Architecture

This section discusses Spring Security’s high-level architecture within Servlet based applications. We build on this high-level understanding within the Authentication, Authorization, and Protection Against Exploits sections of the reference.

A Review of Filters

Spring Security’s Servlet support is based on Servlet Filters, so it is helpful to look at the role of Filters generally first. The following image shows the typical layering of the handlers for a single HTTP request.

filterchain
Figure 1. FilterChain

The client sends a request to the application, and the container creates a FilterChain, which contains the Filter instances and Servlet that should process the HttpServletRequest, based on the path of the request URI. In a Spring MVC application, the Servlet is an instance of DispatcherServlet. At most, one Servlet can handle a single HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse. However, more than one Filter can be used to:

  • Prevent downstream Filter instances or the Servlet from being invoked. In this case, the Filter typically writes the HttpServletResponse.

  • Modify the HttpServletRequest or HttpServletResponse used by the downstream Filter instances and the Servlet.

The power of the Filter comes from the FilterChain that is passed into it.

FilterChain Usage Example

  • Java

  • Kotlin

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) {
	// do something before the rest of the application
    chain.doFilter(request, response); // invoke the rest of the application
    // do something after the rest of the application
}
fun doFilter(request: ServletRequest, response: ServletResponse, chain: FilterChain) {
    // do something before the rest of the application
    chain.doFilter(request, response) // invoke the rest of the application
    // do something after the rest of the application
}

Since a Filter impacts only downstream Filter instances and the Servlet, the order in which each Filter is invoked is extremely important.

DelegatingFilterProxy

Spring provides a Filter implementation named DelegatingFilterProxy that allows bridging between the Servlet container’s lifecycle and Spring’s ApplicationContext. The Servlet container allows registering Filter instances by using its own standards, but it is not aware of Spring-defined Beans. You can register DelegatingFilterProxy through the standard Servlet container mechanisms but delegate all the work to a Spring Bean that implements Filter.

Here is a picture of how DelegatingFilterProxy fits into the Filter instances and the FilterChain.

delegatingfilterproxy
Figure 2. DelegatingFilterProxy

DelegatingFilterProxy looks up Bean Filter0 from the ApplicationContext and then invokes Bean Filter0. The following listing shows pseudo code of DelegatingFilterProxy:

DelegatingFilterProxy Pseudo Code

  • Java

  • Kotlin

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) {
	Filter delegate = getFilterBean(someBeanName); (1)
	delegate.doFilter(request, response); (2)
}
fun doFilter(request: ServletRequest, response: ServletResponse, chain: FilterChain) {
	val delegate: Filter = getFilterBean(someBeanName) (1)
	delegate.doFilter(request, response) (2)
}
1 Lazily get Filter that was registered as a Spring Bean. For the example in DelegatingFilterProxy delegate is an instance of Bean Filter0.
2 Delegate work to the Spring Bean.

Another benefit of DelegatingFilterProxy is that it allows delaying looking up Filter bean instances. This is important because the container needs to register the Filter instances before the container can start up. However, Spring typically uses a ContextLoaderListener to load the Spring Beans, which is not done until after the Filter instances need to be registered.

FilterChainProxy

Spring Security’s Servlet support is contained within FilterChainProxy. FilterChainProxy is a special Filter provided by Spring Security that allows delegating to many Filter instances through SecurityFilterChain. Since FilterChainProxy is a Bean, it is typically wrapped in a DelegatingFilterProxy.

The following image shows the role of FilterChainProxy.

filterchainproxy
Figure 3. FilterChainProxy

SecurityFilterChain

SecurityFilterChain is used by FilterChainProxy to determine which Spring Security Filter instances should be invoked for the current request.

The following image shows the role of SecurityFilterChain.

securityfilterchain
Figure 4. SecurityFilterChain

The Security Filters in SecurityFilterChain are typically Beans, but they are registered with FilterChainProxy instead of DelegatingFilterProxy. FilterChainProxy provides a number of advantages to registering directly with the Servlet container or DelegatingFilterProxy. First, it provides a starting point for all of Spring Security’s Servlet support. For that reason, if you try to troubleshoot Spring Security’s Servlet support, adding a debug point in FilterChainProxy is a great place to start.

