org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc

Interface Controller

All Known Implementing Classes:

AbstractController, AbstractUrlViewController, ParameterizableViewController, ServletForwardingController, ServletWrappingController, UrlFilenameViewController

Functional Interface:

This is a functional interface and can therefore be used as the assignment target for a lambda expression or method reference.

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Controller

Base Controller interface, representing a component that receives HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse instances just like a HttpServlet but is able to participate in an MVC workflow. Controllers are comparable to the notion of a Struts Action.

Any implementation of the Controller interface should be a reusable, thread-safe class, capable of handling multiple HTTP requests throughout the lifecycle of an application. To be able to configure a Controller easily, Controller implementations are encouraged to be (and usually are) JavaBeans.

Workflow

After a DispatcherServlet has received a request and has done its work to resolve locales, themes, and suchlike, it then tries to resolve a Controller, using a HandlerMapping. When a Controller has been found to handle the request, the handleRequest method of the located Controller will be invoked; the located Controller is then responsible for handling the actual request and — if applicable — returning an appropriate ModelAndView. So actually, this method is the main entry point for the DispatcherServlet which delegates requests to controllers.

So basically any direct implementation of the Controller interface just handles HttpServletRequests and should return a ModelAndView, to be further interpreted by the DispatcherServlet. Any additional functionality such as optional validation, form handling, etc. should be obtained through extending AbstractController or one of its subclasses.

Notes on design and testing

The Controller interface is explicitly designed to operate on HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects, just like an HttpServlet. It does not aim to decouple itself from the Servlet API, in contrast to, for example, WebWork, JSF or Tapestry. Instead, the full power of the Servlet API is available, allowing Controllers to be general-purpose: a Controller is able to not only handle web user interface requests but also to process remoting protocols or to generate reports on demand.

Controllers can easily be tested by passing in mock objects for the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects as parameters to the handleRequest method. As a convenience, Spring ships with a set of Servlet API mocks that are suitable for testing any kind of web components, but are particularly suitable for testing Spring web controllers. In contrast to a Struts Action, there is no need to mock the ActionServlet or any other infrastructure; mocking HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse is sufficient.

If Controllers need to be aware of specific environment references, they can choose to implement specific awareness interfaces, just like any other bean in a Spring (web) application context can do, for example:

• org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware
• org.springframework.context.ResourceLoaderAware
• org.springframework.web.context.ServletContextAware

Such environment references can easily be passed in testing environments, through the corresponding setters defined in the respective awareness interfaces. In general, it is recommended to keep the dependencies as minimal as possible: for example, if all you need is resource loading, implement ResourceLoaderAware only. Alternatively, derive from the WebApplicationObjectSupport base class, which gives you all those references through convenient accessors but requires an ApplicationContext reference on initialization.

Controllers can optionally implement the LastModified interface.

Author:

Rod Johnson, Juergen Hoeller

See Also:

LastModified, SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter, AbstractController, org.springframework.web.testfixture.servlet.MockHttpServletRequest, org.springframework.web.testfixture.servlet.MockHttpServletResponse, ApplicationContextAware, ResourceLoaderAware, ServletContextAware, WebApplicationObjectSupport

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
ModelAndView	handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) Process the request and return a ModelAndView object which the DispatcherServlet will render.

Method Detail

handleRequest

@Nullable
ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
                                     HttpServletResponse response)
                              throws Exception

Process the request and return a ModelAndView object which the DispatcherServlet will render. A null return value is not an error: it indicates that this object completed request processing itself and that there is therefore no ModelAndView to render.

Parameters:

request - current HTTP request

response - current HTTP response

Returns:

a ModelAndView to render, or null if handled directly

Throws:

Exception - in case of errors