org.springframework.util
Class StringUtils

java.lang.Object
  org.springframework.util.StringUtils

public abstract class StringUtils
extends Object

Miscellaneous String utility methods.

Mainly for internal use within the framework; consider Jakarta's Commons Lang for a more comprehensive suite of String utilities.

This class delivers some simple functionality that should really be provided by the core Java String and StringBuilder classes, such as the ability to replace(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String) all occurrences of a given substring in a target string. It also provides easy-to-use methods to convert between delimited strings, such as CSV strings, and collections and arrays.

Since:

16 April 2001

Author:

Rod Johnson, Juergen Hoeller, Keith Donald, Rob Harrop, Rick Evans, Arjen Poutsma

See Also:

org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils

Constructor Summary

StringUtils()

Method Summary

static String[]	addStringToArray(String[] array, String str) Append the given String to the given String array, returning a new array consisting of the input array contents plus the given String.
static String	applyRelativePath(String path, String relativePath) Apply the given relative path to the given path, assuming standard Java folder separation (i.e.
static String	arrayToCommaDelimitedString(Object[] arr) Convenience method to return a String array as a CSV String.
static String	arrayToDelimitedString(Object[] arr, String delim) Convenience method to return a String array as a delimited (e.g.
static String	capitalize(String str) Capitalize a String, changing the first letter to upper case as per Character.toUpperCase(char).
static String	cleanPath(String path) Normalize the path by suppressing sequences like "path/.." and inner simple dots.
static String	collectionToCommaDelimitedString(Collection coll) Convenience method to return a Collection as a CSV String.
static String	collectionToDelimitedString(Collection coll, String delim) Convenience method to return a Collection as a delimited (e.g.
static String	collectionToDelimitedString(Collection coll, String delim, String prefix, String suffix) Convenience method to return a Collection as a delimited (e.g.
static Set<String>	commaDelimitedListToSet(String str) Convenience method to convert a CSV string list to a set.
static String[]	commaDelimitedListToStringArray(String str) Convert a CSV list into an array of Strings.
static String[]	concatenateStringArrays(String[] array1, String[] array2) Concatenate the given String arrays into one, with overlapping array elements included twice.
static boolean	containsWhitespace(CharSequence str) Check whether the given CharSequence contains any whitespace characters.
static boolean	containsWhitespace(String str) Check whether the given String contains any whitespace characters.
static int	countOccurrencesOf(String str, String sub) Count the occurrences of the substring in string s.
static String	delete(String inString, String pattern) Delete all occurrences of the given substring.
static String	deleteAny(String inString, String charsToDelete) Delete any character in a given String.
static String[]	delimitedListToStringArray(String str, String delimiter) Take a String which is a delimited list and convert it to a String array.
static String[]	delimitedListToStringArray(String str, String delimiter, String charsToDelete) Take a String which is a delimited list and convert it to a String array.
static boolean	endsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String suffix) Test if the given String ends with the specified suffix, ignoring upper/lower case.
static String	getFilename(String path) Extract the filename from the given path, e.g.
static String	getFilenameExtension(String path) Extract the filename extension from the given path, e.g.
static boolean	hasLength(CharSequence str) Check that the given CharSequence is neither null nor of length 0.
static boolean	hasLength(String str) Check that the given String is neither null nor of length 0.
static boolean	hasText(CharSequence str) Check whether the given CharSequence has actual text.
static boolean	hasText(String str) Check whether the given String has actual text.
static String[]	mergeStringArrays(String[] array1, String[] array2) Merge the given String arrays into one, with overlapping array elements only included once.
static Locale	parseLocaleString(String localeString) Parse the given localeString into a Locale.
static boolean	pathEquals(String path1, String path2) Compare two paths after normalization of them.
static String	quote(String str) Quote the given String with single quotes.
static Object	quoteIfString(Object obj) Turn the given Object into a String with single quotes if it is a String; keeping the Object as-is else.
static String[]	removeDuplicateStrings(String[] array) Remove duplicate Strings from the given array.
static String	replace(String inString, String oldPattern, String newPattern) Replace all occurences of a substring within a string with another string.
static String[]	sortStringArray(String[] array) Turn given source String array into sorted array.
static String[]	split(String toSplit, String delimiter) Split a String at the first occurrence of the delimiter.
static Properties	splitArrayElementsIntoProperties(String[] array, String delimiter) Take an array Strings and split each element based on the given delimiter.
static Properties	splitArrayElementsIntoProperties(String[] array, String delimiter, String charsToDelete) Take an array Strings and split each element based on the given delimiter.
static boolean	startsWithIgnoreCase(String str, String prefix) Test if the given String starts with the specified prefix, ignoring upper/lower case.
static String	stripFilenameExtension(String path) Strip the filename extension from the given path, e.g.
static boolean	substringMatch(CharSequence str, int index, CharSequence substring) Test whether the given string matches the given substring at the given index.
static String[]	tokenizeToStringArray(String str, String delimiters) Tokenize the given String into a String array via a StringTokenizer.
static String[]	tokenizeToStringArray(String str, String delimiters, boolean trimTokens, boolean ignoreEmptyTokens) Tokenize the given String into a String array via a StringTokenizer.
static String	toLanguageTag(Locale locale) Determine the RFC 3066 compliant language tag, as used for the HTTP "Accept-Language" header.
static String[]	toStringArray(Collection<String> collection) Copy the given Collection into a String array.
static String[]	toStringArray(Enumeration<String> enumeration) Copy the given Enumeration into a String array.
static String	trimAllWhitespace(String str) Trim all whitespace from the given String: leading, trailing, and inbetween characters.
static String[]	trimArrayElements(String[] array) Trim the elements of the given String array, calling String.trim() on each of them.
static String	trimLeadingCharacter(String str, char leadingCharacter) Trim all occurences of the supplied leading character from the given String.
static String	trimLeadingWhitespace(String str) Trim leading whitespace from the given String.
static String	trimTrailingCharacter(String str, char trailingCharacter) Trim all occurences of the supplied trailing character from the given String.
static String	trimTrailingWhitespace(String str) Trim trailing whitespace from the given String.
static String	trimWhitespace(String str) Trim leading and trailing whitespace from the given String.
static String	uncapitalize(String str) Uncapitalize a String, changing the first letter to lower case as per Character.toLowerCase(char).
static String	unqualify(String qualifiedName) Unqualify a string qualified by a '.' dot character.
static String	unqualify(String qualifiedName, char separator) Unqualify a string qualified by a separator character.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