Second, since FilterChainProxy is central to Spring Security usage, it can perform tasks that are not viewed as optional. For example, it clears out the SecurityContext to avoid memory leaks. It also applies Spring Security’s HttpFirewall to protect applications against certain types of attacks.

In addition, it provides more flexibility in determining when a SecurityFilterChain should be invoked. In a Servlet container, Filter instances are invoked based upon the URL alone. However, FilterChainProxy can determine invocation based upon anything in the HttpServletRequest by using the RequestMatcher interface.

The following image shows multiple SecurityFilterChain instances:

multi securityfilterchain
Figure 5. Multiple SecurityFilterChain

In the Multiple SecurityFilterChain figure, FilterChainProxy decides which SecurityFilterChain should be used. Only the first SecurityFilterChain that matches is invoked. If a URL of /api/messages/ is requested, it first matches on the SecurityFilterChain0 pattern of /api/**, so only SecurityFilterChain0 is invoked, even though it also matches on SecurityFilterChainn. If a URL of /messages/ is requested, it does not match on the SecurityFilterChain0 pattern of /api/**, so FilterChainProxy continues trying each SecurityFilterChain. Assuming that no other SecurityFilterChain instances match, SecurityFilterChainn is invoked.

Notice that SecurityFilterChain0 has only three security Filter instances configured. However, SecurityFilterChainn has four security Filter instances configured. It is important to note that each SecurityFilterChain can be unique and can be configured in isolation. In fact, a SecurityFilterChain might have zero security Filter instances if the application wants Spring Security to ignore certain requests.

Security Filters

The Security Filters are inserted into the FilterChainProxy with the SecurityFilterChain API. Those filters can be used for a number of different purposes, like exploit protection,authentication, authorization, and more. The filters are executed in a specific order to guarantee that they are invoked at the right time, for example, the Filter that performs authentication should be invoked before the Filter that performs authorization. It is typically not necessary to know the ordering of Spring Security’s Filters. However, there are times that it is beneficial to know the ordering, if you want to know them, you can check the FilterOrderRegistration code.

These security filters are most often declared using an HttpSecurity instance. To exemplify the above paragraph, let’s consider the following security configuration:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .csrf(Customizer.withDefaults())
            .httpBasic(Customizer.withDefaults())
            .formLogin(Customizer.withDefaults())
            .authorizeHttpRequests(authorize -> authorize
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
            );

        return http.build();
    }

}
import org.springframework.security.config.web.servlet.invoke

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            csrf { }
            httpBasic { }
            formLogin { }
            authorizeHttpRequests {
                authorize(anyRequest, authenticated)
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }

}

The above configuration will result in the following Filter ordering:

Filter Added by

CsrfFilter

HttpSecurity#csrf

UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter

HttpSecurity#formLogin

BasicAuthenticationFilter

HttpSecurity#httpBasic

AuthorizationFilter

HttpSecurity#authorizeHttpRequests

  1. First, the CsrfFilter is invoked to protect against CSRF attacks.

  2. Second, the authentication filters are invoked to authenticate the request.

  3. Third, the AuthorizationFilter is invoked to authorize the request.

There might be other Filter instances that are not listed above. If you want to see the list of filters invoked for a particular request, you can print them.

Printing the Security Filters

Often times, it is useful to see the list of security Filters that are invoked for a particular request. For example, you want to make sure that the filter you have added is in the list of the security filters.

The list of filters is printed at DEBUG level on the application startup, so you can see something like the following on the console output for example:

2023-06-14T08:55:22.321-03:00  DEBUG 76975 --- [           main] o.s.s.web.DefaultSecurityFilterChain     : Will secure any request with [ DisableEncodeUrlFilter, WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter, SecurityContextHolderFilter, HeaderWriterFilter, CsrfFilter, LogoutFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter, DefaultLoginPageGeneratingFilter, DefaultLogoutPageGeneratingFilter, BasicAuthenticationFilter, RequestCacheAwareFilter, SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter, AnonymousAuthenticationFilter, ExceptionTranslationFilter, AuthorizationFilter]

And that will give a pretty good idea of the security filters that are configured for each filter chain.

But that is not all, you can also configure your application to print the invocation of each individual filter for each request. That is helpful to see if the filter you have added is invoked for a particular request or to check where an exception is coming from. To do that, you can configure your application to log the security events.

