For the latest stable version, please use Spring Framework 6.2.0!

The Elvis Operator

The Elvis operator is a shortening of the ternary operator syntax and is used in the Groovy language. With the ternary operator syntax, you usually have to repeat a variable twice, as the following example shows:

String name = "Elvis Presley";
String displayName = (name != null ? name : "Unknown");

Instead, you can use the Elvis operator (named for the resemblance to Elvis' hair style). The following example shows how to use the Elvis operator:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();

String name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Unknown'").getValue(new Inventor(), String.class);
System.out.println(name);  // 'Unknown'
val parser = SpelExpressionParser()

val name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Unknown'").getValue(Inventor(), String::class.java)
println(name)  // 'Unknown'
The SpEL Elvis operator also checks for empty Strings in addition to null objects. The original snippet is thus only close to emulating the semantics of the operator (it would need an additional !name.isEmpty() check).

The following listing shows a more complex example:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();

Inventor tesla = new Inventor("Nikola Tesla", "Serbian");
String name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(name);  // Nikola Tesla

tesla.setName("");
name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(name);  // Elvis Presley
val parser = SpelExpressionParser()
val context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build()

val tesla = Inventor("Nikola Tesla", "Serbian")
var name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String::class.java)
println(name)  // Nikola Tesla

tesla.setName("")
name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String::class.java)
println(name)  // Elvis Presley

You can use the Elvis operator to apply default values in expressions. The following example shows how to use the Elvis operator in a @Value expression:

@Value("#{systemProperties['pop3.port'] ?: 25}")

This will inject a system property pop3.port if it is defined or 25 if not.