This version is still in development and is not considered stable yet. For the latest stable version, please use Spring Security 6.4.1!

OAuth 2.0 Resource Server Multi-tenancy

Supporting both JWT and Opaque Token

In some cases, you may have a need to access both kinds of tokens. For example, you may support more than one tenant where one tenant issues JWTs and the other issues opaque tokens.

If this decision must be made at request-time, then you can use an AuthenticationManagerResolver to achieve it, like so:

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
AuthenticationManagerResolver<HttpServletRequest> tokenAuthenticationManagerResolver
        (JwtDecoder jwtDecoder, OpaqueTokenIntrospector opaqueTokenIntrospector) {
    AuthenticationManager jwt = new ProviderManager(new JwtAuthenticationProvider(jwtDecoder));
    AuthenticationManager opaqueToken = new ProviderManager(
            new OpaqueTokenAuthenticationProvider(opaqueTokenIntrospector));
    return (request) -> useJwt(request) ? jwt : opaqueToken;
}

@Bean
fun tokenAuthenticationManagerResolver
        (jwtDecoder: JwtDecoder, opaqueTokenIntrospector: OpaqueTokenIntrospector):
        AuthenticationManagerResolver<HttpServletRequest> {
    val jwt = ProviderManager(JwtAuthenticationProvider(jwtDecoder))
    val opaqueToken = ProviderManager(OpaqueTokenAuthenticationProvider(opaqueTokenIntrospector));

    return AuthenticationManagerResolver { request ->
        if (useJwt(request)) {
            jwt
        } else {
            opaqueToken
        }
    }
}

The implementation of useJwt(HttpServletRequest) will likely depend on custom request material like the path.

And then specify this AuthenticationManagerResolver in the DSL:

Authentication Manager Resolver

Java
Kotlin
Xml

http
    .authorizeHttpRequests(authorize -> authorize
        .anyRequest().authenticated()
    )
    .oauth2ResourceServer(oauth2 -> oauth2
        .authenticationManagerResolver(this.tokenAuthenticationManagerResolver)
    );

http {
    authorizeRequests {
        authorize(anyRequest, authenticated)
    }
    oauth2ResourceServer {
        authenticationManagerResolver = tokenAuthenticationManagerResolver()
    }
}

<http>
    <oauth2-resource-server authentication-manager-resolver-ref="tokenAuthenticationManagerResolver"/>
</http>

Multi-tenancy

A resource server is considered multi-tenant when there are multiple strategies for verifying a bearer token, keyed by some tenant identifier.

For example, your resource server may accept bearer tokens from two different authorization servers. Or, your authorization server may represent a multiplicity of issuers.

In each case, there are two things that need to be done and trade-offs associated with how you choose to do them:

Resolve the tenant
Propagate the tenant

Resolving the Tenant By Claim

One way to differentiate tenants is by the issuer claim. Since the issuer claim accompanies signed JWTs, this can be done with the JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver, like so:

Multi-tenancy Tenant by JWT Claim

Java
Kotlin
Xml

JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver authenticationManagerResolver = JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver
    .fromTrustedIssuers("https://idp.example.org/issuerOne", "https://idp.example.org/issuerTwo");

http
    .authorizeHttpRequests(authorize -> authorize
        .anyRequest().authenticated()
    )
    .oauth2ResourceServer(oauth2 -> oauth2
        .authenticationManagerResolver(authenticationManagerResolver)
    );

val customAuthenticationManagerResolver = JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver
    .fromTrustedIssuers("https://idp.example.org/issuerOne", "https://idp.example.org/issuerTwo")
http {
    authorizeRequests {
        authorize(anyRequest, authenticated)
    }
    oauth2ResourceServer {
        authenticationManagerResolver = customAuthenticationManagerResolver
    }
}

<http>
    <oauth2-resource-server authentication-manager-resolver-ref="authenticationManagerResolver"/>
</http>

<bean id="authenticationManagerResolver"
        class="org.springframework.security.oauth2.server.resource.authentication.JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver">
    <constructor-arg>
        <list>
            <value>https://idp.example.org/issuerOne</value>
            <value>https://idp.example.org/issuerTwo</value>
        </list>
    </constructor-arg>
</bean>

This is nice because the issuer endpoints are loaded lazily. In fact, the corresponding JwtAuthenticationProvider is instantiated only when the first request with the corresponding issuer is sent. This allows for an application startup that is independent from those authorization servers being up and available.