Adding Filters to the Filter Chain

Most of the time, the default Security Filters are enough to provide security to your application. However, there might be times that you want to add a custom Filter to the SecurityFilterChain.

HttpSecurity comes with three methods for adding filters:

  • #addFilterBefore(Filter, Class<?>) adds your filter before another filter

  • #addFilterAfter(Filter, Class<?>) adds your filter after another filter

  • #addFilterAt(Filter, Class<?>) replaces another filter with your filter

Adding a Custom Filter

If you are creating a filter of your own, you will need to determine its location in the filter chain. Please take a look at the following key events that occur in the filter chain:

  1. SecurityContext is loaded from the session

  2. Request is protected from common exploits; secure headers, CORS, CSRF

  3. Request is authenticated

  4. Request is authorized

Consider which events you need to have happened in order to locate your filter. The following is a rule of thumb:

If your filter is a(n) Then place it after As these events have already occurred

exploit protection filter

SecurityContextHolderFilter

1

authentication filter

LogoutFilter

1, 2

authorization filter

AnonymousAuthenticationFilter

1, 2, 3
Most commonly, applications add a custom authentication. This means they should be placed after LogoutFilter.

For example, let’s say that you want to add a Filter that gets a tenant id header and check if the current user has access to that tenant.

First, let’s create the Filter:

import java.io.IOException;

import jakarta.servlet.Filter;
import jakarta.servlet.FilterChain;
import jakarta.servlet.ServletException;
import jakarta.servlet.ServletRequest;
import jakarta.servlet.ServletResponse;
import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.springframework.security.access.AccessDeniedException;

public class TenantFilter implements Filter {

    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
        HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;

        String tenantId = request.getHeader("X-Tenant-Id"); (1)
        boolean hasAccess = isUserAllowed(tenantId); (2)
        if (hasAccess) {
            filterChain.doFilter(request, response); (3)
            return;
        }
        throw new AccessDeniedException("Access denied"); (4)
    }

}

The sample code above does the following:

1 Get the tenant id from the request header.
2 Check if the current user has access to the tenant id.
3 If the user has access, then invoke the rest of the filters in the chain.
4 If the user does not have access, then throw an AccessDeniedException.

Instead of implementing Filter, you can extend from OncePerRequestFilter which is a base class for filters that are only invoked once per request and provides a doFilterInternal method with the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse parameters.

Now, you need to add the filter to the SecurityFilterChain. The previous description already gives us a clue on where to add the filter, since we need to know the current user, we need to add it after the authentication filters.

Based on the rule of thumb, add it after AnonymousAuthenticationFilter, the last authentication filter in the chain, like so:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
    http
        // ...
        .addFilterAfter(new TenantFilter(), AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.class); (1)
    return http.build();
}
@Bean
fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
    http
        // ...
        .addFilterAfter(TenantFilter(), AnonymousAuthenticationFilter::class.java) (1)
    return http.build()
}
1 Use HttpSecurity#addFilterAfter to add the TenantFilter after the AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.

By adding the filter after the AnonymousAuthenticationFilter we are making sure that the TenantFilter is invoked after the authentication filters.

And that’s it, now the TenantFilter will be invoked in the filter chain and will check if the current user has access to the tenant id.

Declaring Your Filter as a Bean

When you declare a Filter as a Spring bean, either by annotating it with @Component or by declaring it as a bean in your configuration, Spring Boot automatically registers it with the embedded container. That may cause the filter to be invoked twice, once by the container and once by Spring Security and in a different order.

Because of that, filters are often not Spring beans.

However, if your filter needs to be a Spring bean (to take advantage of dependency injection, for example) you can tell Spring Boot to not register it with the container by declaring a FilterRegistrationBean bean and setting its enabled property to false:

@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean<TenantFilter> tenantFilterRegistration(TenantFilter filter) {
    FilterRegistrationBean<TenantFilter> registration = new FilterRegistrationBean<>(filter);
    registration.setEnabled(false);
    return registration;
}

This makes so that HttpSecurity is the only one adding it.

