This version is still in development and is not considered stable yet. For the latest stable version, please use Spring Framework 7.0.9!

Filters

See equivalent in the Reactive stack

In the Servlet API, you can add a jakarta.servlet.Filter to apply interception-style logic before and after the rest of the processing chain of filters and the target Servlet.

The spring-web module has a number of built-in Filter implementations:

Form Data
Forwarded Headers
Shallow ETag
CORS
URL Handler

There are also base class implementations for use in Spring applications:

GenericFilterBean — base class for a Filter configured as a Spring bean; integrates with the Spring ApplicationContext lifecycle.
OncePerRequestFilter — extension of GenericFilterBean that supports a single invocation at the start of a request, i.e. during the REQUEST dispatch phase, and ignoring further handling via FORWARD dispatches. The filter also provides control over whether the Filter gets involved in ASYNC and ERROR dispatches.

Servlet filters can be configured in web.xml or via Servlet annotations. In a Spring Boot application, you can declare Filter’s as beans and Boot will have them configured.

Form Data

Browsers can submit form data only through HTTP GET or HTTP POST but non-browser clients can also use HTTP PUT, PATCH, and DELETE. The Servlet API requires ServletRequest.getParameter*() methods to support form field access only for HTTP POST.

The spring-web module provides FormContentFilter to intercept HTTP PUT, PATCH, and DELETE requests with a content type of application/x-www-form-urlencoded, read the form data from the body of the request, and wrap the ServletRequest to make the form data available through the ServletRequest.getParameter*() family of methods.

Forwarded Headers

See equivalent in the Reactive stack

As a request goes through a chain of proxies, request details such as the scheme, host, port, remote address, and local address change. Proxies can insert headers that keep track of the hops, and that can help to restore the request from the original client’s perspective. This allows an application to create self-reference links for external clients.

There are two alternatives for headers that proxies can use:

RFC 7239 defines the "Forwarded" HTTP header, a single header with individual attributes for each component in the chain of proxied requests with the following syntax.
"X-Forwarded-" prefixed headers are the original approach that predates the standard and uses a separate header for each request component.

The Spring Framework supports both approaches. Most proxies today support the original "X-Forwarded" headers only as a de facto standard.

For maximum security, a proxy at the edge of trust must be configured to reset both the standard "Forwarded" and "X-Forwarded-" headers regardless of which ones are chosen for use. Likewise, when configuring forwarded header handling in Spring, you need to indicate which type of headers to use. More on security considerations later in this section.

X-Forwarded Headers

This section describes supported "X-Forwarded" headers.

X-Forwarded-Host

While not standard, X-Forwarded-Host: <host> is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original host to a downstream server. For example, if a request of example.com/resource is sent to a proxy which forwards the request to localhost:8080/resource, then a header of X-Forwarded-Host: example.com can be sent to inform the server that the original host was example.com.

X-Forwarded-Port

While not standard, X-Forwarded-Port: <port> is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original port to a downstream server. For example, if a request of example.com/resource is sent to a proxy which forwards the request to localhost:8080/resource, then a header of X-Forwarded-Port: 443 can be sent to inform the server that the original port was 443.

X-Forwarded-Proto

While not standard, X-Forwarded-Proto: (https|http) is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original protocol (for example, https / http) to a downstream server. For example, if a request of example.com/resource is sent to a proxy which forwards the request to localhost:8080/resource, then a header of X-Forwarded-Proto: https can be sent to inform the server that the original protocol was https.

X-Forwarded-Ssl

While not standard, X-Forwarded-Ssl: (on|off) is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original protocol (for example, https / https) to a downstream server. For example, if a request of example.com/resource is sent to a proxy which forwards the request to localhost:8080/resource, then a header of X-Forwarded-Ssl: on to inform the server that the original protocol was https.

X-Forwarded-Prefix

While not standard, X-Forwarded-Prefix: <prefix> is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original URL path prefix to a downstream server.

Use of X-Forwarded-Prefix can vary by deployment scenario, and needs to be flexible to allow replacing, removing, or prepending the path prefix of the target server.

Scenario 1: Override path prefix

https://example.com/api/{path} -> http://localhost:8080/app1/{path}

The prefix is the start of the path before the capture group {path}. For the proxy, the prefix is /api while for the server the prefix is /app1. In this case, the proxy can send X-Forwarded-Prefix: /api to have the original prefix /api override the server prefix /app1.

Scenario 2: Remove path prefix

At times, an application may want to have the prefix removed. For example, consider the following proxy to server mapping:

https://app1.example.com/{path} -> http://localhost:8080/app1/{path}
https://app2.example.com/{path} -> http://localhost:8080/app2/{path}

The proxy has no prefix, while applications app1 and app2 have path prefixes /app1 and /app2 respectively. The proxy can send X-Forwarded-Prefix: to have the empty prefix override server prefixes /app1 and /app2.

A common case for this deployment scenario is where licenses are paid per production application server, and it is preferable to deploy multiple applications per server to reduce fees. Another reason is to run more applications on the same server in order to share the resources required by the server to run.

In these scenarios, applications need a non-empty context root because there are multiple applications on the same server. However, this should not be visible in URL paths of the public API where applications may use different subdomains that provides benefits such as:

Added security, for example, same origin policy
Independent scaling of applications (different domain points to different IP address)

Scenario 3: Insert path prefix

In other cases, it may be necessary to prepend a prefix. For example, consider the following proxy to server mapping:

https://example.com/api/app1/{path} -> http://localhost:8080/app1/{path}

In this case, the proxy has a prefix of /api/app1 and the server has a prefix of /app1. The proxy can send X-Forwarded-Prefix: /api/app1 to have the original prefix /api/app1 override the server prefix /app1.

