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Hibernate

We start with a coverage of Hibernate 5 in a Spring environment, using it to demonstrate the approach that Spring takes towards integrating OR mappers. This section covers many issues in detail and shows different variations of DAO implementations and transaction demarcation. Most of these patterns can be directly translated to all other supported ORM tools. The later sections in this chapter then cover the other ORM technologies and show brief examples.

As of Spring Framework 6.0, Spring requires Hibernate ORM 5.5+ for Spring’s HibernateJpaVendorAdapter as well as for a native Hibernate SessionFactory setup. We recommend Hibernate ORM 5.6 as the last feature branch in that Hibernate generation.

Hibernate ORM 6.x is only supported as a JPA provider (HibernateJpaVendorAdapter). Plain SessionFactory setup with the orm.hibernate5 package is not supported anymore. We recommend Hibernate ORM 6.1/6.2 with JPA-style setup for new development projects.

`SessionFactory` Setup in a Spring Container

To avoid tying application objects to hard-coded resource lookups, you can define resources (such as a JDBC DataSource or a Hibernate SessionFactory) as beans in the Spring container. Application objects that need to access resources receive references to such predefined instances through bean references, as illustrated in the DAO definition in the next section.

The following excerpt from an XML application context definition shows how to set up a JDBC DataSource and a Hibernate SessionFactory on top of it:

<beans>

	<bean id="myDataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
		<property name="driverClassName" value="org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"/>
		<property name="url" value="jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://localhost:9001"/>
		<property name="username" value="sa"/>
		<property name="password" value=""/>
	</bean>

	<bean id="mySessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
		<property name="dataSource" ref="myDataSource"/>
		<property name="mappingResources">
			<list>
				<value>product.hbm.xml</value>
			</list>
		</property>
		<property name="hibernateProperties">
			<value>
				hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.dialect.HSQLDialect
			</value>
		</property>
	</bean>

</beans>

Switching from a local Jakarta Commons DBCP BasicDataSource to a JNDI-located DataSource (usually managed by an application server) is only a matter of configuration, as the following example shows:

<beans>
	<jee:jndi-lookup id="myDataSource" jndi-name="java:comp/env/jdbc/myds"/>
</beans>

You can also access a JNDI-located SessionFactory, using Spring’s JndiObjectFactoryBean / <jee:jndi-lookup> to retrieve and expose it. However, that is typically not common outside of an EJB context.

Spring also provides a LocalSessionFactoryBuilder variant, seamlessly integrating with @Bean style configuration and programmatic setup (no FactoryBean involved).

Both LocalSessionFactoryBean and LocalSessionFactoryBuilder support background bootstrapping, with Hibernate initialization running in parallel to the application bootstrap thread on a given bootstrap executor (such as a SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor). On LocalSessionFactoryBean, this is available through the bootstrapExecutor property. On the programmatic LocalSessionFactoryBuilder, there is an overloaded buildSessionFactory method that takes a bootstrap executor argument.

As of Spring Framework 5.1, such a native Hibernate setup can also expose a JPA EntityManagerFactory for standard JPA interaction next to native Hibernate access. See Native Hibernate Setup for JPA for details.

Implementing DAOs Based on the Plain Hibernate API

Hibernate has a feature called contextual sessions, wherein Hibernate itself manages one current Session per transaction. This is roughly equivalent to Spring’s synchronization of one Hibernate Session per transaction. A corresponding DAO implementation resembles the following example, based on the plain Hibernate API:

Java
Kotlin

public class ProductDaoImpl implements ProductDao {

	private SessionFactory sessionFactory;

	public void setSessionFactory(SessionFactory sessionFactory) {
		this.sessionFactory = sessionFactory;
	}

	public Collection loadProductsByCategory(String category) {
		return this.sessionFactory.getCurrentSession()
				.createQuery("from test.Product product where product.category=?")
				.setParameter(0, category)
				.list();
	}
}

class ProductDaoImpl(private val sessionFactory: SessionFactory) : ProductDao {

	fun loadProductsByCategory(category: String): Collection<*> {
		return sessionFactory.currentSession
				.createQuery("from test.Product product where product.category=?")
				.setParameter(0, category)
				.list()
	}
}

This style is similar to that of the Hibernate reference documentation and examples, except for holding the SessionFactory in an instance variable. We strongly recommend such an instance-based setup over the old-school static HibernateUtil class from Hibernate’s CaveatEmptor sample application. (In general, do not keep any resources in static variables unless absolutely necessary.)

