Spring
Why Spring
Overview Microservices Reactive Event Driven Cloud Web Applications Serverless Batch
Learn
Overview Quickstart Guides Blog
Projects
Overview Spring Boot Spring Framework Spring Cloud Spring Cloud Data Flow Spring Data Spring Integration Spring Batch Spring Security View all projects
  • DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
    • Spring Tools 4 Spring Initializr
    Academy
    Courses Get Certified
    Solutions
    Overview Spring Runtime Spring Consulting Spring Academy For Teams Security Advisories
    Community
    Overview Events Team
    Spring Framework 6.0.23
      • Overview
      • Core Technologies
        • The IoC Container
          • Introduction to the Spring IoC Container and Beans
          • Container Overview
          • Bean Overview
          • Dependencies
            • Dependency Injection
            • Dependencies and Configuration in Detail
            • Using depends-on
            • Lazy-initialized Beans
            • Autowiring Collaborators
            • Method Injection
          • Bean Scopes
          • Customizing the Nature of a Bean
          • Bean Definition Inheritance
          • Container Extension Points
          • Annotation-based Container Configuration
            • Using @Autowired
            • Fine-tuning Annotation-based Autowiring with @Primary
            • Fine-tuning Annotation-based Autowiring with Qualifiers
            • Using Generics as Autowiring Qualifiers
            • Using CustomAutowireConfigurer
            • Injection with @Resource
            • Using @Value
            • Using @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy
          • Classpath Scanning and Managed Components
          • Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations
          • Java-based Container Configuration
            • Basic Concepts: @Bean and @Configuration
            • Instantiating the Spring Container by Using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
            • Using the @Bean Annotation
            • Using the @Configuration annotation
            • Composing Java-based Configurations
          • Environment Abstraction
          • Registering a LoadTimeWeaver
          • Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext
          • The BeanFactory API
        • Resources
        • Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion
          • Validation by Using Spring’s Validator Interface
          • Bean Manipulation and the BeanWrapper
          • Resolving Codes to Error Messages
          • Spring Type Conversion
          • Spring Field Formatting
          • Configuring a Global Date and Time Format
          • Java Bean Validation
        • Spring Expression Language (SpEL)
          • Evaluation
          • Expressions in Bean Definitions
          • Language Reference
            • Literal Expressions
            • Properties, Arrays, Lists, Maps, and Indexers
            • Inline Lists
            • Inline Maps
            • Array Construction
            • Methods
            • Operators
            • Types
            • Constructors
            • Variables
            • Functions
            • Bean References
            • Ternary Operator (If-Then-Else)
            • The Elvis Operator
            • Safe Navigation Operator
            • Collection Selection
            • Collection Projection
            • Expression templating
          • Classes Used in the Examples
        • Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring
          • AOP Concepts
          • Spring AOP Capabilities and Goals
          • AOP Proxies
          • @AspectJ support
            • Enabling @AspectJ Support
            • Declaring an Aspect
            • Declaring a Pointcut
            • Declaring Advice
            • Introductions
            • Aspect Instantiation Models
            • An AOP Example
          • Schema-based AOP Support
          • Choosing which AOP Declaration Style to Use
          • Mixing Aspect Types
          • Proxying Mechanisms
          • Programmatic Creation of @AspectJ Proxies
          • Using AspectJ with Spring Applications
          • Further Resources
        • Spring AOP APIs
          • Pointcut API in Spring
          • Advice API in Spring
          • The Advisor API in Spring
          • Using the ProxyFactoryBean to Create AOP Proxies
          • Concise Proxy Definitions
          • Creating AOP Proxies Programmatically with the ProxyFactory
          • Manipulating Advised Objects
          • Using the "auto-proxy" facility
          • Using TargetSource Implementations
          • Defining New Advice Types
        • Null-safety
        • Data Buffers and Codecs
        • Logging
        • Ahead of Time Optimizations
        • Appendix
          • XML Schemas
          • XML Schema Authoring
          • Application Startup Steps
      • Testing
        • Introduction to Spring Testing
        • Unit Testing
        • Integration Testing
        • JDBC Testing Support
        • Spring TestContext Framework
          • Key Abstractions
          • Bootstrapping the TestContext Framework
          • TestExecutionListener Configuration
          • Application Events
          • Test Execution Events