Customizing a Spring Security Filter

Generally, you can use a filter’s DSL method to configure Spring Security’s filters. For example, the simplest way to add BasicAuthenticationFilter is by asking the DSL to do it:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	http
		.httpBasic(Customizer.withDefaults())
        // ...

	return http.build();
}
@Bean
fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
	http {
        httpBasic { }
        // ...
	}

	return http.build()
}

However, in the event that you want to construct a Spring Security filter yourself, you specify it in the DSL using addFilterAt like so:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	BasicAuthenticationFilter basic = new BasicAuthenticationFilter();
	// ... configure

	http
		// ...
		.addFilterAt(basic, BasicAuthenticationFilter.class);

	return http.build();
}
@Bean
fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
	val basic = BasicAuthenticationFilter()
	// ... configure

	http
		// ...
		.addFilterAt(basic, BasicAuthenticationFilter::class.java)

	return http.build()
}

Note that if that filter has already been added, then Spring Security will throw an exception. For example, calling HttpSecurity#httpBasic adds a BasicAuthenticationFilter for you. So, the following arrangement fails since there are two calls that are both trying to add BasicAuthenticationFilter:

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Bean
SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	BasicAuthenticationFilter basic = new BasicAuthenticationFilter();
	// ... configure

	http
		.httpBasic(Customizer.withDefaults())
		// ... on no! BasicAuthenticationFilter is added twice!
		.addFilterAt(basic, BasicAuthenticationFilter.class);

	return http.build();
}
@Bean
fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
	val basic = BasicAuthenticationFilter()
	// ... configure

	http {
		httpBasic { }
	}

	// ... on no! BasicAuthenticationFilter is added twice!
    http.addFilterAt(basic, BasicAuthenticationFilter::class.java)

	return http.build()
}

In this case, remove the call to httpBasic since you are constructing BasicAuthenticationFilter yourself.

In the event that you are unable to reconfigure HttpSecurity to not add a certain filter, you can typically disable the Spring Security filter by calling its DSL’s disable method like so:

.httpBasic((basic) -> basic.disable())

Handling Security Exceptions

The ExceptionTranslationFilter allows translation of AccessDeniedException and AuthenticationException into HTTP responses.

ExceptionTranslationFilter is inserted into the FilterChainProxy as one of the Security Filters.

The following image shows the relationship of ExceptionTranslationFilter to other components:

exceptiontranslationfilter

  • number 1 First, the ExceptionTranslationFilter invokes FilterChain.doFilter(request, response) to invoke the rest of the application.

  • number 2 If the user is not authenticated or it is an AuthenticationException, then Start Authentication.

    • The SecurityContextHolder is cleared out.

    • The HttpServletRequest is saved so that it can be used to replay the original request once authentication is successful.

    • The AuthenticationEntryPoint is used to request credentials from the client. For example, it might redirect to a log in page or send a WWW-Authenticate header.

  • number 3 Otherwise, if it is an AccessDeniedException, then Access Denied. The AccessDeniedHandler is invoked to handle access denied.

If the application does not throw an AccessDeniedException or an AuthenticationException, then ExceptionTranslationFilter does not do anything.

The pseudocode for ExceptionTranslationFilter looks something like this:

ExceptionTranslationFilter pseudocode
try {
	filterChain.doFilter(request, response); (1)
} catch (AccessDeniedException | AuthenticationException ex) {
	if (!authenticated || ex instanceof AuthenticationException) {
		startAuthentication(); (2)
	} else {
		accessDenied(); (3)
	}
}
1 As described in A Review of Filters, invoking FilterChain.doFilter(request, response) is the equivalent of invoking the rest of the application. This means that if another part of the application, (FilterSecurityInterceptor or method security) throws an AuthenticationException or AccessDeniedException it is caught and handled here.
2 If the user is not authenticated or it is an AuthenticationException, Start Authentication.
3 Otherwise, Access Denied

Saving Requests Between Authentication

As illustrated in Handling Security Exceptions, when a request has no authentication and is for a resource that requires authentication, there is a need to save the request for the authenticated resource to re-request after authentication is successful. In Spring Security this is done by saving the HttpServletRequest using a RequestCache implementation.

RequestCache

The HttpServletRequest is saved in the RequestCache. When the user successfully authenticates, the RequestCache is used to replay the original request. The RequestCacheAwareFilter uses the RequestCache to get the saved HttpServletRequest after the user authenticates, while the ExceptionTranslationFilter uses the RequestCache to save the HttpServletRequest after it detects AuthenticationException, before redirecting the user to the login endpoint.