The preceding DAO example follows the dependency injection pattern. It fits nicely into a Spring IoC container, as it would if coded against Spring’s HibernateTemplate. You can also set up such a DAO in plain Java (for example, in unit tests). To do so, instantiate it and call setSessionFactory(..) with the desired factory reference. As a Spring bean definition, the DAO would resemble the following:

<beans>

	<bean id="myProductDao" class="product.ProductDaoImpl">
		<property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory"/>
	</bean>

</beans>

The main advantage of this DAO style is that it depends on Hibernate API only. No import of any Spring class is required. This is appealing from a non-invasiveness perspective and may feel more natural to Hibernate developers.

However, the DAO throws plain HibernateException (which is unchecked, so it does not have to be declared or caught), which means that callers can treat exceptions only as being generally fatal — unless they want to depend on Hibernate’s own exception hierarchy. Catching specific causes (such as an optimistic locking failure) is not possible without tying the caller to the implementation strategy. This trade off might be acceptable to applications that are strongly Hibernate-based, do not need any special exception treatment, or both.

Fortunately, Spring’s LocalSessionFactoryBean supports Hibernate’s SessionFactory.getCurrentSession() method for any Spring transaction strategy, returning the current Spring-managed transactional Session, even with HibernateTransactionManager. The standard behavior of that method remains to return the current Session associated with the ongoing JTA transaction, if any. This behavior applies regardless of whether you use Spring’s JtaTransactionManager, EJB container managed transactions (CMTs), or JTA.

In summary, you can implement DAOs based on the plain Hibernate API, while still being able to participate in Spring-managed transactions.

Declarative Transaction Demarcation

We recommend that you use Spring’s declarative transaction support, which lets you replace explicit transaction demarcation API calls in your Java code with an AOP transaction interceptor. You can configure this transaction interceptor in a Spring container by using either Java annotations or XML. This declarative transaction capability lets you keep business services free of repetitive transaction demarcation code and focus on adding business logic, which is the real value of your application.

Before you continue, we are strongly encourage you to read Declarative Transaction Management if you have not already done so.

You can annotate the service layer with @Transactional annotations and instruct the Spring container to find these annotations and provide transactional semantics for these annotated methods. The following example shows how to do so:

Java
Kotlin

public class ProductServiceImpl implements ProductService {

	private ProductDao productDao;

	public void setProductDao(ProductDao productDao) {
		this.productDao = productDao;
	}

	@Transactional
	public void increasePriceOfAllProductsInCategory(final String category) {
		List productsToChange = this.productDao.loadProductsByCategory(category);
		// ...
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	public List<Product> findAllProducts() {
		return this.productDao.findAllProducts();
	}
}

class ProductServiceImpl(private val productDao: ProductDao) : ProductService {

	@Transactional
	fun increasePriceOfAllProductsInCategory(category: String) {
		val productsToChange = productDao.loadProductsByCategory(category)
		// ...
	}

	@Transactional(readOnly = true)
	fun findAllProducts() = productDao.findAllProducts()
}

In the container, you need to set up the PlatformTransactionManager implementation (as a bean) and a <tx:annotation-driven/> entry, opting into @Transactional processing at runtime. The following example shows how to do so:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
	xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
	xsi:schemaLocation="
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
		https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
		https://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
		https://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">

	<!-- SessionFactory, DataSource, etc. omitted -->

	<bean id="transactionManager"
			class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.HibernateTransactionManager">
		<property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"/>
	</bean>

	<tx:annotation-driven/>

	<bean id="myProductService" class="product.SimpleProductService">
		<property name="productDao" ref="myProductDao"/>
	</bean>

</beans>

Programmatic Transaction Demarcation

You can demarcate transactions in a higher level of the application, on top of lower-level data access services that span any number of operations. Nor do restrictions exist on the implementation of the surrounding business service. It needs only a Spring PlatformTransactionManager. Again, the latter can come from anywhere, but preferably as a bean reference through a setTransactionManager(..) method. Also, the productDAO should be set by a setProductDao(..) method. The following pair of snippets show a transaction manager and a business service definition in a Spring application context and an example for a business method implementation:

<beans>

	<bean id="myTxManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate5.HibernateTransactionManager">
		<property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory"/>
	</bean>

	<bean id="myProductService" class="product.ProductServiceImpl">
		<property name="transactionManager" ref="myTxManager"/>
		<property name="productDao" ref="myProductDao"/>
	</bean>

</beans>

Java
Kotlin

public class ProductServiceImpl implements ProductService {

	private TransactionTemplate transactionTemplate;
	private ProductDao productDao;

	public void setTransactionManager(PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager) {
		this.transactionTemplate = new TransactionTemplate(transactionManager);
	}

	public void setProductDao(ProductDao productDao) {
		this.productDao = productDao;
	}

	public void increasePriceOfAllProductsInCategory(final String category) {
		this.transactionTemplate.execute(new TransactionCallbackWithoutResult() {
			public void doInTransactionWithoutResult(TransactionStatus status) {
				List productsToChange = this.productDao.loadProductsByCategory(category);
				// do the price increase...
			}
		});
	}
}

class ProductServiceImpl(transactionManager: PlatformTransactionManager,
						private val productDao: ProductDao) : ProductService {

	private val transactionTemplate = TransactionTemplate(transactionManager)

	fun increasePriceOfAllProductsInCategory(category: String) {
		transactionTemplate.execute {
			val productsToChange = productDao.loadProductsByCategory(category)
			// do the price increase...
		}
	}
}

Spring’s TransactionInterceptor lets any checked application exception be thrown with the callback code, while TransactionTemplate is restricted to unchecked exceptions within the callback. TransactionTemplate triggers a rollback in case of an unchecked application exception or if the transaction is marked rollback-only by the application (by setting TransactionStatus). By default, TransactionInterceptor behaves the same way but allows configurable rollback policies per method.

Transaction Management Strategies

Both TransactionTemplate and TransactionInterceptor delegate the actual transaction handling to a PlatformTransactionManager instance (which can be a HibernateTransactionManager (for a single Hibernate SessionFactory) by using a ThreadLocal Session under the hood) or a JtaTransactionManager (delegating to the JTA subsystem of the container) for Hibernate applications. You can even use a custom PlatformTransactionManager implementation. Switching from native Hibernate transaction management to JTA (such as when facing distributed transaction requirements for certain deployments of your application) is only a matter of configuration. You can replace the Hibernate transaction manager with Spring’s JTA transaction implementation. Both transaction demarcation and data access code work without changes, because they use the generic transaction management APIs.

For distributed transactions across multiple Hibernate session factories, you can combine JtaTransactionManager as a transaction strategy with multiple LocalSessionFactoryBean definitions. Each DAO then gets one specific SessionFactory reference passed into its corresponding bean property. If all underlying JDBC data sources are transactional container ones, a business service can demarcate transactions across any number of DAOs and any number of session factories without special regard, as long as it uses JtaTransactionManager as the strategy.

Both HibernateTransactionManager and JtaTransactionManager allow for proper JVM-level cache handling with Hibernate, without container-specific transaction manager lookup or a JCA connector (if you do not use EJB to initiate transactions).

HibernateTransactionManager can export the Hibernate JDBC Connection to plain JDBC access code for a specific DataSource. This ability allows for high-level transaction demarcation with mixed Hibernate and JDBC data access completely without JTA, provided you access only one database. HibernateTransactionManager automatically exposes the Hibernate transaction as a JDBC transaction if you have set up the passed-in SessionFactory with a DataSource through the dataSource property of the LocalSessionFactoryBean class. Alternatively, you can specify explicitly the DataSource for which the transactions are supposed to be exposed through the dataSource property of the HibernateTransactionManager class.

For JTA-style lazy retrieval of actual resource connections, Spring provides a corresponding DataSource proxy class for the target connection pool: see LazyConnectionDataSourceProxy. This is particularly useful for Hibernate read-only transactions which can often be processed from a local cache rather than hitting the database.

Comparing Container-managed and Locally Defined Resources

You can switch between a container-managed JNDI SessionFactory and a locally defined one without having to change a single line of application code. Whether to keep resource definitions in the container or locally within the application is mainly a matter of the transaction strategy that you use. Compared to a Spring-defined local SessionFactory, a manually registered JNDI SessionFactory does not provide any benefits. Deploying a SessionFactory through Hibernate’s JCA connector provides the added value of participating in the Jakarta EE server’s management infrastructure, but does not add actual value beyond that.

