This version is still in development and is not considered stable yet. For the latest stable version, please use Spring Boot 3.3.5!

Data Access

Spring Boot includes a number of starters for working with data sources. This section answers questions related to doing so.

Configure a Custom DataSource

To configure your own DataSource, define a @Bean of that type in your configuration. Spring Boot reuses your DataSource anywhere one is required, including database initialization. If you need to externalize some settings, you can bind your DataSource to the environment (see Third-party Configuration).

The following example shows how to define a data source in a bean:

Java
Kotlin

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app.datasource")
	public SomeDataSource dataSource() {
		return new SomeDataSource();
	}

}

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app.datasource")
	fun dataSource(): SomeDataSource {
		return SomeDataSource()
	}

}

The following example shows how to define a data source by setting its properties:

Properties
YAML

app.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:mydb
app.datasource.username=sa
app.datasource.pool-size=30

app:
  datasource:
    url: "jdbc:h2:mem:mydb"
    username: "sa"
    pool-size: 30

Assuming that SomeDataSource has regular JavaBean properties for the URL, the username, and the pool size, these settings are bound automatically before the DataSource is made available to other components.

Spring Boot also provides a utility builder class, called DataSourceBuilder, that can be used to create one of the standard data sources (if it is on the classpath). The builder can detect which one to use based on what is available on the classpath. It also auto-detects the driver based on the JDBC URL.

The following example shows how to create a data source by using a DataSourceBuilder:

Java
Kotlin

import javax.sql.DataSource;

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	public DataSource dataSource() {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
	}

}

import javax.sql.DataSource

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	fun dataSource(): DataSource {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().build()
	}

}

To run an app with that DataSource, all you need is the connection information. Pool-specific settings can also be provided. Check the implementation that is going to be used at runtime for more details.

The following example shows how to define a JDBC data source by setting properties:

Properties
YAML

app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.pool-size=30

app:
  datasource:
    url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost/test"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"
    pool-size: 30

However, there is a catch. Because the actual type of the connection pool is not exposed, no keys are generated in the metadata for your custom DataSource and no completion is available in your IDE (because the DataSource interface exposes no properties). Also, if you happen to have Hikari on the classpath, this basic setup does not work, because Hikari has no url property (but does have a jdbcUrl property). In that case, you must rewrite your configuration as follows:

Properties
YAML

app.datasource.jdbc-url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.pool-size=30

app:
  datasource:
    jdbc-url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost/test"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"
    pool-size: 30

You can fix that by forcing the connection pool to use and return a dedicated implementation rather than DataSource. You cannot change the implementation at runtime, but the list of options will be explicit.

The following example shows how to create a HikariDataSource with DataSourceBuilder:

Java
Kotlin

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	public HikariDataSource dataSource() {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
	}

}

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	fun dataSource(): HikariDataSource {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(HikariDataSource::class.java).build()
	}

}

You can even go further by leveraging what DataSourceProperties does for you — that is, by providing a default embedded database with a sensible username and password if no URL is provided. You can easily initialize a DataSourceBuilder from the state of any DataSourceProperties object, so you could also inject the DataSource that Spring Boot creates automatically. However, that would split your configuration into two namespaces: url, username, password, type, and driver on spring.datasource and the rest on your custom namespace (app.datasource). To avoid that, you can redefine a custom DataSourceProperties on your custom namespace, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Primary;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@Primary
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	public DataSourceProperties dataSourceProperties() {
		return new DataSourceProperties();
	}

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.configuration")
	public HikariDataSource dataSource(DataSourceProperties properties) {
		return properties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
	}

}

import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Primary

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@Primary
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	fun dataSourceProperties(): DataSourceProperties {
		return DataSourceProperties()
	}

	@Bean
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.configuration")
	fun dataSource(properties: DataSourceProperties): HikariDataSource {
		return properties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource::class.java).build()
	}

}

This setup puts you in sync with what Spring Boot does for you by default, except that a dedicated connection pool is chosen (in code) and its settings are exposed in the app.datasource.configuration sub namespace. Because DataSourceProperties is taking care of the url/jdbcUrl translation for you, you can configure it as follows:

Properties
YAML

app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/test
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.configuration.maximum-pool-size=30

app:
  datasource:
    url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost/test"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"
    configuration:
      maximum-pool-size: 30

Spring Boot will expose Hikari-specific settings to spring.datasource.hikari. This example uses a more generic configuration sub namespace as the example does not support multiple datasource implementations.