          • Context Management
            • Context Configuration with XML resources
            • Context Configuration with Groovy Scripts
            • Context Configuration with Component Classes
            • Mixing XML, Groovy Scripts, and Component Classes
            • Context Configuration with Context Initializers
            • Context Configuration Inheritance
            • Context Configuration with Environment Profiles
            • Context Configuration with Test Property Sources
            • Context Configuration with Dynamic Property Sources
            • Loading a WebApplicationContext
            • Working with Web Mocks
            • Context Caching
            • Context Hierarchies
          • Dependency Injection of Test Fixtures
          • Testing Request- and Session-scoped Beans
          • Transaction Management
          • Executing SQL Scripts
          • Parallel Test Execution
          • TestContext Framework Support Classes
          • Ahead of Time Support for Tests
        • WebTestClient
        • MockMvc
          • Overview
          • Static Imports
          • Setup Choices
          • Setup Features
          • Performing Requests
          • Defining Expectations
          • Async Requests
          • Streaming Responses
          • Filter Registrations
          • MockMvc vs End-to-End Tests
          • Further Examples
          • HtmlUnit Integration
            • Why HtmlUnit Integration?
            • MockMvc and HtmlUnit
            • MockMvc and WebDriver
            • MockMvc and Geb
        • Testing Client Applications
        • Appendix
          • Annotations
            • Standard Annotation Support
            • Spring Testing Annotations
              • @BootstrapWith
              • @ContextConfiguration
              • @WebAppConfiguration
              • @ContextHierarchy
              • @ActiveProfiles
              • @TestPropertySource
              • @DynamicPropertySource
              • @DirtiesContext
              • @TestExecutionListeners
              • @RecordApplicationEvents
              • @Commit
              • @Rollback
              • @BeforeTransaction
              • @AfterTransaction
              • @Sql
              • @SqlConfig
              • @SqlMergeMode
              • @SqlGroup
            • Spring JUnit 4 Testing Annotations
            • Spring JUnit Jupiter Testing Annotations
            • Meta-Annotation Support for Testing
          • Further Resources
      • Data Access
        • Transaction Management
          • Advantages of the Spring Framework’s Transaction Support Model
          • Understanding the Spring Framework Transaction Abstraction
          • Synchronizing Resources with Transactions
          • Declarative Transaction Management
            • Understanding the Spring Framework’s Declarative Transaction Implementation
            • Example of Declarative Transaction Implementation
            • Rolling Back a Declarative Transaction
            • Configuring Different Transactional Semantics for Different Beans
            • <tx:advice/> Settings
            • Using @Transactional
            • Transaction Propagation
            • Advising Transactional Operations
            • Using @Transactional with AspectJ
          • Programmatic Transaction Management
          • Choosing Between Programmatic and Declarative Transaction Management
          • Transaction-bound Events
          • Application server-specific integration
          • Solutions to Common Problems
          • Further Resources
        • DAO Support
        • Data Access with JDBC
          • Choosing an Approach for JDBC Database Access
          • Package Hierarchy
          • Using the JDBC Core Classes to Control Basic JDBC Processing and Error Handling
          • Controlling Database Connections
          • JDBC Batch Operations
          • Simplifying JDBC Operations with the SimpleJdbc Classes
          • Modeling JDBC Operations as Java Objects
          • Common Problems with Parameter and Data Value Handling
          • Embedded Database Support
          • Initializing a DataSource
        • Data Access with R2DBC
        • Object Relational Mapping (ORM) Data Access
          • Introduction to ORM with Spring
          • General ORM Integration Considerations
          • Hibernate
          • JPA
        • Marshalling XML by Using Object-XML Mappers
        • Appendix
      • Web on Servlet Stack
        • Spring Web MVC
          • DispatcherServlet
            • Context Hierarchy
            • Special Bean Types
            • Web MVC Config
            • Servlet Config
            • Processing
            • Path Matching
            • Interception
            • Exceptions
            • View Resolution
            • Locale
            • Themes
            • Multipart Resolver
            • Logging
          • Filters
          • Annotated Controllers
            • Declaration
            • Request Mapping
            • Handler Methods
              • Method Arguments
              • Return Values
              • Type Conversion
              • Matrix Variables
              • @RequestParam
              • @RequestHeader
              • @CookieValue
              • @ModelAttribute
