protected and default visibility methods directly is the only way to get transaction demarcation for the execution of such method.

To weave your applications with the AnnotationTransactionAspect you must either build your application with AspectJ (see the AspectJ Development Guide) or use load-time weaving. See the section entitled Section 6.8.4, “Using AspectJ Load-time weaving (LTW) with Spring applications” for a discussion of load-time weaving with AspectJ.

The TransactionTemplate adopts the same approach as other Spring templates such as JdbcTemplate and HibernateTemplate. It uses a callback approach, to free application code from having to do the boilerplate acquisition and release of resources (i.e. no more try/catch/finally/try/catch blocks.) Like many of the other template classes in Spring, a TransactionTemplate instance is threadsafe.

Application code that must execute in a transaction context looks like this. Note that the TransactionCallback can be used to return a value:

Object result = tt.execute(new TransactionCallback() {

    public Object doInTransaction(TransactionStatus status) {
        updateOperation1();
        return resultOfUpdateOperation2();
    }

});

If there is no return value, use the convenient TransactionCallbackWithoutResult class via an anonymous class like so:

tt.execute(new TransactionCallbackWithoutResult() {
    
    protected void doInTransactionWithoutResult(TransactionStatus status) {
        updateOperation1();
        updateOperation2();
    }

});

Code within the callback can roll the transaction back by calling the setRollbackOnly() method on the supplied TransactionStatus object.

Application classes wishing to use the TransactionTemplate must have access to a PlatformTransactionManager (which will typically be supplied to the class via dependency injection). It is easy to unit test such classes with a mock or stub PlatformTransactionManager. There is no JNDI lookup or static shenanigans here: it is a simple interface. As usual, you can use Spring to greatly simplify your unit testing.

You can also use the org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager directly to manage your transaction. Simply pass the implementation of the PlatformTransactionManager you're using to your bean via a bean reference. Then, using the TransactionDefinition and TransactionStatus objects you can initiate transactions, rollback and commit.

DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);

TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
try {
    // execute your business logic here
}
catch (MyException ex) {
    txManager.rollback(status);
    throw ex;
}
txManager.commit(status);

In a WebLogic 7.0, 8.1 or higher environment, you will generally prefer to use WebLogicJtaTransactionManager instead of the stock JtaTransactionManager class. This special WebLogic-specific subclass of the normal JtaTransactionManager. It supports the full power of Spring's transaction definitions in a WebLogic managed transaction environment, beyond standard JTA semantics: features include transaction names, per-transaction isolation levels, and proper resuming of transactions in all cases.

In a WebSphere 5.1, 5.0 and 4 environment, you may wish to use Spring's WebSphereTransactionManagerFactoryBean class. This is a factory bean which retrieves the JTA TransactionManager in a WebSphere environment, which is done via WebSphere's static access methods. (These methods are different for each version of WebSphere.) Once the JTA TransactionManager instance has been obtained via this factory bean, Spring's JtaTransactionManager may be configured with a reference to it, for enhanced transaction semantics over the use of only the JTA UserTransaction object. Please see the Javadocs for full details.

Developers should take care to use the correct PlatformTransactionManager implementation for their requirements. It is important to understand how the Spring transaction abstraction works with JTA global transactions. Used properly, there is no conflict here: Spring merely provides a straightforward and portable abstraction.

If you are using global transactions, you must use the Spring org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager class (or an application server-specific subclass of it) for all your transactional operations. Otherwise Spring will attempt to perform local transactions on resources such as container DataSource instances. Such local transactions don't make sense, and a good application server will treat them as errors.