StringUtils

public StringUtils()

Method Detail

hasLength

public static boolean hasLength(CharSequence str)

Check that the given CharSequence is neither null nor of length 0. Note: Will return true for a CharSequence that purely consists of whitespace.

 StringUtils.hasLength(null) = false
 StringUtils.hasLength("") = false
 StringUtils.hasLength(" ") = true
 StringUtils.hasLength("Hello") = true
 

Parameters:

str - the CharSequence to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the CharSequence is not null and has length

See Also:

hasText(String)

hasLength

public static boolean hasLength(String str)

Check that the given String is neither null nor of length 0. Note: Will return true for a String that purely consists of whitespace.

Parameters:

str - the String to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the String is not null and has length

See Also:

hasLength(CharSequence)

hasText

public static boolean hasText(CharSequence str)

Check whether the given CharSequence has actual text. More specifically, returns true if the string not null, its length is greater than 0, and it contains at least one non-whitespace character.

 StringUtils.hasText(null) = false
 StringUtils.hasText("") = false
 StringUtils.hasText(" ") = false
 StringUtils.hasText("12345") = true
 StringUtils.hasText(" 12345 ") = true
 

Parameters:

str - the CharSequence to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the CharSequence is not null, its length is greater than 0, and it does not contain whitespace only

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

hasText

public static boolean hasText(String str)

Check whether the given String has actual text. More specifically, returns true if the string not null, its length is greater than 0, and it contains at least one non-whitespace character.

