Persisting Authentication

The first time a user requests a protected resource, they are prompted for credentials. One of the most common ways to prompt for credentials is to redirect the user to a log in page. A summarized HTTP exchange for an unauthenticated user requesting a protected resource might look like this:

Example 1. Unauthenticated User Requests Protected Resource

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Cookie: SESSION=91470ce0-3f3c-455b-b7ad-079b02290f7b

HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: /login

The user submits their username and password.

Username and Password Submitted

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Cookie: SESSION=91470ce0-3f3c-455b-b7ad-079b02290f7b

username=user&password=password&_csrf=35942e65-a172-4cd4-a1d4-d16a51147b3e

Upon authenticating the user, the user is associated to a new session id to prevent session fixation attacks.

Authenticated User is Associated to New Session

HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: /
Set-Cookie: SESSION=4c66e474-3f5a-43ed-8e48-cc1d8cb1d1c8; Path=/; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax

Subsequent requests include the session cookie which is used to authenticate the user for the remainder of the session.

Authenticated Session Provided as Credentials

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Cookie: SESSION=4c66e474-3f5a-43ed-8e48-cc1d8cb1d1c8

SecurityContextRepository

In Spring Security the association of the user to future requests is made using SecurityContextRepository. The default implementation of SecurityContextRepository is DelegatingSecurityContextRepository which delegates to the following:

HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository
RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository

HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository

The HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository associates the SecurityContext to the HttpSession. Users can replace HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository with another implementation of SecurityContextRepository if they wish to associate the user with subsequent requests in another way or not at all.

NullSecurityContextRepository

If it is not desirable to associate the SecurityContext to an HttpSession (i.e. when authenticating with OAuth) the NullSecurityContextRepository is an implementation of SecurityContextRepository that does nothing.

RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository

The RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository saves the SecurityContext as a request attribute to make sure the SecurityContext is available for a single request that occurs across dispatch types that may clear out the SecurityContext.

For example, assume that a client makes a request, is authenticated, and then an error occurs. Depending on the servlet container implementation, the error means that any SecurityContext that was established is cleared out and then the error dispatch is made. When the error dispatch is made, there is no SecurityContext established. This means that the error page cannot use the SecurityContext for authorization or displaying the current user unless the SecurityContext is persisted somehow.

Use RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository

Java
XML

public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.securityContext((securityContext) -> securityContext
			.securityContextRepository(new RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository())
		);
	return http.build();
}

<http security-context-repository-ref="contextRepository">
	<!-- ... -->
</http>
<b:bean name="contextRepository"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.context.RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository" />

DelegatingSecurityContextRepository

The DelegatingSecurityContextRepository saves the SecurityContext to multiple SecurityContextRepository delegates and allows retrieval from any of the delegates in a specified order.

The most useful arrangement for this is configured with the following example, which allows the use of both RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository and HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository simultaneously.

Configure DelegatingSecurityContextRepository

Java
Kotlin
XML

@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	http
		// ...
		.securityContext((securityContext) -> securityContext
			.securityContextRepository(new DelegatingSecurityContextRepository(
				new RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository(),
				new HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository()
			))
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
fun securityFilterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
	http {
		// ...
		securityContext {
			securityContextRepository = DelegatingSecurityContextRepository(
				RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository(),
				HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository()
			)
		}
	}
	return http.build()
}

<http security-context-repository-ref="contextRepository">
	<!-- ... -->
</http>
<bean name="contextRepository"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.context.DelegatingSecurityContextRepository">
		<constructor-arg>
			<bean class="org.springframework.security.web.context.RequestAttributeSecurityContextRepository" />
		</constructor-arg>
		<constructor-arg>
			<bean class="org.springframework.security.web.context.HttpSessionSecurityContextRepository" />
		</constructor-arg>
</bean>

In Spring Security 6, the example shown above is the default configuration.

SecurityContextPersistenceFilter

The SecurityContextPersistenceFilter is responsible for persisting the SecurityContext between requests using the SecurityContextRepository.

number 1 Before running the rest of the application, SecurityContextPersistenceFilter loads the SecurityContext from the SecurityContextRepository and sets it on the SecurityContextHolder.

number 2 Next, the application is ran.

number 3 Finally, if the SecurityContext has changed, we save the SecurityContext using the SecurityContextRepository. This means that when using SecurityContextPersistenceFilter, just setting the SecurityContextHolder will ensure that the SecurityContext is persisted using SecurityContextRepository.

In some cases a response is committed and written to the client before the SecurityContextPersistenceFilter method completes. For example, if a redirect is sent to the client the response is immediately written back to the client. This means that establishing an HttpSession would not be possible in step 3 because the session id could not be included in the already written response. Another situation that can happen is that if a client authenticates successfully, the response is committed before SecurityContextPersistenceFilter completes, and the client makes a second request before the SecurityContextPersistenceFilter completes. the wrong authentication could be present in the second request.

To avoid these problems, the SecurityContextPersistenceFilter wraps both the HttpServletRequest and the HttpServletResponse to detect if the SecurityContext has changed and if so save the SecurityContext just before the response is committed.

SecurityContextHolderFilter

The SecurityContextHolderFilter is responsible for loading the SecurityContext between requests using the SecurityContextRepository.

number 1 Before running the rest of the application, SecurityContextHolderFilter loads the SecurityContext from the SecurityContextRepository and sets it on the SecurityContextHolder.

number 2 Next, the application is ran.

Unlike, SecurityContextPersistenceFilter, SecurityContextHolderFilter only loads the SecurityContext it does not save the SecurityContext. This means that when using SecurityContextHolderFilter, it is required that the SecurityContext is explicitly saved.

Explicit Saving of SecurityContext

Java
Kotlin
XML

public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.securityContext((securityContext) -> securityContext
			.requireExplicitSave(true)
		);
	return http.build();
}

@Bean
open fun springSecurity(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
    http {
        securityContext {
            requireExplicitSave = true
        }
    }
    return http.build()
}

<http security-context-explicit-save="true">
	<!-- ... -->
</http>

Upon using the configuration, it is important that any code that sets the SecurityContextHolder with a SecurityContext also saves the SecurityContext to the SecurityContextRepository if it should be persisted between requests.

For example, the following code:

Setting SecurityContextHolder with SecurityContextPersistenceFilter

Java
Kotlin

SecurityContextHolder.setContext(securityContext);

SecurityContextHolder.setContext(securityContext)

should be replaced with

Setting SecurityContextHolder with SecurityContextHolderFilter

Java
Kotlin

SecurityContextHolder.setContext(securityContext);
securityContextRepository.saveContext(securityContext, httpServletRequest, httpServletResponse);

SecurityContextHolder.setContext(securityContext)
securityContextRepository.saveContext(securityContext, httpServletRequest, httpServletResponse)