              • @SessionAttributes
              • @SessionAttribute
              • @RequestAttribute
              • Redirect Attributes
              • Flash Attributes
              • Multipart
              • @RequestBody
              • HttpEntity
              • @ResponseBody
              • ResponseEntity
              • Jackson JSON
            • Model
            • DataBinder
            • Exceptions
            • Controller Advice
          • Functional Endpoints
          • URI Links
          • Asynchronous Requests
          • CORS
          • Error Responses
          • Web Security
          • HTTP Caching
          • View Technologies
            • Thymeleaf
            • FreeMarker
            • Groovy Markup
            • Script Views
            • JSP and JSTL
            • RSS and Atom
            • PDF and Excel
            • Jackson
            • XML Marshalling
            • XSLT Views
          • MVC Config
            • Enable MVC Configuration
            • MVC Config API
            • Type Conversion
            • Validation
            • Interceptors
            • Content Types
            • Message Converters
            • View Controllers
            • View Resolvers
            • Static Resources
            • Default Servlet
            • Path Matching
            • Advanced Java Config
            • Advanced XML Config
          • HTTP/2
        • REST Clients
        • Testing
        • WebSockets
          • WebSocket API
          • SockJS Fallback
          • STOMP
            • Overview
            • Benefits
            • Enable STOMP
            • WebSocket Transport
            • Flow of Messages
            • Annotated Controllers
            • Sending Messages
            • Simple Broker
            • External Broker
            • Connecting to a Broker
            • Dots as Separators
            • Authentication
            • Token Authentication
            • Authorization
            • User Destinations
            • Order of Messages
            • Events
            • Interception
            • STOMP Client
            • WebSocket Scope
            • Performance
            • Monitoring
            • Testing
        • Other Web Frameworks
      • Web on Reactive Stack
        • Spring WebFlux
          • Overview
          • Reactive Core
          • DispatcherHandler
          • Annotated Controllers
            • @Controller
            • Request Mapping
            • Handler Methods
              • Method Arguments
              • Return Values
              • Type Conversion
              • Matrix Variables
              • @RequestParam
              • @RequestHeader
              • @CookieValue
              • @ModelAttribute
              • @SessionAttributes
              • @SessionAttribute
              • @RequestAttribute
              • Multipart Content
              • @RequestBody
              • HttpEntity
              • @ResponseBody
              • ResponseEntity
              • Jackson JSON
            • Model
            • DataBinder
            • Exceptions
            • Controller Advice
          • Functional Endpoints
          • URI Links
          • CORS
          • Error Responses
          • Web Security
          • HTTP Caching
          • View Technologies
          • WebFlux Config
          • HTTP/2
        • WebClient
          • Configuration
          • retrieve()
          • Exchange
          • Request Body
          • Filters
          • Attributes
          • Context
          • Synchronous Use
          • Testing
        • HTTP Interface Client
        • WebSockets
        • Testing
        • RSocket
        • Reactive Libraries
      • Integration
        • REST Clients
        • JMS (Java Message Service)
          • Using Spring JMS
          • Sending a Message
          • Receiving a Message
          • Support for JCA Message Endpoints
          • Annotation-driven Listener Endpoints
          • JMS Namespace Support
        • JMX
          • Exporting Your Beans to JMX
          • Controlling the Management Interface of Your Beans
          • Controlling ObjectName Instances for Your Beans
          • Using JSR-160 Connectors
          • Accessing MBeans through Proxies
          • Notifications
          • Further Resources
        • Email
        • Task Execution and Scheduling
        • Cache Abstraction
          • Understanding the Cache Abstraction
          • Declarative Annotation-based Caching
          • JCache (JSR-107) Annotations
          • Declarative XML-based Caching
          • Configuring the Cache Storage
          • Plugging-in Different Back-end Caches
          • How can I Set the TTL/TTI/Eviction policy/XXX feature?
        • Observability Support
        • Appendix
      • Language Support
        • Kotlin
          • Requirements
          • Extensions
          • Null-safety
          • Classes and Interfaces
          • Annotations
          • Bean Definition DSL
          • Web
          • Coroutines
          • Spring Projects in Kotlin
          • Getting Started
          • Resources
        • Apache Groovy
        • Dynamic Language Support
      • Appendix
      • Wiki
    Edit this Page GitHub Project Stack Overflow
    • Spring Framework
    • Testing
    • Appendix