Parameters:

str - the String to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the String is not null, its length is greater than 0, and it does not contain whitespace only

See Also:

hasText(CharSequence)

containsWhitespace

public static boolean containsWhitespace(CharSequence str)

Check whether the given CharSequence contains any whitespace characters.

Parameters:

str - the CharSequence to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the CharSequence is not empty and contains at least 1 whitespace character

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

containsWhitespace

public static boolean containsWhitespace(String str)

Check whether the given String contains any whitespace characters.

Parameters:

str - the String to check (may be null)

Returns:

true if the String is not empty and contains at least 1 whitespace character

See Also:

containsWhitespace(CharSequence)

trimWhitespace

public static String trimWhitespace(String str)

Trim leading and trailing whitespace from the given String.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

Returns:

the trimmed String

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

trimAllWhitespace

public static String trimAllWhitespace(String str)

Trim all whitespace from the given String: leading, trailing, and inbetween characters.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

Returns:

the trimmed String

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

trimLeadingWhitespace

public static String trimLeadingWhitespace(String str)

Trim leading whitespace from the given String.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

Returns:

the trimmed String

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

trimTrailingWhitespace

public static String trimTrailingWhitespace(String str)

Trim trailing whitespace from the given String.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

Returns:

the trimmed String

See Also:

Character.isWhitespace(char)

trimLeadingCharacter

public static String trimLeadingCharacter(String str,
                                          char leadingCharacter)

Trim all occurences of the supplied leading character from the given String.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

leadingCharacter - the leading character to be trimmed

Returns:

the trimmed String

trimTrailingCharacter

public static String trimTrailingCharacter(String str,
                                           char trailingCharacter)

Trim all occurences of the supplied trailing character from the given String.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

trailingCharacter - the trailing character to be trimmed

Returns:

the trimmed String

startsWithIgnoreCase

public static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(String str,
                                           String prefix)

Test if the given String starts with the specified prefix, ignoring upper/lower case.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

prefix - the prefix to look for

See Also:

String.startsWith(java.lang.String, int)

endsWithIgnoreCase

public static boolean endsWithIgnoreCase(String str,
                                         String suffix)

Test if the given String ends with the specified suffix, ignoring upper/lower case.

Parameters:

str - the String to check

suffix - the suffix to look for

See Also:

String.endsWith(java.lang.String)

substringMatch

public static boolean substringMatch(CharSequence str,
                                     int index,
                                     CharSequence substring)

Test whether the given string matches the given substring at the given index.

Parameters:

str - the original string (or StringBuilder)

index - the index in the original string to start matching against

substring - the substring to match at the given index

countOccurrencesOf

public static int countOccurrencesOf(String str,
                                     String sub)

Count the occurrences of the substring in string s.

Parameters:

str - string to search in. Return 0 if this is null.

sub - string to search for. Return 0 if this is null.

replace

public static String replace(String inString,
                             String oldPattern,
                             String newPattern)

Replace all occurences of a substring within a string with another string.

Parameters:

inString - String to examine

oldPattern - String to replace

newPattern - String to insert

Returns:

a String with the replacements

delete

public static String delete(String inString,
                            String pattern)

Delete all occurrences of the given substring.

Parameters:

inString - the original String

pattern - the pattern to delete all occurrences of

Returns:

the resulting String

deleteAny

public static String deleteAny(String inString,
                               String charsToDelete)

Delete any character in a given String.

Parameters:

inString - the original String

charsToDelete - a set of characters to delete. E.g. "az\n" will delete 'a's, 'z's and new lines.

Returns:

the resulting String

quote

public static String quote(String str)

Quote the given String with single quotes.

Parameters:

str - the input String (e.g. "myString")

Returns:

the quoted String (e.g. "'myString'"), or null if the input was null

quoteIfString

public static Object quoteIfString(Object obj)

Turn the given Object into a String with single quotes if it is a String; keeping the Object as-is else.