Dynamic Tenants

Of course, you may not want to restart the application each time a new tenant is added. In this case, you can configure the JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver with a repository of AuthenticationManager instances, which you can edit at runtime, like so:

Java
Kotlin

private void addManager(Map<String, AuthenticationManager> authenticationManagers, String issuer) {
	JwtAuthenticationProvider authenticationProvider = new JwtAuthenticationProvider
	        (JwtDecoders.fromIssuerLocation(issuer));
	authenticationManagers.put(issuer, authenticationProvider::authenticate);
}

// ...

JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver authenticationManagerResolver =
        new JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver(authenticationManagers::get);

http
    .authorizeHttpRequests(authorize -> authorize
        .anyRequest().authenticated()
    )
    .oauth2ResourceServer(oauth2 -> oauth2
        .authenticationManagerResolver(authenticationManagerResolver)
    );

private fun addManager(authenticationManagers: MutableMap<String, AuthenticationManager>, issuer: String) {
    val authenticationProvider = JwtAuthenticationProvider(JwtDecoders.fromIssuerLocation(issuer))
    authenticationManagers[issuer] = AuthenticationManager {
        authentication: Authentication? -> authenticationProvider.authenticate(authentication)
    }
}

// ...

val customAuthenticationManagerResolver: JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver =
    JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver(authenticationManagers::get)
http {
    authorizeRequests {
        authorize(anyRequest, authenticated)
    }
    oauth2ResourceServer {
        authenticationManagerResolver = customAuthenticationManagerResolver
    }
}

In this case, you construct JwtIssuerAuthenticationManagerResolver with a strategy for obtaining the AuthenticationManager given the issuer. This approach allows us to add and remove elements from the repository (shown as a Map in the snippet) at runtime.

It would be unsafe to simply take any issuer and construct an AuthenticationManager from it. The issuer should be one that the code can verify from a trusted source like a list of allowed issuers.

Parsing the Claim Only Once

You may have observed that this strategy, while simple, comes with the trade-off that the JWT is parsed once by the AuthenticationManagerResolver and then again by the JwtDecoder later on in the request.

This extra parsing can be alleviated by configuring the JwtDecoder directly with a JWTClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector from Nimbus:

Java
Kotlin

@Component
public class TenantJWSKeySelector
    implements JWTClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector<SecurityContext> {

	private final TenantRepository tenants; (1)
	private final Map<String, JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext>> selectors = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); (2)

	public TenantJWSKeySelector(TenantRepository tenants) {
		this.tenants = tenants;
	}

	@Override
	public List<? extends Key> selectKeys(JWSHeader jwsHeader, JWTClaimsSet jwtClaimsSet, SecurityContext securityContext)
			throws KeySourceException {
		return this.selectors.computeIfAbsent(toTenant(jwtClaimsSet), this::fromTenant)
				.selectJWSKeys(jwsHeader, securityContext);
	}

	private String toTenant(JWTClaimsSet claimSet) {
		return (String) claimSet.getClaim("iss");
	}

	private JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext> fromTenant(String tenant) {
		return Optional.ofNullable(this.tenants.findById(tenant)) (3)
		        .map(t -> t.getAttrbute("jwks_uri"))
				.map(this::fromUri)
				.orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalArgumentException("unknown tenant"));
	}

	private JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext> fromUri(String uri) {
		try {
			return JWSAlgorithmFamilyJWSKeySelector.fromJWKSetURL(new URL(uri)); (4)
		} catch (Exception ex) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
		}
	}
}

@Component
class TenantJWSKeySelector(tenants: TenantRepository) : JWTClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector<SecurityContext> {
    private val tenants: TenantRepository (1)
    private val selectors: MutableMap<String, JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext>> = ConcurrentHashMap() (2)

    init {
        this.tenants = tenants
    }

    fun selectKeys(jwsHeader: JWSHeader?, jwtClaimsSet: JWTClaimsSet, securityContext: SecurityContext): List<Key?> {
        return selectors.computeIfAbsent(toTenant(jwtClaimsSet)) { tenant: String -> fromTenant(tenant) }
                .selectJWSKeys(jwsHeader, securityContext)
    }

    private fun toTenant(claimSet: JWTClaimsSet): String {
        return claimSet.getClaim("iss") as String
    }

    private fun fromTenant(tenant: String): JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext> {
        return Optional.ofNullable(this.tenants.findById(tenant)) (3)
                .map { t -> t.getAttrbute("jwks_uri") }
                .map { uri: String -> fromUri(uri) }
                .orElseThrow { IllegalArgumentException("unknown tenant") }
    }

    private fun fromUri(uri: String): JWSKeySelector<SecurityContext?> {
        return try {
            JWSAlgorithmFamilyJWSKeySelector.fromJWKSetURL(URL(uri)) (4)
        } catch (ex: Exception) {
            throw IllegalArgumentException(ex)
        }
    }
}