Because your custom configuration chooses to go with Hikari, app.datasource.type has no effect. In practice, the builder is initialized with whatever value you might set there and then overridden by the call to .type().

See Configure a DataSource in the “Spring Boot Features” section and the DataSourceAutoConfiguration class for more details.

Configure Two DataSources

To define an additional DataSource, an approach that’s similar to the previous section can be used. A key difference is that the DataSource @Bean must be declared with defaultCandidate=false. This prevents the auto-configured DataSource from backing off.

The Spring Framework reference documentation describes this feature in more details.

To allow the additional DataSource to be injected where it’s needed, also annotate it with @Qualifier as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyAdditionalDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	public BasicDataSource secondDataSource() {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(BasicDataSource.class).build();
	}

}

import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyAdditionalDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	fun secondDataSource(): BasicDataSource {
		return DataSourceBuilder.create().type(BasicDataSource::class.java).build()
	}

}

To consume the additional DataSource, annotate the injection point with the same @Qualifier.

The auto-configured and additional data sources can be configured as follows:

Properties
YAML

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/first
spring.datasource.username=dbuser
spring.datasource.password=dbpass
spring.datasource.configuration.maximum-pool-size=30
app.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/second
app.datasource.username=dbuser
app.datasource.password=dbpass
app.datasource.max-total=30

spring:
  datasource:
    url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost/first"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"
    configuration:
      maximum-pool-size: 30
app:
  datasource:
    url: "jdbc:mysql://localhost/second"
    username: "dbuser"
    password: "dbpass"
    max-total: 30

More advanced, implementation-specific, configuration of the auto-configured DataSource is available through the spring.datasource.configuration.* properties. You can apply the same concept to the additional DataSource as well, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyCompleteAdditionalDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	public DataSourceProperties secondDataSourceProperties() {
		return new DataSourceProperties();
	}

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.configuration")
	public BasicDataSource secondDataSource(
			@Qualifier("secondDataSourceProperties") DataSourceProperties secondDataSourceProperties) {
		return secondDataSourceProperties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(BasicDataSource.class).build();
	}

}

import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyCompleteAdditionalDataSourceConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource")
	fun secondDataSourceProperties(): DataSourceProperties {
		return DataSourceProperties()
	}

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.datasource.configuration")
	fun secondDataSource(secondDataSourceProperties: DataSourceProperties): BasicDataSource {
		return secondDataSourceProperties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(BasicDataSource::class.java).build()
	}

}

The preceding example configures the additional data source with the same logic as Spring Boot would use in auto-configuration. Note that the app.datasource.configuration.* properties provide advanced settings based on the chosen implementation.

Use Spring Data Repositories

Spring Data can create implementations of Repository interfaces of various flavors. Spring Boot handles all of that for you, as long as those Repository implementations are included in one of the auto-configuration packages, typically the package (or a sub-package) of your main application class that is annotated with @SpringBootApplication or @EnableAutoConfiguration.

For many applications, all you need is to put the right Spring Data dependencies on your classpath. There is a spring-boot-starter-data-jpa for JPA, spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb for Mongodb, and various other starters for supported technologies. To get started, create some repository interfaces to handle your @Entity objects.

Spring Boot determines the location of your Repository implementations by scanning the auto-configuration packages. For more control, use the @Enable…Repositories annotations from Spring Data.

For more about Spring Data, see the Spring Data project page.

Separate @Entity Definitions from Spring Configuration

Spring Boot determines the location of your @Entity definitions by scanning the auto-configuration packages. For more control, use the @EntityScan annotation, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.domain.EntityScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EntityScan(basePackageClasses = City.class)
public class MyApplication {

	// ...

}

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.domain.EntityScan
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@EntityScan(basePackageClasses = [City::class])
class MyApplication {

	// ...

}

Filter Scanned @Entity Definitions

It is possible to filter the @Entity definitions using a ManagedClassNameFilter bean. This can be useful in tests when only a sub-set of the available entities should be considered. In the following example, only entities from the com.example.app.customer package are included:

Java
Kotlin

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.persistenceunit.ManagedClassNameFilter;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyEntityScanConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public ManagedClassNameFilter entityScanFilter() {
		return (className) -> className.startsWith("com.example.app.customer.");
	}

}

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.persistenceunit.ManagedClassNameFilter

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyEntityScanConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun entityScanFilter() : ManagedClassNameFilter {
		return ManagedClassNameFilter { className ->
			className.startsWith("com.example.app.customer.")
		}
	}
}

Configure JPA Properties

Spring Data JPA already provides some vendor-independent configuration options (such as those for SQL logging), and Spring Boot exposes those options and a few more for Hibernate as external configuration properties. Some of them are automatically detected according to the context so you should not have to set them.

The spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto is a special case, because, depending on runtime conditions, it has different defaults. If an embedded database is used and no schema manager (such as Liquibase or Flyway) is handling the DataSource, it defaults to create-drop. In all other cases, it defaults to none.

The dialect to use is detected by the JPA provider. If you prefer to set the dialect yourself, set the spring.jpa.database-platform property.

The most common options to set are shown in the following example:

Properties
YAML

spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=com.example.MyPhysicalNamingStrategy
spring.jpa.show-sql=true

spring:
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      naming:
        physical-strategy: "com.example.MyPhysicalNamingStrategy"
    show-sql: true

In addition, all properties in spring.jpa.properties.* are passed through as normal JPA properties (with the prefix stripped) when the local EntityManagerFactory is created.

You need to ensure that names defined under spring.jpa.properties.* exactly match those expected by your JPA provider. Spring Boot will not attempt any kind of relaxed binding for these entries.

For example, if you want to configure Hibernate’s batch size you must use spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.batch_size. If you use other forms, such as batchSize or batch-size, Hibernate will not apply the setting.

If you need to apply advanced customization to Hibernate properties, consider registering a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer bean that will be invoked prior to creating the EntityManagerFactory. This takes precedence over anything that is applied by the auto-configuration.

Configure Hibernate Naming Strategy

Hibernate uses two different naming strategies to map names from the object model to the corresponding database names. The fully qualified class name of the physical and the implicit strategy implementations can be configured by setting the spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy and spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.implicit-strategy properties, respectively. Alternatively, if ImplicitNamingStrategy or PhysicalNamingStrategy beans are available in the application context, Hibernate will be automatically configured to use them.

By default, Spring Boot configures the physical naming strategy with CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy. Using this strategy, all dots are replaced by underscores and camel casing is replaced by underscores as well. Additionally, by default, all table names are generated in lower case. For example, a TelephoneNumber entity is mapped to the telephone_number table. If your schema requires mixed-case identifiers, define a custom CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy bean, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy;
import org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.env.spi.JdbcEnvironment;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyHibernateConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy caseSensitivePhysicalNamingStrategy() {
		return new CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy() {

			@Override
			protected boolean isCaseInsensitive(JdbcEnvironment jdbcEnvironment) {
				return false;
			}

		};
	}

}

import org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy
import org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.env.spi.JdbcEnvironment
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyHibernateConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun caseSensitivePhysicalNamingStrategy(): CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy {
		return object : CamelCaseToUnderscoresNamingStrategy() {
			override fun isCaseInsensitive(jdbcEnvironment: JdbcEnvironment): Boolean {
				return false
			}
		}
	}

}

If you prefer to use Hibernate’s default instead, set the following property:

Properties
YAML

spring.jpa.hibernate.naming.physical-strategy=org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl

spring:
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      naming:
        physical-strategy: org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl

Alternatively, you can configure the following bean:

Java
Kotlin

import org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyHibernateConfiguration {

	@Bean
	PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl caseSensitivePhysicalNamingStrategy() {
		return new PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl();
	}

}

import org.hibernate.boot.model.naming.PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
internal class MyHibernateConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun caseSensitivePhysicalNamingStrategy(): PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl {
		return PhysicalNamingStrategyStandardImpl()
	}

}

See HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration and JpaBaseConfiguration for more details.

Configure Hibernate Second-Level Caching

Hibernate second-level cache can be configured for a range of cache providers. Rather than configuring Hibernate to lookup the cache provider again, it is better to provide the one that is available in the context whenever possible.