Parameters:

obj - the input Object (e.g. "myString")

Returns:

the quoted String (e.g. "'myString'"), or the input object as-is if not a String

unqualify

public static String unqualify(String qualifiedName)

Unqualify a string qualified by a '.' dot character. For example, "this.name.is.qualified", returns "qualified".

Parameters:

qualifiedName - the qualified name

unqualify

public static String unqualify(String qualifiedName,
                               char separator)

Unqualify a string qualified by a separator character. For example, "this:name:is:qualified" returns "qualified" if using a ':' separator.

Parameters:

qualifiedName - the qualified name

separator - the separator

capitalize

public static String capitalize(String str)

Capitalize a String, changing the first letter to upper case as per Character.toUpperCase(char). No other letters are changed.

Parameters:

str - the String to capitalize, may be null

Returns:

the capitalized String, null if null

uncapitalize

public static String uncapitalize(String str)

Uncapitalize a String, changing the first letter to lower case as per Character.toLowerCase(char). No other letters are changed.

Parameters:

str - the String to uncapitalize, may be null

Returns:

the uncapitalized String, null if null

getFilename

public static String getFilename(String path)

Extract the filename from the given path, e.g. "mypath/myfile.txt" -> "myfile.txt".

Parameters:

path - the file path (may be null)

Returns:

the extracted filename, or null if none

getFilenameExtension

public static String getFilenameExtension(String path)

Extract the filename extension from the given path, e.g. "mypath/myfile.txt" -> "txt".

Parameters:

path - the file path (may be null)

Returns:

the extracted filename extension, or null if none

stripFilenameExtension

public static String stripFilenameExtension(String path)

Strip the filename extension from the given path, e.g. "mypath/myfile.txt" -> "mypath/myfile".

Parameters:

path - the file path (may be null)

Returns:

the path with stripped filename extension, or null if none

applyRelativePath

public static String applyRelativePath(String path,
                                       String relativePath)

Apply the given relative path to the given path, assuming standard Java folder separation (i.e. "/" separators).

Parameters:

path - the path to start from (usually a full file path)

relativePath - the relative path to apply (relative to the full file path above)

Returns:

the full file path that results from applying the relative path

cleanPath

public static String cleanPath(String path)

Normalize the path by suppressing sequences like "path/.." and inner simple dots.

The result is convenient for path comparison. For other uses, notice that Windows separators ("\") are replaced by simple slashes.

Parameters:

path - the original path

Returns:

the normalized path

pathEquals

public static boolean pathEquals(String path1,
                                 String path2)

Compare two paths after normalization of them.

Parameters:

path1 - first path for comparison

path2 - second path for comparison

Returns:

whether the two paths are equivalent after normalization

parseLocaleString

public static Locale parseLocaleString(String localeString)

Parse the given localeString into a Locale.

This is the inverse operation of Locale's toString.

Parameters:

localeString - the locale string, following Locale's toString() format ("en", "en_UK", etc); also accepts spaces as separators, as an alternative to underscores

Returns:

a corresponding Locale instance

toLanguageTag

public static String toLanguageTag(Locale locale)

Determine the RFC 3066 compliant language tag, as used for the HTTP "Accept-Language" header.

Parameters:

locale - the Locale to transform to a language tag

Returns:

the RFC 3066 compliant language tag as String

addStringToArray

public static String[] addStringToArray(String[] array,
                                        String str)

Append the given String to the given String array, returning a new array consisting of the input array contents plus the given String.

Parameters:

array - the array to append to (can be null)

str - the String to append

Returns:

the new array (never null)

concatenateStringArrays

public static String[] concatenateStringArrays(String[] array1,
                                               String[] array2)

Concatenate the given String arrays into one, with overlapping array elements included twice.

The order of elements in the original arrays is preserved.