    For the latest stable version, please use Spring Framework 7.0.0!

    Appendix

    Section Summary

    • Annotations
    • Further Resources
    Testing Client Applications Annotations
    • Spring Framework
      • 7.0.0
      • 6.2.13
      • 6.1.21
      • 6.0.23
      • 7.0.1-SNAPSHOT
      • 6.2.14-SNAPSHOT
      • 6.1.22-SNAPSHOT
    • Related Spring Documentation
      • Spring Boot
      • Spring Framework
      • Spring Cloud
        • Spring Cloud Build
        • Spring Cloud Bus
        • Spring Cloud Circuit Breaker
        • Spring Cloud Commons
        • Spring Cloud Config
        • Spring Cloud Consul
        • Spring Cloud Contract
        • Spring Cloud Function
        • Spring Cloud Gateway
        • Spring Cloud Kubernetes
        • Spring Cloud Netflix
        • Spring Cloud OpenFeign
        • Spring Cloud Stream
        • Spring Cloud Task
        • Spring Cloud Vault
        • Spring Cloud Zookeeper
      • Spring Data
        • Spring Data Cassandra
        • Spring Data Commons
        • Spring Data Couchbase
        • Spring Data Elasticsearch
        • Spring Data JPA
        • Spring Data KeyValue
        • Spring Data LDAP
        • Spring Data MongoDB
        • Spring Data Neo4j
        • Spring Data Redis
        • Spring Data JDBC & R2DBC
        • Spring Data REST
      • Spring Integration
      • Spring Batch
      • Spring Security
        • Spring Authorization Server
        • Spring LDAP
        • Spring Security Kerberos
        • Spring Session
        • Spring Vault
      • Spring AI
      • Spring AMQP
      • Spring CLI
      • Spring GraphQL
      • Spring for Apache Kafka
      • Spring Modulith
      • Spring for Apache Pulsar
      • Spring Shell
      • All Docs...
    Spring

    Copyright © 2005 - Broadcom. All Rights Reserved. The term "Broadcom" refers to Broadcom Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.
    Terms of Use • Privacy • Trademark Guidelines • Thank you • Your California Privacy Rights • Cookie Settings

    Apache®, Apache Tomcat®, Apache Kafka®, Apache Cassandra™, and Apache Geode™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation in the United States and/or other countries. Java™, Java™ SE, Java™ EE, and OpenJDK™ are trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Kubernetes® is a registered trademark of the Linux Foundation in the United States and other countries. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Windows® and Microsoft® Azure are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. “AWS” and “Amazon Web Services” are trademarks or registered trademarks of Amazon.com Inc. or its affiliates. All other trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners and are only mentioned for informative purposes. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

    Search in all Spring Docs