1	A hypothetical source for tenant information
2	A cache for `JWKKeySelector`s, keyed by tenant identifier
3	Looking up the tenant is more secure than simply calculating the JWK Set endpoint on the fly - the lookup acts as a list of allowed tenants
4	Create a `JWSKeySelector` via the types of keys that come back from the JWK Set endpoint - the lazy lookup here means that you don’t need to configure all tenants at startup

The above key selector is a composition of many key selectors. It chooses which key selector to use based on the iss claim in the JWT.

To use this approach, make sure that the authorization server is configured to include the claim set as part of the token’s signature. Without this, you have no guarantee that the issuer hasn’t been altered by a bad actor.

Next, we can construct a JWTProcessor:

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
JWTProcessor jwtProcessor(JWTClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector keySelector) {
	ConfigurableJWTProcessor<SecurityContext> jwtProcessor =
            new DefaultJWTProcessor();
	jwtProcessor.setJWTClaimSetJWSKeySelector(keySelector);
	return jwtProcessor;
}

@Bean
fun jwtProcessor(keySelector: JWTClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector<SecurityContext>): JWTProcessor<SecurityContext> {
    val jwtProcessor = DefaultJWTProcessor<SecurityContext>()
    jwtProcessor.jwtClaimsSetAwareJWSKeySelector = keySelector
    return jwtProcessor
}

As you are already seeing, the trade-off for moving tenant-awareness down to this level is more configuration. We have just a bit more.

Next, we still want to make sure you are validating the issuer. But, since the issuer may be different per JWT, then you’ll need a tenant-aware validator, too:

Java
Kotlin

@Component
public class TenantJwtIssuerValidator implements OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt> {
    private final TenantRepository tenants;

    private final OAuth2Error error = new OAuth2Error(OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_TOKEN, "The iss claim is not valid",
            "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-3.1");

    public TenantJwtIssuerValidator(TenantRepository tenants) {
        this.tenants = tenants;
    }

    @Override
    public OAuth2TokenValidatorResult validate(Jwt token) {
        if(this.tenants.findById(token.getIssuer()) != null) {
            return OAuth2TokenValidatorResult.success();
        }
        return OAuth2TokenValidatorResult.failure(this.error);
    }
}

@Component
class TenantJwtIssuerValidator(private val tenants: TenantRepository) : OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt> {
    private val error: OAuth2Error = OAuth2Error(OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_TOKEN, "The iss claim is not valid",
            "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6750#section-3.1")

    override fun validate(token: Jwt): OAuth2TokenValidatorResult {
        return if (tenants.findById(token.issuer) != null)
            OAuth2TokenValidatorResult.success() else OAuth2TokenValidatorResult.failure(error)
    }
}

Now that we have a tenant-aware processor and a tenant-aware validator, we can proceed with creating our JwtDecoder:

Java
Kotlin

@Bean
JwtDecoder jwtDecoder(JWTProcessor jwtProcessor, OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt> jwtValidator) {
	NimbusJwtDecoder decoder = new NimbusJwtDecoder(jwtProcessor);
	OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt> validator = new DelegatingOAuth2TokenValidator<>
			(JwtValidators.createDefault(), jwtValidator);
	decoder.setJwtValidator(validator);
	return decoder;
}

@Bean
fun jwtDecoder(jwtProcessor: JWTProcessor<SecurityContext>?, jwtValidator: OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt>?): JwtDecoder {
    val decoder = NimbusJwtDecoder(jwtProcessor)
    val validator: OAuth2TokenValidator<Jwt> = DelegatingOAuth2TokenValidator(JwtValidators.createDefault(), jwtValidator)
    decoder.setJwtValidator(validator)
    return decoder
}

We’ve finished talking about resolving the tenant.

If you’ve chosen to resolve the tenant by something other than a JWT claim, then you’ll need to make sure you address your downstream resource servers in the same way. For example, if you are resolving it by subdomain, you may need to address the downstream resource server using the same subdomain.

However, if you resolve it by a claim in the bearer token, read on to learn about Spring Security’s support for bearer token propagation.