By default, an HttpSessionRequestCache is used. The code below demonstrates how to customize the RequestCache implementation that is used to check the HttpSession for a saved request if the parameter named continue is present.

RequestCache Only Checks for Saved Requests if continue Parameter Present

  • Java

  • Kotlin

  • XML

@Bean
DefaultSecurityFilterChain springSecurity(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	HttpSessionRequestCache requestCache = new HttpSessionRequestCache();
	requestCache.setMatchingRequestParameterName("continue");
	http
		// ...
		.requestCache((cache) -> cache
			.requestCache(requestCache)
		);
	return http.build();
}
@Bean
open fun springSecurity(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
    val httpRequestCache = HttpSessionRequestCache()
    httpRequestCache.setMatchingRequestParameterName("continue")
    http {
        requestCache {
            requestCache = httpRequestCache
        }
    }
    return http.build()
}
<http auto-config="true">
	<!-- ... -->
	<request-cache ref="requestCache"/>
</http>

<b:bean id="requestCache" class="org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.HttpSessionRequestCache"
	p:matchingRequestParameterName="continue"/>

Prevent the Request From Being Saved

There are a number of reasons you may want to not store the user’s unauthenticated request in the session. You may want to offload that storage onto the user’s browser or store it in a database. Or you may want to shut off this feature since you always want to redirect the user to the home page instead of the page they tried to visit before login.

To do that, you can use the NullRequestCache implementation.

Prevent the Request From Being Saved

  • Java

  • Kotlin

  • XML

@Bean
SecurityFilterChain springSecurity(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
    RequestCache nullRequestCache = new NullRequestCache();
    http
        // ...
        .requestCache((cache) -> cache
            .requestCache(nullRequestCache)
        );
    return http.build();
}
@Bean
open fun springSecurity(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
    val nullRequestCache = NullRequestCache()
    http {
        requestCache {
            requestCache = nullRequestCache
        }
    }
    return http.build()
}
<http auto-config="true">
	<!-- ... -->
	<request-cache ref="nullRequestCache"/>
</http>

<b:bean id="nullRequestCache" class="org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.NullRequestCache"/>

RequestCacheAwareFilter

The RequestCacheAwareFilter uses the RequestCache to replay the original request.

Logging

Spring Security provides comprehensive logging of all security related events at the DEBUG and TRACE level. This can be very useful when debugging your application because for security measures Spring Security does not add any detail of why a request has been rejected to the response body. If you come across a 401 or 403 error, it is very likely that you will find a log message that will help you understand what is going on.

Let’s consider an example where a user tries to make a POST request to a resource that has CSRF protection enabled without the CSRF token. With no logs, the user will see a 403 error with no explanation of why the request was rejected. However, if you enable logging for Spring Security, you will see a log message like this:

2023-06-14T09:44:25.797-03:00 DEBUG 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Securing POST /hello
2023-06-14T09:44:25.797-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Invoking DisableEncodeUrlFilter (1/15)
2023-06-14T09:44:25.798-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Invoking WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter (2/15)
2023-06-14T09:44:25.800-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Invoking SecurityContextHolderFilter (3/15)
2023-06-14T09:44:25.801-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Invoking HeaderWriterFilter (4/15)
2023-06-14T09:44:25.802-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.FilterChainProxy        : Invoking CsrfFilter (5/15)
2023-06-14T09:44:25.814-03:00 DEBUG 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.security.web.csrf.CsrfFilter         : Invalid CSRF token found for http://localhost:8080/hello
2023-06-14T09:44:25.814-03:00 DEBUG 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.s.w.access.AccessDeniedHandlerImpl   : Responding with 403 status code
2023-06-14T09:44:25.814-03:00 TRACE 76975 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.s.w.header.writers.HstsHeaderWriter  : Not injecting HSTS header since it did not match request to [Is Secure]

It becomes clear that the CSRF token is missing and that is why the request is being denied.

To configure your application to log all the security events, you can add the following to your application:

application.properties in Spring Boot
logging.level.org.springframework.security=TRACE
logback.xml
<configuration>
    <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <!-- ... -->
    </appender>
    <!-- ... -->
    <logger name="org.springframework.security" level="trace" additivity="false">
        <appender-ref ref="Console" />
    </logger>
</configuration>