Spring’s transaction support is not bound to a container. When configured with any strategy other than JTA, transaction support also works in a stand-alone or test environment. Especially in the typical case of single-database transactions, Spring’s single-resource local transaction support is a lightweight and powerful alternative to JTA. When you use local EJB stateless session beans to drive transactions, you depend both on an EJB container and on JTA, even if you access only a single database and use only stateless session beans to provide declarative transactions through container-managed transactions. Direct use of JTA programmatically also requires a Jakarta EE environment.

Spring-driven transactions can work as well with a locally defined Hibernate SessionFactory as they do with a local JDBC DataSource, provided they access a single database. Thus, you need only use Spring’s JTA transaction strategy when you have distributed transaction requirements. A JCA connector requires container-specific deployment steps, and (obviously) JCA support in the first place. This configuration requires more work than deploying a simple web application with local resource definitions and Spring-driven transactions.

All things considered, if you do not use EJBs, stick with local SessionFactory setup and Spring’s HibernateTransactionManager or JtaTransactionManager. You get all of the benefits, including proper transactional JVM-level caching and distributed transactions, without the inconvenience of container deployment. JNDI registration of a Hibernate SessionFactory through the JCA connector adds value only when used in conjunction with EJBs.

Spurious Application Server Warnings with Hibernate

In some JTA environments with very strict XADataSource implementations (currently some WebLogic Server and WebSphere versions), when Hibernate is configured without regard to the JTA transaction manager for that environment, spurious warnings or exceptions can show up in the application server log. These warnings or exceptions indicate that the connection being accessed is no longer valid or JDBC access is no longer valid, possibly because the transaction is no longer active. As an example, here is an actual exception from WebLogic:

java.sql.SQLException: The transaction is no longer active - status: 'Committed'. No
further JDBC access is allowed within this transaction.

Another common problem is a connection leak after JTA transactions, with Hibernate sessions (and potentially underlying JDBC connections) not getting closed properly.

You can resolve such issues by making Hibernate aware of the JTA transaction manager, to which it synchronizes (along with Spring). You have two options for doing this:

Pass your Spring JtaTransactionManager bean to your Hibernate setup. The easiest way is a bean reference into the jtaTransactionManager property for your LocalSessionFactoryBean bean (see Hibernate Transaction Setup). Spring then makes the corresponding JTA strategies available to Hibernate.
You may also configure Hibernate’s JTA-related properties explicitly, in particular "hibernate.transaction.coordinator_class", "hibernate.connection.handling_mode" and potentially "hibernate.transaction.jta.platform" in your "hibernateProperties" on LocalSessionFactoryBean (see Hibernate’s manual for details on those properties).

The remainder of this section describes the sequence of events that occur with and without Hibernate’s awareness of the JTA PlatformTransactionManager.

When Hibernate is not configured with any awareness of the JTA transaction manager, the following events occur when a JTA transaction commits:

The JTA transaction commits.
Spring’s JtaTransactionManager is synchronized to the JTA transaction, so it is called back through an afterCompletion callback by the JTA transaction manager.
Among other activities, this synchronization can trigger a callback by Spring to Hibernate, through Hibernate’s afterTransactionCompletion callback (used to clear the Hibernate cache), followed by an explicit close() call on the Hibernate session, which causes Hibernate to attempt to close() the JDBC Connection.
In some environments, this Connection.close() call then triggers the warning or error, as the application server no longer considers the Connection to be usable, because the transaction has already been committed.

When Hibernate is configured with awareness of the JTA transaction manager, the following events occur when a JTA transaction commits:

The JTA transaction is ready to commit.
Spring’s JtaTransactionManager is synchronized to the JTA transaction, so the transaction is called back through a beforeCompletion callback by the JTA transaction manager.
Spring is aware that Hibernate itself is synchronized to the JTA transaction and behaves differently than in the previous scenario. In particular, it aligns with Hibernate’s transactional resource management.
The JTA transaction commits.
Hibernate is synchronized to the JTA transaction, so the transaction is called back through an afterCompletion callback by the JTA transaction manager and can properly clear its cache.