Parameters:

array1 - the first array (can be null)

array2 - the second array (can be null)

Returns:

the new array (null if both given arrays were null)

mergeStringArrays

public static String[] mergeStringArrays(String[] array1,
                                         String[] array2)

Merge the given String arrays into one, with overlapping array elements only included once.

The order of elements in the original arrays is preserved (with the exception of overlapping elements, which are only included on their first occurence).

Parameters:

array1 - the first array (can be null)

array2 - the second array (can be null)

Returns:

the new array (null if both given arrays were null)

sortStringArray

public static String[] sortStringArray(String[] array)

Turn given source String array into sorted array.

Parameters:

array - the source array

Returns:

the sorted array (never null)

toStringArray

public static String[] toStringArray(Collection<String> collection)

Copy the given Collection into a String array. The Collection must contain String elements only.

Parameters:

collection - the Collection to copy

Returns:

the String array (null if the passed-in Collection was null)

toStringArray

public static String[] toStringArray(Enumeration<String> enumeration)

Copy the given Enumeration into a String array. The Enumeration must contain String elements only.

Parameters:

enumeration - the Enumeration to copy

Returns:

the String array (null if the passed-in Enumeration was null)

trimArrayElements

public static String[] trimArrayElements(String[] array)

Trim the elements of the given String array, calling String.trim() on each of them.

Parameters:

array - the original String array

Returns:

the resulting array (of the same size) with trimmed elements

removeDuplicateStrings

public static String[] removeDuplicateStrings(String[] array)

Remove duplicate Strings from the given array. Also sorts the array, as it uses a TreeSet.

Parameters:

array - the String array

Returns:

an array without duplicates, in natural sort order

split

public static String[] split(String toSplit,
                             String delimiter)

Split a String at the first occurrence of the delimiter. Does not include the delimiter in the result.

Parameters:

toSplit - the string to split

delimiter - to split the string up with

Returns:

a two element array with index 0 being before the delimiter, and index 1 being after the delimiter (neither element includes the delimiter); or null if the delimiter wasn't found in the given input String

splitArrayElementsIntoProperties

public static Properties splitArrayElementsIntoProperties(String[] array,
                                                          String delimiter)

Take an array Strings and split each element based on the given delimiter. A Properties instance is then generated, with the left of the delimiter providing the key, and the right of the delimiter providing the value.

Will trim both the key and value before adding them to the Properties instance.

Parameters:

array - the array to process

delimiter - to split each element using (typically the equals symbol)

Returns:

a Properties instance representing the array contents, or null if the array to process was null or empty

splitArrayElementsIntoProperties

public static Properties splitArrayElementsIntoProperties(String[] array,
                                                          String delimiter,
                                                          String charsToDelete)

Take an array Strings and split each element based on the given delimiter. A Properties instance is then generated, with the left of the delimiter providing the key, and the right of the delimiter providing the value.

Will trim both the key and value before adding them to the Properties instance.

Parameters:

array - the array to process

delimiter - to split each element using (typically the equals symbol)

charsToDelete - one or more characters to remove from each element prior to attempting the split operation (typically the quotation mark symbol), or null if no removal should occur

Returns:

a Properties instance representing the array contents, or null if the array to process was null or empty

tokenizeToStringArray

public static String[] tokenizeToStringArray(String str,
                                             String delimiters)

Tokenize the given String into a String array via a StringTokenizer. Trims tokens and omits empty tokens.

The given delimiters string is supposed to consist of any number of delimiter characters. Each of those characters can be used to separate tokens. A delimiter is always a single character; for multi-character delimiters, consider using delimitedListToStringArray

Parameters:

str - the String to tokenize

delimiters - the delimiter characters, assembled as String (each of those characters is individually considered as delimiter).

Returns:

an array of the tokens

See Also:

StringTokenizer, String.trim(), delimitedListToStringArray(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

tokenizeToStringArray

public static String[] tokenizeToStringArray(String str,
                                             String delimiters,
                                             boolean trimTokens,
                                             boolean ignoreEmptyTokens)

Tokenize the given String into a String array via a StringTokenizer.