To do this with JCache, first make sure that org.hibernate.orm:hibernate-jcache is available on the classpath. Then, add a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer bean as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import org.hibernate.cache.jcache.ConfigSettings;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernatePropertiesCustomizer;
import org.springframework.cache.jcache.JCacheCacheManager;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyHibernateSecondLevelCacheConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public HibernatePropertiesCustomizer hibernateSecondLevelCacheCustomizer(JCacheCacheManager cacheManager) {
		return (properties) -> properties.put(ConfigSettings.CACHE_MANAGER, cacheManager.getCacheManager());
	}

}

import org.hibernate.cache.jcache.ConfigSettings
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernatePropertiesCustomizer
import org.springframework.cache.jcache.JCacheCacheManager
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyHibernateSecondLevelCacheConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun hibernateSecondLevelCacheCustomizer(cacheManager: JCacheCacheManager): HibernatePropertiesCustomizer {
		return HibernatePropertiesCustomizer { properties ->
			properties[ConfigSettings.CACHE_MANAGER] = cacheManager.cacheManager
		}
	}

}

This customizer will configure Hibernate to use the same CacheManager as the one that the application uses. It is also possible to use separate CacheManager instances. For details, see the Hibernate user guide.

Use Dependency Injection in Hibernate Components

By default, Spring Boot registers a BeanContainer implementation that uses the BeanFactory so that converters and entity listeners can use regular dependency injection.

You can disable or tune this behavior by registering a HibernatePropertiesCustomizer that removes or changes the hibernate.resource.beans.container property.

Use a Custom EntityManagerFactory

To take full control of the configuration of the EntityManagerFactory, you need to add a @Bean named ‘entityManagerFactory’. Spring Boot auto-configuration switches off its entity manager in the presence of a bean of that type.

When you create a bean for LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean yourself, any customization that was applied during the creation of the auto-configured LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean is lost. Make sure to use the auto-configured EntityManagerFactoryBuilder to retain JPA and vendor properties. This is particularly important if you were relying on spring.jpa.* properties for configuring things like the naming strategy or the DDL mode.

Using Multiple EntityManagerFactories

If you need to use JPA against multiple datasources, you likely need one EntityManagerFactory per datasource. The LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean from Spring ORM allows you to configure an EntityManagerFactory for your needs. You can also reuse JpaProperties to bind settings for a second EntityManagerFactory. Building upon the example for configuring a second DataSource, a second EntityManagerFactory can be defined as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import javax.sql.DataSource;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.orm.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
public class MyAdditionalEntityManagerFactoryConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.jpa")
	public JpaProperties secondJpaProperties() {
		return new JpaProperties();
	}

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean secondEntityManagerFactory(@Qualifier("second") DataSource dataSource,
			@Qualifier("second") JpaProperties jpaProperties) {
		EntityManagerFactoryBuilder builder = createEntityManagerFactoryBuilder(jpaProperties);
		return builder.dataSource(dataSource).packages(Order.class).persistenceUnit("second").build();
	}

	private EntityManagerFactoryBuilder createEntityManagerFactoryBuilder(JpaProperties jpaProperties) {
		JpaVendorAdapter jpaVendorAdapter = createJpaVendorAdapter(jpaProperties);
		return new EntityManagerFactoryBuilder(jpaVendorAdapter, jpaProperties.getProperties(), null);
	}

	private JpaVendorAdapter createJpaVendorAdapter(JpaProperties jpaProperties) {
		// ... map JPA properties as needed
		return new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
	}

}

import javax.sql.DataSource

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.JpaProperties
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties
import org.springframework.boot.orm.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryBuilder
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaVendorAdapter
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
class MyAdditionalEntityManagerFactoryConfiguration {

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	@ConfigurationProperties("app.jpa")
	fun secondJpaProperties(): JpaProperties {
		return JpaProperties()
	}

	@Qualifier("second")
	@Bean(defaultCandidate = false)
	fun firstEntityManagerFactory(
		@Qualifier("second") dataSource: DataSource,
		@Qualifier("second") jpaProperties: JpaProperties
	): LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean {
		val builder = createEntityManagerFactoryBuilder(jpaProperties)
		return builder.dataSource(dataSource).packages(Order::class.java).persistenceUnit("second").build()
	}

	private fun createEntityManagerFactoryBuilder(jpaProperties: JpaProperties): EntityManagerFactoryBuilder {
		val jpaVendorAdapter = createJpaVendorAdapter(jpaProperties)
		return EntityManagerFactoryBuilder(jpaVendorAdapter, jpaProperties.properties, null)
	}

	private fun createJpaVendorAdapter(jpaProperties: JpaProperties): JpaVendorAdapter {
		// ... map JPA properties as needed
		return HibernateJpaVendorAdapter()
	}

}

The example above creates an EntityManagerFactory using the DataSource bean qualified with @Qualifier("second"). It scans entities located in the same package as Order. It is possible to map additional JPA properties using the app.jpa namespace. The use of @Bean(defaultCandidate=false) allows the secondJpaProperties and secondEntityManagerFactory beans to be defined without interfering with auto-configured beans of the same type.