X-Forwarded-For

X-Forwarded-For: <address> is a de-facto standard header that is used to communicate the original InetSocketAddress of the client to a downstream server. For example, if a request is sent by a client at [fd00:fefe:1::4] to a proxy at 192.168.0.1, the "remote address" information contained in the HTTP request will reflect the actual address of the client, not the proxy.

ForwardedHeaderFilter

ForwardedHeaderFilter is a Servlet filter that modifies the request to match information from the standard "Forwarded" or "X-Forwarded" headers, and also removes those headers to eliminate further impact. The filter wraps the request and must be ordered ahead of other filters such as RequestContextFilter in order for all downstream handlers to see the modified request.

Security Considerations

Forwarded headers are intended to be set by trusted proxies and never allowed in from the outside. A proxy at the edge of trust must remove forwarded headers including both the standard "Forwarded" and "X-Forwarded" headers, regardless of which one they use, to protect applications which may check both.

When creating ForwardedHeaderFilter you can specify whether to use the standard "Forwarded" or "X-Forwarded" headers. A separate property on the filter lets you turn use of "X-Forwarded-Prefix" on and off.

ForwardedHeaderFilter can be configured in removeOnly mode, in which case it removes forwarded headers from the request without using them.

Dispatcher Types

In order to support asynchronous requests and error dispatches this filter should be mapped with DispatcherType.ASYNC and also DispatcherType.ERROR. If using Spring Framework’s AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer (see Servlet Config) all filters are automatically registered for all dispatch types. However if registering the filter via web.xml or in Spring Boot via a FilterRegistrationBean be sure to include DispatcherType.ASYNC and DispatcherType.ERROR in addition to DispatcherType.REQUEST.

Shallow ETag

The ShallowEtagHeaderFilter filter creates a “shallow” ETag by caching the content written to the response and computing an MD5 hash from it. The next time a client sends, it does the same, but it also compares the computed value against the If-None-Match request header and, if the two are equal, returns a 304 (NOT_MODIFIED).

This strategy saves network bandwidth but not CPU, as the full response must be computed for each request. State-changing HTTP methods and other HTTP conditional request headers such as If-Match and If-Unmodified-Since are outside the scope of this filter. Other strategies at the controller level can avoid the computation and have a broader support for HTTP conditional requests. See HTTP Caching.

This filter has a writeWeakETag parameter that configures the filter to write weak ETags similar to the following: W/"02a2d595e6ed9a0b24f027f2b63b134d6" (as defined in RFC 7232 Section 2.3).

In order to support asynchronous requests this filter must be mapped with DispatcherType.ASYNC so that the filter can delay and successfully generate an ETag to the end of the last async dispatch. If using Spring Framework’s AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer (see Servlet Config) all filters are automatically registered for all dispatch types. However if registering the filter via web.xml or in Spring Boot via a FilterRegistrationBean be sure to include DispatcherType.ASYNC.

CORS

See equivalent in the Reactive stack

Spring MVC provides fine-grained support for CORS configuration through annotations on controllers. However, when used with Spring Security, we advise relying on the built-in CorsFilter that must be ordered ahead of Spring Security’s chain of filters.

See the sections on CORS and the CORS Filter for more details.

URL Handler

See equivalent in the Reactive stack

You may want your controller endpoints to match routes with or without a trailing slash in the URL path. For example, both "GET /home" and "GET /home/" should be handled by a controller method annotated with @GetMapping("/home").

Spring provides UrlHandlerFilter that removes the trailing slash from URL paths to ensure a consistent view of paths with or without a trailing slash. This is important to avoid a mismatch between URL-based authorization decisions and web framework request mappings. The filter can remove the trailing slash in one of a couple of ways:

respond with an HTTP redirect status that sends clients to the same path without a trailing slash.
wrap the request to remove the trailing slash.

Historically Spring MVC supported trailing slash matching of URL paths. This capability was deprecated in 6.0 for security reasons and removed in 7.0 with UrlHandlerFilter providing a safer alternative.

Here is how you can instantiate and configure a UrlHandlerFilter for a blog application:

Java
Kotlin

UrlHandlerFilter urlHandlerFilter = UrlHandlerFilter
		// will HTTP 308 redirect "/blog/my-blog-post/" -> "/blog/my-blog-post"
		.trailingSlashHandler("/blog/**").redirect(HttpStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT)
		// will wrap the request to "/admin/user/account/" and make it as "/admin/user/account"
		.trailingSlashHandler("/admin/**").wrapRequest()
		.build();

val urlHandlerFilter = UrlHandlerFilter
		// will HTTP 308 redirect "/blog/my-blog-post/" -> "/blog/my-blog-post"
		.trailingSlashHandler("/blog/**").redirect(HttpStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT)
		// will wrap the request to "/admin/user/account/" and make it as "/admin/user/account"
		.trailingSlashHandler("/admin/**").wrapRequest()
		.build()

Keep in mind the following:

the root path "/" is excluded from trailing slash handling.
@RequestMapping("/") adds a trailing slash to a type-level mapping, and therefore will not map when trailing slash handling applies; use @RequestMapping (no path attribute) instead.