The given delimiters string is supposed to consist of any number of delimiter characters. Each of those characters can be used to separate tokens. A delimiter is always a single character; for multi-character delimiters, consider using delimitedListToStringArray

Parameters:

str - the String to tokenize

delimiters - the delimiter characters, assembled as String (each of those characters is individually considered as delimiter)

trimTokens - trim the tokens via String's trim

ignoreEmptyTokens - omit empty tokens from the result array (only applies to tokens that are empty after trimming; StringTokenizer will not consider subsequent delimiters as token in the first place).

Returns:

an array of the tokens (null if the input String was null)

See Also:

StringTokenizer, String.trim(), delimitedListToStringArray(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

delimitedListToStringArray

public static String[] delimitedListToStringArray(String str,
                                                  String delimiter)

Take a String which is a delimited list and convert it to a String array.

A single delimiter can consists of more than one character: It will still be considered as single delimiter string, rather than as bunch of potential delimiter characters - in contrast to tokenizeToStringArray.

Parameters:

str - the input String

delimiter - the delimiter between elements (this is a single delimiter, rather than a bunch individual delimiter characters)

Returns:

an array of the tokens in the list

See Also:

tokenizeToStringArray(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

delimitedListToStringArray

public static String[] delimitedListToStringArray(String str,
                                                  String delimiter,
                                                  String charsToDelete)

Take a String which is a delimited list and convert it to a String array.

A single delimiter can consists of more than one character: It will still be considered as single delimiter string, rather than as bunch of potential delimiter characters - in contrast to tokenizeToStringArray.

Parameters:

str - the input String

delimiter - the delimiter between elements (this is a single delimiter, rather than a bunch individual delimiter characters)

charsToDelete - a set of characters to delete. Useful for deleting unwanted line breaks: e.g. "\r\n\f" will delete all new lines and line feeds in a String.

Returns:

an array of the tokens in the list

See Also:

tokenizeToStringArray(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

commaDelimitedListToStringArray

public static String[] commaDelimitedListToStringArray(String str)

Convert a CSV list into an array of Strings.

Parameters:

str - the input String

Returns:

an array of Strings, or the empty array in case of empty input

commaDelimitedListToSet

public static Set<String> commaDelimitedListToSet(String str)

Convenience method to convert a CSV string list to a set. Note that this will suppress duplicates.

Parameters:

str - the input String

Returns:

a Set of String entries in the list

collectionToDelimitedString

public static String collectionToDelimitedString(Collection coll,
                                                 String delim,
                                                 String prefix,
                                                 String suffix)

Convenience method to return a Collection as a delimited (e.g. CSV) String. E.g. useful for toString() implementations.

Parameters:

coll - the Collection to display

delim - the delimiter to use (probably a ",")

prefix - the String to start each element with

suffix - the String to end each element with

Returns:

the delimited String

collectionToDelimitedString

public static String collectionToDelimitedString(Collection coll,
                                                 String delim)

Convenience method to return a Collection as a delimited (e.g. CSV) String. E.g. useful for toString() implementations.

Parameters:

coll - the Collection to display

delim - the delimiter to use (probably a ",")

Returns:

the delimited String

collectionToCommaDelimitedString

public static String collectionToCommaDelimitedString(Collection coll)

Convenience method to return a Collection as a CSV String. E.g. useful for toString() implementations.

Parameters:

coll - the Collection to display

Returns:

the delimited String

arrayToDelimitedString

public static String arrayToDelimitedString(Object[] arr,
                                            String delim)

Convenience method to return a String array as a delimited (e.g. CSV) String. E.g. useful for toString() implementations.

Parameters:

arr - the array to display

delim - the delimiter to use (probably a ",")

Returns:

the delimited String

arrayToCommaDelimitedString

public static String arrayToCommaDelimitedString(Object[] arr)

Convenience method to return a String array as a CSV String. E.g. useful for toString() implementations.

Parameters:

arr - the array to display

Returns:

the delimited String