The Spring Framework reference documentation describes this feature in more details.

You should provide a similar configuration for any more additional data sources for which you need JPA access. To complete the picture, you need to configure a JpaTransactionManager for each EntityManagerFactory as well. Alternatively, you might be able to use a JTA transaction manager that spans both.

If you use Spring Data, you need to configure @EnableJpaRepositories accordingly, as shown in the following examples:

Java
Kotlin

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Order.class, entityManagerFactoryRef = "entityManagerFactory")
public class OrderConfiguration {

}

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = [Order::class], entityManagerFactoryRef = "firstEntityManagerFactory")
class OrderConfiguration

Java
Kotlin

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = Customer.class, entityManagerFactoryRef = "secondEntityManagerFactory")
public class CustomerConfiguration {

}

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@EnableJpaRepositories(basePackageClasses = [Customer::class], entityManagerFactoryRef = "secondEntityManagerFactory")
class CustomerConfiguration

Use a Traditional persistence.xml File

Spring Boot will not search for or use a META-INF/persistence.xml by default. If you prefer to use a traditional persistence.xml, you need to define your own @Bean of type LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean (with an ID of ‘entityManagerFactory’) and set the persistence unit name there.

See JpaBaseConfiguration for the default settings.

Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo Repositories

Spring Data JPA and Spring Data Mongo can both automatically create Repository implementations for you. If they are both present on the classpath, you might have to do some extra configuration to tell Spring Boot which repositories to create. The most explicit way to do that is to use the standard Spring Data @EnableJpaRepositories and @EnableMongoRepositories annotations and provide the location of your Repository interfaces.

There are also flags (spring.data.*.repositories.enabled and spring.data.*.repositories.type) that you can use to switch the auto-configured repositories on and off in external configuration. Doing so is useful, for instance, in case you want to switch off the Mongo repositories and still use the auto-configured MongoTemplate.

The same obstacle and the same features exist for other auto-configured Spring Data repository types (Elasticsearch, Redis, and others). To work with them, change the names of the annotations and flags accordingly.

Customize Spring Data’s Web Support

Spring Data provides web support that simplifies the use of Spring Data repositories in a web application. Spring Boot provides properties in the spring.data.web namespace for customizing its configuration. Note that if you are using Spring Data REST, you must use the properties in the spring.data.rest namespace instead.

Expose Spring Data Repositories as REST Endpoint

Spring Data REST can expose the Repository implementations as REST endpoints for you, provided Spring MVC has been enabled for the application.

Spring Boot exposes a set of useful properties (from the spring.data.rest namespace) that customize the RepositoryRestConfiguration. If you need to provide additional customization, you should use a RepositoryRestConfigurer bean.

If you do not specify any order on your custom RepositoryRestConfigurer, it runs after the one Spring Boot uses internally. If you need to specify an order, make sure it is higher than 0.

Configure a Component that is Used by JPA

If you want to configure a component that JPA uses, then you need to ensure that the component is initialized before JPA. When the component is auto-configured, Spring Boot takes care of this for you. For example, when Flyway is auto-configured, Hibernate is configured to depend on Flyway so that Flyway has a chance to initialize the database before Hibernate tries to use it.

If you are configuring a component yourself, you can use an EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor subclass as a convenient way of setting up the necessary dependencies. For example, if you use Hibernate Search with Elasticsearch as its index manager, any EntityManagerFactory beans must be configured to depend on the elasticsearchClient bean, as shown in the following example:

Java
Kotlin

import jakarta.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

/**
 * {@link EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor} that ensures that
 * {@link EntityManagerFactory} beans depend on the {@code elasticsearchClient} bean.
 */
@Component
public class ElasticsearchEntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor
		extends EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor {

	public ElasticsearchEntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor() {
		super("elasticsearchClient");
	}

}

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component

@Component
class ElasticsearchEntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor :
	EntityManagerFactoryDependsOnPostProcessor("elasticsearchClient")

Configure jOOQ with Two DataSources

If you need to use jOOQ with multiple data sources, you should create your own DSLContext for each one. See JooqAutoConfiguration for more details.

In particular, JooqExceptionTranslator and SpringTransactionProvider can be reused to provide similar features to what the auto-configuration does with a single DataSource.